2 vliegen in 1 klap: depressie behandelen en therapietrouw verbeteren bij personen met hiv of aids

Eva De Vis
Persbericht

2 vliegen in 1 klap: depressie behandelen en therapietrouw verbeteren bij personen met hiv of aids

2 vliegen in 1 klap: depressie behandelen en therapietrouw verbeteren bij personen met hiv of aids

Personen met hiv of aids hebben het al niet gemakkelijk. Het heersende stigma, de onzekerheid over hun toekomst, de fysieke aftakeling enz. vormen vaak een enorme last. Sommigen onder hen krijgen daarbovenop te maken met depressie. Waarom zouden ze hun medicatie dan nog nemen? Ze worden er toch alleen maar zieker door. Onbewust dragen ze daardoor bij aan de verspreiding en toename van resistente kiemen. Hoe kunnen we dit aanpakken?

 

Doel

Hiv en aids hebben altijd al geleid tot grote uitdagingen binnen de gezondheidssector. Meer dan 60% van alle mensen die met hiv of aids leven wonen in Sub-Saharaans Afrika, waar weinig middelen zijn om problemen binnen de publieke gezondheidszorg aan te pakken. Toch is het aantal patiënten dat hier behandeld wordt spectaculair gestegen over de laatste jaren. Dit sluit aan bij de zogenaamde ’90-90-90’ doelstellingen van de WHO om tegen 2020 90% van alle besmette mensen te diagnosticeren, 90% van deze mensen te behandelen en bij 90% van alle deze behandelde mensen de ziekte daadwerkelijk onder controle te krijgen.

Simultaan met dit groeiend aantal behandelde mensen begint het virus zich helaas meer en meer te wapenen tegen de gebruikte medicatie. Met name in Oost-Afrika en Zuid-Afrika neemt de resistentie gestaag toe, wat de therapie van miljoenen mensen zal ondermijnen. Nog voor we de eerder vooropgestelde doelen bereikt hebben moeten we dus al een nieuwe bedreiging zien aan te pakken.
 

Middel

Een belangrijke strategie om dit onheil te voorkomen is inzetten op de therapietrouw van de mensen. Virussen dreigen immers vrij spel te krijgen wanneer ze niet volledig uitgeroeid worden tijdens een onvolledige behandelingskuur. Eén bekende factor die bijdraagt aan een ondermaatse therapietrouw is de aanwezigheid van mentale problemen, zoals depressie. Depressie zorgt voor een negatieve gemoedstoestand, gebrek aan motivatie en inadequate coping strategieën (strategieën om met tegenslag om te gaan). Onderzoek naar de verbetering van therapietrouw door behandeling van depressie bij hiv-positieve patiënten leverde echter variabele resultaten op. Daarom gooiden wij het over een andere boeg. Via een uitgebreide literatuurstudie gingen we in de eerste plaats op zoek naar de determinanten van zowel depressie als therapietrouw. Wat maakt dat mensen met hiv of aids depressief worden en welke factoren dragen bij aan een al dan niet succesvolle therapietrouw? We wilden de onderliggende drijfveren bloot leggen om op basis daarvan gedragsveranderende interventies gericht te kunnen plannen. Die drijfveren en hun onderlinge relaties konden we visualiseren en verduidelijken dankzij een interactieve online tool voor systems mapping, wat gebruikt wordt voor het ordenen van complexe informatie. Door analyse van de interacties tussen de verschillende factoren en downstream effecten ervan, trachtten we het resultaat van een bepaalde interventie te voorspellen. Op die manier konden we de meest optimale doelwitten voor een antidepressieve behandeling bepalen die tegelijkertijd de therapietrouw zouden verbeteren.

Uiteindelijk konden we 4 determinanten identificeren met een belangrijke gemeenschappelijke rol.

1. Stigma

Stigma is een risicofactor voor depressie omdat het een sterk negatief zelfbeeld kan induceren. Bovendien draagt het bij tot een gebrekkige therapietrouw. Het kan leiden tot angst om een hiv-positieve status bekend te maken aan de buitenwereld. Hierdoor ontstaan barrières om naar een gezondheidscentrum te gaan wegens de soms gebrekkige privacy, om medicatie te nemen in het openbaar, of om beroep te doen op ondersteuning vanuit het sociaal netwerk. Vandaar dat antidepressieve interventies, gericht op het verbeteren van eigenwaarde en zelfvertrouwen, ook de therapietrouw kunnen verbeteren. Patiënten zullen weerbaarder zijn tegen de negatieve effecten van stigmatiserende ervaringen.

2. Stress

Mensen met hiv of aids krijgen te maken met heel wat psychosociale stressoren. Stress  induceert een aantal biologische reacties in het lichaam, die op termijn kunnen leiden tot veranderingen in de immuniteit en zelfs ziekteprogressie. Deze progressie betekent een extra mentale last voor de patiënten, waardoor depressieve gevoelens kunnen toenemen. Die veroorzaken opnieuw extra stress. Bovendien zal de motivatie tot therapietrouw in sommige gevallen afnemen wanneer de toestand uitzichtloos lijkt, of wanneer men overladen is door een massa stressoren. Door in de therapie te focussen op het correct omgaan met emoties, kunnen we negatieve effecten van stress op zowel mentale gezondheid als therapietrouw reduceren.

3. Therapeutische relatie

Een goede relatie tussen de patiënt en zijn zorgverlener is cruciaal beide systemen, net als een vlotte toegang tot gezondheidszorg. Het tonen van respect en aanvaarding draagt bij tot het mentaal welzijn van de patiënt en het succes van een therapie. Wanneer men bovendien tevreden is over de ontvangen zorgen, zal men meer geneigd zijn zich te houden aan gemaakte afspraken. Alle vormen van psychotherapie zijn erop gericht een goede therapeutische relatie te bekomen. Daarnaast kan een goede organisatie van de gezondheidszorg, waarbij mentale zorg eventueel geïntegreerd wordt met hiv-specifieke zorg, zowel de herkenning als aanpak van depressie en de follow-up van de hiv behandeling ten goede komen.

4. Cognitieve functie

Met cognitief functioneren bedoelen we een aantal mentale processen, zoals abstract denken, probleemoplossend redeneren, aandacht … Zowel depressie als een vergevorderde hiv-infectie kunnen leiden tot cognitieve achteruitgang. Die achteruitgang werkt een depressie nog meer in de hand. Er is bijvoorbeeld een rechtstreeks effect op basis van een abnormale verwerking van emoties, waardoor men gemakkelijker vervalt in negatieve denkschema’s. Ook de therapietrouw zal beïnvloed worden door een slechte cognitie, vooral wanneer het geheugen sterk aangetast is. Wanneer we cognitieve therapie willen toepassen tegen depressie bij mensen met hiv of aids, moeten we evenwel rekening houden met het feit dat in vergevorderde stadia de ziekte zelf hersenschade zal veroorzaken, die we niet kunnen herstellen met de therapie.

Zoals hierboven vermeld, speelt het grootste deel van de hiv-problematiek zich af in Sub-Saharaans Afrika, een gebied waar mentale gezondheidszorg niet altijd goed uitgebouwd is. Hiv-klinieken zijn vaak al overbevraagd, waardoor extra aandacht voor mentale gezondheid bij hiv-patiënten soms niet haalbaar lijkt. Toch willen wij de mogelijke meerwaarde van een geïntegreerde eerstelijnszorg benadrukken. Dit niet alleen om het individueel welzijn te verbeteren, maar ook om de toekomst van miljoenen mensen veilig te stellen.

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Master in de Geneeskunde
Publicatiejaar
2019
Promotor(en)
Prof. Anne-Mieke Vandamme
Kernwoorden
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