Chan Cahal: Socio-economic dynamics in an agrarian Maya community in the Blue Creek polity, Northwestern Belize

Dominick Van den Notelaer
Persbericht

Chan Cahal: Socio-economic dynamics in an agrarian Maya community in the Blue Creek polity, Northwestern Belize

“Den boer op”: Mayaboeren in prehistorisch Belize

In 1925 schreef filosoof Bertrand Russell: “Het klopt dat de middeleeuwen wreed, ridderlijk en vroom waren. Maar als we een tijdsperiode écht willen begrijpen mogen we ze niet ten goede of ten kwade contrasteren met onze eigen periode, maar moeten we ze proberen te begrijpen zoals ze was voor de mensen die erin leefden. Bovenal moeten we beseffen dat in elke historische periode de meeste mensen gewone mensen waren, die zich bezig hielden met hun dagelijks brood, in plaats van zich te bekommeren over de grote thema’s waarmee de meeste historici zich bezig houden”. Russell’s opmerking over de middeleeuwen geldt eveneens voor een heel andere beschaving aan de andere kant van de aardbol. Ook de Maya’s die in Centraal Amerika leefden worden vaak getypeerd aan de hand van enkele stereotypen zoals hun kalendersysteem of mensenoffers. Verder worden ook van deze cultuur de overblijfselen van de “gewone mensen” vaak door archeologen als homogeen, oninteressant en statisch bestempeld. Dat deze stereotypen en vooroordelen over de lagere sociale klassen ook in deze cultuur onterecht zijn, wordt duidelijk wanneer we kijken naar Chan Cahal, een boerensamenleving in de grotere Mayastad Blue Creek.

We dalen af naar Noordwest Belize, waar archeologen dagelijks giftige spinnen en schorpioenen, dodelijke slangen, meedogenloze hitte en tropische stormen trotseren om meer te weten te komen over de oude Maya’s. Met wat geluk spotten ze tijdens hun expedities ook apen, toekans of zelfs een jaguar. Toch is hun aandacht vooral gericht naar wat er zich in de bodem bevindt. In tegenstelling tot sommige andere sites vinden ze in Chan Cahal weinig monumentale bouwwerken of indrukwekkende paleizen, maar des te meer stenen platformen waarop de boeren hun hutjes bouwden. De naam Chan Cahal betekent niet voor niets “kleine huisjes” in de lokale Maya taal.

Over het begin van Chan Cahal is weinig geweten omdat men de vroegste vondsten sterk verstoord aantrof. Wel staat vast dat deze nederzetting rond 900 voor Christus opgestart werd als een kleine gemeenschap die landbouw afwisselde met jagen en verzamelen. Deze vroege startdatum maakt deze nederzetting tot het vroegst bewoonde deel van Blue Creek. Pas enkele eeuwen later, wanneer er ook in de rest van de Mayawereld een duidelijke bevolkingsexplosie waarneembaar is, groeit Chan Cahal sterk en worden ook andere stadsdelen van Blue Creek bevolkt. De economie van Blue Creek ontwikkelt zich hierna in een gestaag tempo door een combinatie van de overschotten die op de velden geproduceerd worden en de locatie nabij de Río Hondo rivier. Hierdoor kunnen de voedseloverschotten makkelijk worden geëxporteerd en kan men controle uitvoeren op de handel tussen de kust en het binnenland. Microscopische analyse heeft aangetoond dat de boeren van Chan Cahal onder andere maïs, bonen, pompoen en cacao teelden.

Als een gevolg hiervan kan Blue Creek grote hoeveelheden aan exotische en prestigieuze goederen importeren, die ook vrij makkelijk hun weg naar de lagere sociale klassen vinden. Zelfs de boeren van Chan Cahal hebben relatief veel artefacten gemaakt uit materialen die elders als exclusief voor de elite worden beschouwd. Nochtans is het duidelijk dat de boeren op zich niet erg rijk waren, aangezien andere tekenen van rijkdom zoals indrukwekkende residenties volledig ontbreken. Prestigieuze goederen waren blijkbaar goedkoop in deze stad. Wel getuigen de luxegoederen in Chan Cahal steevast van een lager vakmanschap en zijn ze minder talrijk, zodat er toch een duidelijk verschil is tussen de luxegoederen van de hoge en de lage klassen.

Rond 500 na Christus zijn er enkele vondsten in het centrum van Blue Creek die door de archeologen geïnterpreteerd worden als tekenen dat de stad veroverd werd door een andere stad. Hoewel er in  sommige stadsdelen niets verandert en de stad als geheel economisch blijft bloeien, heeft dit toch een duidelijke weerslag op Chan Cahal. De lokale elite van Chan Cahal had zich op dat moment in het zuidelijke deel gevestigd en er een centraal complex met twee bescheiden piramiden en een platform voor rituele dansen opgetrokken. Onmiddellijk nadat Blue Creek zijn onafhankelijkheid verliest, trekken zij weg uit dit gebied. Het rituele complex wordt zelfs plotsklaps ten midden van verbouwingen verlaten. Het lijkt er dus op dat de positie van deze elite familie onhoudbaar werd door het wegvallen van de heersers van de stad.

Het wegvallen van de lokale elites creëert een machtsvacuüm dat al snel wordt opgevangen door een nieuwe familie van elites. Het is echter niet duidelijk of deze door een goede strategie en wat geluk deze positie verwierven, of dat zij aangeduid werden door de nieuwe heersers van Blue Creek. Desalniettemin staat vast dat deze familie binnen enkele generaties uitgroeit van enkele arme boeren tot de rijkste en machtigste personen van Chan Cahal. Deze controleren de arbeid op de omringende velden en de in-en uitvoer van goederen in Chan Cahal veel nauwgezetter dan hun voorgangers. Ook laten zij in de velden een complex van kanalen uitgraven om het overvloedige water van de velden weg te laten vloeien en er zo voor te zorgen dat de akkers een maximale opbrengst opleveren. In tegenstelling tot de vorige perioden krijgen de boeren geen toegang meer tot exotische of prestigieuze goederen en worden alle winsten gebruikt om de status van de nieuwe elite op te krikken.

Blue Creek en Chan Cahal blijven dus een sterke positie behouden, tot er in de negende eeuw een echte catastrofe gebeurd in quasi het gehele Mayagebied. Na jaren van aanhoudende droogte mislukken de oogsten keer op keer en kan de grote bevolking niet meer worden gevoed waardoor die zich genoodzaakt ziet weg te trekken op zoek naar een betere toekomst. Meer dan anderhalf millennium nadat hun voorouders zich in dit gebied vestigden, verlaten de boeren van Chan Cahal één voor één hun hutten.

Het zou nog eens een millennium duren alvorens archeologen deze site ontdekken. Hun werk illustreert dat ook de allerlaagste klassen van de Maya samenleving een interessant en dynamisch verleden kenden en is onmisbaar om de Mayacultuur in zijn geheel te begrijpen, in plaats van alleen aandacht te schenken aan de meest imposante restanten. 

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Kunstwetenschappen en Archeologie
Publicatiejaar
2014
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