Scriptiebank overzicht

Over the last thirty years, gender has become an increasingly hotly debated topic within the Roman Catholic
Church. The core of the debate seems to revolve around the nature of gender. On one side stand gender
scholars such as de Beauvoir, Wittig, and Butler who regard gender as socially constructed. Butler as the
most influential philosopher of gender suggested that gender is performative. It has no particular basis in
nature but it is rather in performing acts that the reality of gender comes to be. On the other stands a reading
of gender as undetachable from biological sex. Readings of the latter sort often draw upon John Paul II’s
complementarian anthropology as sketched in his Theology of the Body. However, as an academic in
philosophy, Karol Wojtyła developed an understanding of the human person as constituted through their
acts in his book Person and Act. Due to the similarity in the concept of performed gender and that of the
enacted person, the following question arises: how does gender fit within Wojtyła’s understanding of the
person and how does this add up to John Paul II’s later complementarian anthropology?
To answer these questions, the first chapter will outline gender performativity as Judith Butler
understands is. However, the emphasis is placed on performativity rather than gender per se. Therefore, the
chapter first explores the roots of Butler’s gender performativity in the performative speech theory of J.L.
Austin. Thereafter Butler’s own contributions and adaptations to Austin’s framework are explored. The
main takeaways constitute the definition of performativity as a new reality established through acting act
as well as the insight that any performance is by definition rooted in social conventions.
In the second chapter, the primary findings of Karol Wojtyła in Person and Act are examined in
relation to Butler’s concept of performativity. Wojtyła presents an analysis of the human person in which
the person itself is constituted, changed, even “made”, through acts. The chapter goes on to illustrate just
how similar Butler’s concept of performativity really is to Wojtyła’s understanding of the establishing of
the person through the act. From there on several other similarities and differences between both authors
are explored, showing them to be better read in tandem than as opposed to one another.
In the third and final chapter, we explore where performative gender would fit in Wojtyła’s
framework established in Person and Act. This exploration results in the finding that gender is more
properly understood as part of the acting, personal capacities of the human person rather than their
biological nature. From this intermediary conclusion, the chapter shifts focus to John Paul II’s Theology of
the Body to see whether Person and Act’s personalistic framework is applied correctly when it comes to
gender. The thesis concludes that it is not because Theology of the Body intertwines biological sex with
gender, thereby not doing justice to gender as part of the person and as constituted in the act.
The entire thesis comes together in a brief conclusion about the performance of drag, summarising
the main points and showing how drag is met with different responses by Karol Wojtyła and John Paul II.

Deze masterscriptie onderzoekt de relatie tussen dagelijkse ervaren oneerlijkheid en dagelijkse verbittering op het werk. Om deze relatie vast te stellen, is dagelijkse psychologische contractbreuk opgenomen als mediator en morele identiteit als moderator.

This research assesses the most occurring problems and challenges as well as environmental influences on an information system’s success in developing areas. It produces and applies a model based on the theories of IS Success by DeLone & McLean, the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), the Unified Theory of Acceptance and Use of Technology (UTAUT) and the Integrated Model of Business Value (IGB). This model gives an answer to the need of more research in the domain of sustainability through multi-case research in developing contexts. It generates new insight on the literature, confirms and questions some existing statements and proposes new hypotheses for future research. A checklist for future IS designers or researchers was added to incorporate the most important elements found in this research. The paper concludes on the importance of the IS’ perceived usefulness, the social influences and the IS’ locality, as well as daring to think outside the box so to work with the available resources and to foster creativity.