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Early Film Theory: An IntroductionThe cinema was created in the last decade of the nineteenth century. It was not the only technical novelty developed at the time, but belonged to a range of other late-industrial inventions, such as the telephone (1876), the phonograph (1877) and the automobile (1880s and 1890s) (Bordwell; Thompson 2010: 3). It soon became part of the nineteenth-century entertainment industry. More specifically, it belonged to the late-Victorian visual culture, along with circuses, freak shows, music halls, vaudeville shows, world expositions and panoramas.