Scriptiebank overzicht

This thesis explores the political imperative of public space in the Brussels Capital Region. The city-region, marked by administrative complexity and political stratification, is today also subject to a disconnect between citizens and representative democratic instances. This disaffection is exacerbated by broader political polarisation and hyper-politicization within Belgian society. Furthermore, despite discussions about a reappropriation of public space, true progress remains relative and often coincides with creeping processes of depoliticization.
Public space, however, plays a crucial role within the public sphere, which has been influentially theorised by Jürgen Habermas and Hannah Arendt. Habermas's historical analysis of the bourgeois public sphere highlights principles of accessibility, rational deliberation, and reasoned opinion-formation. This has been critiqued by Nancy Fraser for its exclusion of subaltern groups, leading to her concept of multiple counter-public spheres. Arendt in a different stance emphasises plurality as fundamental to politics, with the public sphere then being the site for action and speech.
The public sphere, although non-dismissible for forming critical public opinion and active citizenship in contemporary democracy, is today challenged by delocalisation and disembodiment. Therefore, in response to challenges to both sphere and space, the political imperative of public space proves essential to (re)consider. Public space must in this regard be seen as a relational entity with socio-physical and spatio-temporal dimensions. Characteristics such as accessibility, inclusivity, and potential for transgression are key, yet public spaces are more often dominated by patterns of e.g. securitization, privatization, and commodification.
The conceptualization of political public space in this thesis considers it as either a playground or a theatre, focusing on democratic performance of both citizens and architecture in itself. The general framework is subsequently applied to the case of the Brussels Capital Region. An analysis of XDGA’s non-realised design for the Schuman Square, a significant political and symbolic site, illustrates the potential and limitations of formal public spaces for embedding political action. In contrast, but refraining from hierarchisation, Filter Café Filtré Atelier’s OpenStreets project demonstrates the potential of informal public spaces to foster political engagement and activism around themes of common interest. The Decoratelier case study ultimately emphasizes the importance of genuine political engagement in public space, warning against superficial participation.
Addressing the political imperative of public space proves crucial for enabling citizen engagement within societal transformation. While public space alone cannot resolve polarisation, it can contribute by making abstract disagreements tangible and fostering continuous negotiation and debate. The thesis identifies key socio-physical and architectural considerations for evaluating the political imperative of public spaces, such as representation, control, and multi-publicity. The goal is to create a framework for spaces that represent both diverse publics and society, while enabling collective action and participation. After all, architects have a significant role in designing these spaces through re-engaging politics and aesthetics by treating space as an active participant in societal and political dynamics.

Human T-cell leukaemia virus type 1 (HTLV-1) is a major problem in highly endemic regions and is the causative agent for adult T-cell leukaemia and HTLV-1-associated myelopathy/tropical spastic paraparesis. To date, no cure is available for either of these diseases, yet prevention of HTLV-1 infection has proven to be a viable option. The HTLV-1 reverse transcriptase (RT) enzyme provides an interesting drug target due to its vital function in the viral replication. In this thesis, we aim to obtain the structure of HTLV-1 RT via single-particle cryogenic electron microscopy (cryo-EM) and gain insight into the mechanisms it employs to perform its DNA polymerase function. In the first part, an extensive analysis was conducted on phylogeny, gene ontology, and homology, where we found HTLV-1 RT to have great similarity to both human immunodeficiency virus type 1 RT and human endogenous retrovirus K RT. Following this, a physiologically relevant model of HTLV-1 RT in complex with a nucleic acid dimer was constructed and used in an antiviral compound docking study. In the second part, multiple plasmids were designed to express HTLV-1 RT in various forms and were transformed into multiple Escherichia coli (E. coli) strains for recombinant protein expression. After induction, HTLV-1 RT was isolated using nickel-histidine affinity chromatography. Here, the recombinant protein yield remained very low, which prompted us to perform an in-depth analysis of the HTLV-1 RT encoding mRNA. Via RT-qPCR, significant variation in mRNA expression levels between constructs was observed, but the presence of HTLV-1 RT encoding mRNA was confirmed. In silico RNA folding of the HTLV-1 RT mRNA suggested the occurrence of a highly stable GC-rich hairpin loop at the 5’ end of the mRNA. In conclusion, we substantiated the link between HIV-1 RT and HTLV-1 RT necessary to validate the effort in
screening anti-HIV-1 RT compounds against HTLV-1 RT. Furthermore, by docking these compounds into a physiologically relevant in silico model of HTLV-1 RT, we showed that some of those would favourably bind to HTLV-1 RT’s polymerase active site with sub-nanomolar affinity. Additionally, we successfully expressed and isolated HTLV-1 RT in low quantities. This low yield is most likely explained by the presence of a highly stable GC-rich hairpin loop at the 5’ end of the mRNA, reducing the ribosomes' binding capacity for successful translation. Although we succeeded in expressing HTLV-1 RT, higher quantities are required to perform structural studies. In the future, once sufficient protein is obtained, a high-resolution model of HTLV-1 RT can be constructed, which will allow for high-throughput drug screening and the development of HTLV-1 RT-specific drugs, for which there is a great need.

While the potential threat of micro- and nanoplastics (MNPs) to marine ecosystems is gain- ing attention, research often utilizes unrealistically high exposure levels. This study bridges that gap by investigating the effects of environmentally relevant MNP concentrations on the saltwater microalgae Rhodomonas salina. It further explores the role of Extracellular Poly- meric Substances (EPS) in mitigating these effects. Microalgae were exposed to a range of PET and aged-PET concentrations (10, 100, 1000, and 10000 particles/mL) to account for potential changes in polymer properties and additive release due to aging. Kaolin served as a control for non-plastic particle effects. Although the study’s findings on algal growth didn’t show a clear trend, they did reveal some intriguing patterns in EPS quantity and com- position. Notably, at the low MNP concentrations used, there were no significant changes in total EPS amount. However, the Protein-to-Carbohydrate (P/C) ratio within the EPS dis- played distinct responses depending on the exposure type. While the P/C-ratio remained stable for PET exposures, it significantly increased for aged-PET and kaolin at higher con- centrations. Interestingly, kaolin exposure resulted in more and larger aggregates, whereas higher concentrations of PET and aged-PET led to fewer and smaller ones. Furthermore, at the highest exposure (10000 particles/mL), all treatments displayed a shift in aggregate composition, with a higher proportion of algal cells relative to EPS. These findings signifi- cantly improve risk assessment of MNPs under current marine pollution conditions. They also highlight the critical role of algal EPS in the aggregation of both microalgae and MNPs, ultimately influencing their environmental fate.

Onbekend maakt onbemind. Dat is ook zo bij pleegzorg voor volwassenen met een beperking en/of psychische problematiek. Vlaanderen en Brussel tellen samen zo’n 549 pleeggasten, maar toch weten veel mensen niet van hun bestaan af. Bij meer dan 1 op de 2 gevallen is familie de zorgdrager voor de pleeggast, maar niet iedereen kan bij zijn/haar familie terecht. We lieten vijf mensen aan het woord die pleegzorg voor volwassenen elk op hun eigen manier ervaren of ervaren hebben. Hoe mooi deze sprong in het diepe kan zijn, zoals alles gebeurt het met vallen en opstaan.

Masterstudente Kenza Lamot deed onderzoek naar het voorkomen en de hoedanigheid van burgers in het krantennieuws. Slagen burgers er sinds de opkomst van sociale media vaker in om hun stempel te drukken op de berichtgeving?

Vier getuigenissen van vluchtelingenmuzikanten en hoe muziek hun integratie bevorderde in onze maatschappij. Ook bij sociale en cultuurorganisaties vertellen over hoe zij muziek als mogelijk integratiemiddel ervaren.

Do liberal states have the right to exclude outsider, or should we instead see immigration as a human right? In this thesis I critically evaluate the philosophical grounds on which David Miller bases his defense for the right to exclude.

The Cofán people of Zábalo, a community in the Ecuadorian Amazon, have always engaged pragmatically on an everyday basis with their forest-based lifestyle and relations with the government, corporations and outsiders (fuesu a’i). However, in recent years the community has been dealing with growing uncertainty, internal economic inequality, high unemployment, and an Ecuadorian state that extends governmental control, while also neglecting the needs of people in this region. A myriad of factors discussed in this paper, including the increased integration of outside commodities into the Cofáns’ daily life, have led me to believe that unless the Cofán gain access to a steady source of financial income to purchase basic supplies and commodities (such as bullets, gasoline and salt), many people will have to look for work outside the community or allow oil companies to exploit their resources. The growing accumulation of wealth by just two families in the community, increasing dependence on money, lack of access to jobs, and internal political divisions have increased distrust and bad talk (ega afa’cho). Through a two-month stay with the community, where I interviewed 25 individuals (collecting 67 hours of semi-structured interviews) and produced 7 short films , I mainly sought to answer the following three questions: What political and economic changes have these people encountered in recent years? What is the community’s relationship with money, commodities and other sources of value? Can the Cofán maintain an ideal tranquil (opatssi) life and take care of the forest (tsampima coiraye), while simultaneously engaging with external influences, including restrictive laws, expansion of the capitalist frontier, commodities, the Socio Bosque environmental conservation government scheme, populist local politicians, and the potential of oil exploitation?

I conclude that Zábalo is currently a frontier of ‘negligent hegemonic control’ and is becoming more assimilated into the global economic market, creating a greater dependence on money and commodities, which is both changing people’s relationship to the concepts of opatssi and tsampima coiraye and also making them more likely find a pragmatic solution to their economic problems, such as allowing oil exploitation. Finally, this paper advocates for an engaged, activist anthropology in the context of a neoliberal world with increasing inequality, marginalized indigenous peoples, and increasing environmental degradation.

Vlaanderen, politiek schandaallandDe tijd dat schandalen beperkt bleven tot sappige verhalen over bekende mediafiguren is definitief voorbij. Ook onze politici ontsnappen er niet langer aan. Meer zelfs, zij staan steeds vaker centraal bij zulke ophefmakende onthullingen. Dat blijkt uit de resultaten van een recent onderzoek, uitgevoerd door een student van de KU Leuven.

IntroductionThe mass media may not only be successful in telling us what to think about, but they may also be strikingly successful in telling us how to think about it. Framing-effects research suggests that the media influence the importance the public – including policy makers – attach to issues and how they interpret them.

Verkiezingen: meer strategie dan inhoudTwee vooraanstaande Vlaamse kranten (De Standaard & Het Laatste Nieuws) stellen de verkiezingscampagne vooral voor als een strijd om de macht. Dat blijkt uit de Masterproef van Pieter De Decker (Universiteit Gent). Strategisch nieuws komt daarbij meer voor dan nieuws dat focust op inhoudelijke aspecten van de campagne.‘De media spelen een cruciale rol tijdens de verkiezingscampagne,’ aldus De Decker. ‘Zowel voor het electoraat als voor de kandidaten.

 Obelix tegen de socialistenIn de maanden na de verkiezing van de socialist François Hollande als nieuwe president van Frankrijk, klonk in de media alsmaar vaker dat vermogende Fransen, onder wie Gérard Depardieu, met hun kapitaal naar het buitenland vluchtten. De rijkentaks, een belangrijke verkiezingsbelofte van Hollande, zou de oorzaak zijn van deze kapitaalvlucht. Ook in België zou de notionele interestaftrek, een fiscale maatregel van de regering van de linkse premier Elio Di Rupo, geleid hebben tot het vertrek van een aantal multinationals naar het buitenland.

Patenting embryonic stem cells -influence of recent jurisprudence on (Belgian) stem cell research Debaere, M1; Iserentant, D1,2; Pappaert, K3 ; Paemen, L3  1Ghent University, 2VIB, 3De Clercq & Partners Abstract: In October 2011, the Court of Justice of the European Union ruled that procedures relating to human embryonic stem cells or human embryonic stem cell lines are excluded from patentability if they required the destruction of a human embryo. This EU ruling consequently has affected the practice of the European Patent Office and has caused a lot of confusion in the scientific community.

 Na Pukkelpop is het blijven stormenDe noodlottige storm die op 18 augustus 2011 het muziekfestival Pukkelpop trof, zal niet snel vergeten worden. De ramp was wereldnieuws; ook in België brachten alle kranten, televisiekanalen en radiozenders massaal verslag uit over Pukkelpop. De media waren niet altijd mals voor het festival, Chokri en de zijnen kregen heel wat kritiek te verduren. De manier waarop over de storm bericht werd, vormde het onderwerp van de masterproef van een laatstejaarsstudente Journalistiek.

In deze masterproef ben ik nagegaan hoe groene energie geframed wordt in de Vlaamse pers in de periode voorafgaand en na de kernramp in Fukushima. Enerzijds onderzoek ik of er verschillen zijn tussen kwaliteitskranten en populaire kranten als er gesproken wordt over groene energie. Anderzijds ga ik na of er op een andere manier wordt gesproken over groene energie na de kernramp. Het Laatste Nieuws en de Gazet van Antwerpen worden in de masterproef als populaire kranten bestempeld.

Gewone Vlaming als televisiefiguur: wat doet dit met een mens?Dat ‘Jan met de pet’ vaak opduikt in hedendaagse televisieprogramma’s, zult u alvast wel gemerkt hebben. Televisiemakers duiden deze trend doorgaans aan met de term: ‘human interest’. De opkomst hiervan vond reeds enkele jaren geleden plaats, maar het huidige televisieaanbod (niet alleen in Vlaanderen) wordt momenteel steeds meer overstelpt door deze televisievorm.

Het verkiezingsfenomeen Bart De Wever bekeken door Franstalige ogen: volksheld of dwarsligger?13 juni 2010: de dag waarop N-VA met groot overwicht de federale verkiezingen wint aan Vlaamse kant. De uitgesproken score van deze partij en haar kopman De Wever heeft bijna niemand onberoerd gelaten. Iedereen in het land had wel een mening over de standpunten en het overwicht van Bart De Wevers partij. Deze politieke aardverschuiving vormt de aanleiding voor dit onderzoek.

 
 
Defence of the Research Paper presented in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Master of Advanced Studies in Theology and Religion:

“Crossing Over. Contemporary Feminist Theologians on the Theology of the Cross.”
 

 
Dear gentlemen,
To start off this defence, I will sketch the problems concerning the theology of the cross that my research has inquired into. Next, I will briefly outline the scope of my research, sketching the answers proposed by the feminist theologians in my reading and finally I will voice the results I arrived at.

 Migration has a long history since the birth of humanity. The largest movements of people in history were the barbarian migrations that overran the Roman Empire in the 4th and 5th centuries AD and the Atlantic Migration to the Americas from the early 1800s to the early decades of the 20th century. For a thousand years, from the end of the Roman Empire in the West until the middle of the 15th century, the history of Europe, Asia, and North Africa consists of an almost unbroken series of invasions, wars, and conquests.

 
Philippe Nuyts
Analyse van parodiërende en satirische elementen in ‘Alles kan beter’ en ‘In de gloria’
 
“Satire is een les, parodie is een spel.” Het is een van de ontelbare pogingen in de vakliteratuur om beide humorfenomenen van elkaar af te bakenen. Al eeuwen lang proberen humorspecialisten de gelijkenissen en verschillen tussen satire en parodie te beschrijven. Toch blijft de verwarring, want elke nieuwe publicatie veroorzaakt nieuwe discussies en doet zo het debat voortleven. Toch zijn al die pogingen geen vergeefse moeite.

De mediatisering van de politiek: de rol van infotainment
 
Sinds de eerste reeks van het verkiezingsprogramma Bracke & Crabbé, en de talkshow De Laatste Show leeft het debat over de mediatisering van de politiek ook in Vlaanderen. Politici zijn niet weg te slaan uit de televisiestudio's. Infotainmentprogramma's worden hierbij niet geschuwd. Academici en politici spreken over het verval van de democratie. Maar is dit niet overdreven?