Metastable strings in the Early Universe: Stability & gravitational wave signal
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
2025
When fundamental symmetries break during early universe phase transitions the resulting scalar field can develop non trivial space dependent configurations of non-vanishing energy density, known as defects; examples of which include domain walls, cosmic strings and monopoles. These defects form a network of extended object, which can play an active role in the dynamics of the early universe, such as generating a gravitational wave background (GWB). Remarkably, Pulsar Timing Array (PTA) experiments have recently reported the first evidence of a GWB, making the study of defects particularly timely and relevant. While the PTA excess is most likely of astrophysical origin, an exciting prospect is a GWB of cosmological origin. In this thesis, a GWB generated by cosmic strings in the early universe is studied. In particular, a model of two subsequent phase transitions is considered in which, under certain conditions, metastable cosmic strings can emerge during the second transition. Specifically, metastable strings have a probability to decay through a quantum tunneling process in which monopoles are nucleated along the strings, effectively reducing their lifetime. Within this model, we will perform a classical stability analysis on the string solutions in order to investigate whether they are long lived enough to have any impactful phenomenology. Finally, we discuss the implications of the determined stability conditions on the predicted gravitational wave spectrum, and how it affects the detectability of this scenario in GW experiments, including PTA.
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