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Few fields in human life benefit from what we call ‘climate change’. The consequences of climate change become apparent and are obstructing–sometimes taking–our lives. This is reason enough to anticipate them and implement mitigation and adaptation strategies through policymaking. However, climate model outputs are plagued with uncertainty; this fact evokes controversy about how they should be interpreted, communicated, and used in decision-making. What do these models tell us and should we base any policy decisions on their outcomes if these are highly uncertain? To warrant our trust in the model outcomes regarding decision-making, the sources of and reasons for the uncertainty should be well-understood.
In this thesis, I investigate the emergence of uncertainty in climate model projections. More precisely, I examine what elements throughout the modelling process are the reason for the uncertainty in the outcomes and how this should be interpreted. Is trust in the outcomes warranted? I evaluate this question as a philosopher of science, conducting a philosophical analysis of the climate modelling process and the concepts related to it.
I cast light on the question by analysing climate modelling in three main ways: through a conceptual analysis of ‘model’, ‘climate’, and ‘system’, through an analysis of the experience of ‘climate’, and from a technical perspective by examining the construction of single-model components, coupled global earth system models, and model ensembles.
When considering how the climate is experienced, I find that it is not clear how it could be experienced since it is a scientifically constructed concept. On the other hand, knowledge of this scientific concept may influence our interpretation of weather phenomena. Furthermore, there are many phases in the model-building process; each phase introduces errors and therefore uncertainty that is carried along to the subsequent phases. Observational data is used to estimate some free values in the model. Choosing which values to align with the data on the one hand and with the physical theory on the other hand requires expert opinion. It is a matter of debate whether the outcomes are trustworthy when they result from alignment with observational data, at the expense of adequate representation of the physical processes. The choices made form a source of subjective uncertainty, while the technical constraints of the chosen approach introduce errors. The concept of ‘adequacy-for-purpose’ means that a model is never adequate relative to the entire climate system, but more apt to answer some questions and less apt to answer others.
Overall, there are three important elements to remember: first, a climate model is built to gain insight into climate phenomena that are highly uncertain. Although the model includes uncertainty too, it reduces the uncertainty in the climate phenomena per se. Secondly, climate models are never ‘true’, but can be adequate for their intended purpose. Using climate model outcomes for answering questions they were not built for will result in meaningless responses. Lastly, including more models and more plausible scenarios will result in more different outcomes; if these outcomes are, on average, closer to the ‘truth’, this should not be a problem. Converging outcomes does not necessarily mean they are more correct. Obtaining more correct average answers, by evaluating more models and more scenarios, is a good practice.

Climate change has a significant impact on agricultural production because of its reliance on
environmental factors. Like in most parts of the world, the climate in Belgium is changing with
projections of increase in winter precipitation and decrease in summer precipitation. With
accompanying higher temperatures, evaporation will increase, and water availability will decrease,
especially in summer. It then becomes necessary to efficiently manage soil water for sustainable
crop production. While conservation agriculture is a promising climate smart agricultural
technology, it is often considered with less focus on mulching, one of the pillars of CA. In cases
where mulching has been studied, it was mostly under conventional tillage system, and about yield
and greenhouse gases emission. Since there is no one-size-fits all on soil water management. It is
imperative to conduct strategies suitable to local conditions. Potato is a staple crop in Belgium,
and it is drought sensitive. This makes it susceptible to effects of climate change. Therefore, this
research studied the impacts of mulching, under reduced tillage, on soil water balance and potato
growth as an adaptation strategy to climate change in the Flemish agricultural context.
A field experiment was conducted on a bio-parcel of the Flanders research institute for agriculture,
fisheries and food in Melle, East Flanders, Blegium. This study evaluated the effects of two
different mulch thickness (6 cm and 12 cm) against bare soil (no mulch) on evapotranspiration
(ET), potato growth, yield and water use efficiency (WUE). An adapted soil water balance
equation was used to determine ET; plant height and leaf area index (LAI) were used as parameter
of crop growth; and WUE was determined as a quotient of yield and ET. Data collected were
subjected to analysis of variance and significantly different means were separated using Tukey’s
Honestly Significant Difference (HSD) at 5% level of significance.
This study revealed that soil structural quality and soil water content improved under mulch; 12
cm mulch performed best in preventing drought stress during low rainfall; ET increased with
increasing mulch thickness though not significantly; 12 cm mulch significantly increased LAI
compared to other treatments; and yield and WUE were not significantly different among the
treatments though 6 cm and 12 cm mulch increased yield by 7.4% and 10.9% respectively.

In the landscape of Polish coastal patches, the tension between water and land
resonates. This study focuses on the exploration of an ecologically specific zone
within the Baltic Sea—the Bay of Puck, enclosed by the mainland and the peninsula.
Utilizing various media, from graphics to animations, the research aims to capture
and convey the observations and experiences gathered during travel. Central to this
study is an atlas that combines exploration defined as echoes and transformations
within a boundless and unpredictable context, reflecting the rather nonlinear
journey of this thesis.
The initial focus is on the coastal background, highlighting remnants of uncommon
infrastructures that stand as testaments to both past human activity and nature’s
impact. While fortifications are intended to provide defense, they remain vulnerable
to the forces of dynamic nature. Amidst rapid climate change and anthropogenic
impacts on the landscape, this area, though bounded by natural parameters controlled
by the Marine Acts, faces pressures of continuous development. The thesis delves
into the ecological aspects of Polish coastal areas, emphasizing how these factors can
inform and shape the space itself.
The study introduces findings that underscore the dynamic interaction between
these elements, especially in the context of reappearing underwater land. The
collected observations provide measures to create environmental scenarios across
various spatial and temporal phases, representing the site’s transformative nature
and gradual transition between water and land through environmental adaptation.
By exploring adaptive architectural practices that respect and respond to the natural
cycles of the environment, the study encourages different strategies, providing a
spatial intervention, as a research outcome, that is both reactive and integrating.
Ultimately, it aims to preserve the rhythm of the coastal landscape found on-site. The
distinct sense of time at the seaside is shaped by the rhythm of tides and fluctuating
water levels. The evolving landscape further enhances the comprehension of this
dynamic environment.
The research question guiding this investigation is: How can architectural practice
preserve and emphasize the dynamic interaction between land and water? The
thesis explores architectural strategies that harmonize the built environment with
the ever-changing natural world, enhancing the sensory engagement of people with
the dynamic landscape.