Het effect van vrolijke en droevige muziek (in)congruent aan gemoedstoestand op de fysiologie en cognitieve performantie van kinderen: de fysiologische basis van het “Mozart-effect”
Muziek maakt je slimmer!
Wil je goede punten halen voor je examens? Luister dan naar muziek voordat je naar jouw examen vertrekt!
Voorbije onderzoeken
Vergeet het Mozart-effect dat beweert dat het luisteren naar Mozart muziek je slimmer maakt. In een aantal onderzoeken werd dit effect immers niet gevonden. Daarentegen vonden onderzoeken naar het effect van affect-congruente muziek op de prestaties van mensen wonderbaarlijke resultaten! Affect-congruente muziek is muziek die een emotie opwekt die aansluit aan jouw emotie op dat moment. Als iemand bijvoorbeeld vrolijk is en vrolijke muziek luistert, beschouwen we dit als affect-congruente muziek. Affect-incongruente muziek wekt dan een emotie op die niet aansluit aan jouw huidige emotie. Zo beluistert iemand die droevig is bijvoorbeeld vrolijke muziek.
Ons onderzoek
In ons onderzoek zijn wij het effect van affect-(in)congruente muziek nagegaan op de geheugenprestaties van zes- tot negenjarige kinderen. Met korte filmfragmenten van de films "The Lion King" en "The Jungle Book" werden kinderen in een bepaalde emotie gebracht. In "The Lion King" bekeken de kinderen het fragment waarin de leeuw Mufasa stierf. Hierdoor werden de kinderen verdrietig. In "The Jungle Book" bekeken zij een fragment waarin Balou en Mowgli plezier maakten. Daardoor werden zij vrolijk. Nadien beluisterden de kinderen een muziekfragment (vrolijk of droevig). Ofwel werd eerst een affect-congruent, ofwel eerst een affect-incongruent muziekfragment afgespeeld. Na elk muziekfragment voltooiden de kinderen enkele geheugentaken. Tijdens die geheugentaken kregen kinderen zes afbeeldingen na elkaar te zien op een computerscherm. Zij moesten die zes afbeeldingen onthouden en dàt in de juiste volgorde. Nadien kregen ze een scherm met twaalf afbeeldingen te zien waarin die zes vooraf aangeboden afbeeldingen verborgen zaten. De kinderen moesten die zes afbeeldingen zo snel mogelijk aanklikken én ook in de juiste volgorde. De resultaten wezen erop dat kinderen die affect-congruente muziek beluisterden een beter geheugen hadden dan wanneer ze affect-incongruente muziek beluisterden. Bovendien ging deze studie het effect van affect-(in)congruente muziek na op onze ademhalingsfrequentie en hartslag. Affect-congruente muziek zou onze ademhalingsfrequentie en hartslag verlagen. Hierdoor zijn we kalm en presteren we beter op geheugentaken. Dit resultaat werd wel enkel gevonden indien de muziek de emotie "verdriet" opwekte.
Je hoeft dus niet altijd vrolijk te zijn om een examen succesvol af te leggen! Voel je je droevig? Luister dan naar droevige muziek net voordat je naar je jouw examen vertrekt! Voel je je vrolijk? Beluister vrolijke muziek!
Alvarez, J. A., & Emory, E. (2006). Executive function and the frontal lobes: a meta-analytic review. Neuropsychology Review, 16(1), 17-42.
American Academy of Pediatrics, Subcommittee on Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (2011). ADHD: clinical practice guideline for the diagnosis, evaluation, and treatment of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children and adolescents. Pediatrics, 128, 1007- 1022.
Arnsten, A. F., & Goldman-Rakic, P. S. (1998). Noise stress impairs prefrontal cortical cognitive function in monkeys: evidence for a hyperdopaminergic mechanism. Archives of General Psychiatry, 55(4), 362-368.
Barrett, L. F., Mesquita, B., Ochsner, K. N., & Gross, J. J. (2007). The experience of emotion. Annual Review of Psychology, 58, 373-403.
Benarroch, E. E. (1993). The central autonomic network: functional organization, dysfunction, and perspective. Mayo Clinic Proceedings, 68(10), 988-1001.
Bernardi, L., Porta, C., Casucci, G., Balsamo, R., Bernardi, N. F., Fogari, R., & Sleight, P. (2009). Dynamic interactions between musical, cardiovascular, and cerebral rhythms in humans. Circulation, 119(25), 3171-3180.
Bernardi, L., Porta, C., & Sleight, P. (2006). Cardiovascular, cerebrovascular, and respiratory changes induced by different types of music in musicians and non-musicians: the importance of silence. Heart, 92(4), 445-452.
Berntson, G. G., Thomas Bigger, J., Eckberg, D. L., Grossman, P., Kaufmann, P. G., Malik, M., ... Der Molen, M. W. (1997). Heart rate variability: origins, methods, and interpretive caveats. Psychophysiology, 34(6), 623-648.
Blood, A. J., & Zatorre, R. J. (2001). Intensely pleasurable responses to music correlate with activity in brain regions implicated in reward and emotion. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 98(20), 11818-11823.
Blood, A. J., Zatorre, R. J., Bermudez, P., & Evans, A. C. (1999). Emotional responses to pleasant and unpleasant music correlate with activity in paralimbic brain regions. Nature Neuroscience, 2(4), 382-387.
Bogdanov, V., Woodstra, C., & Erlewine, S. T. (Eds.). (2001). All music guide to electronica: the definitive guide to electronic music. San Francisco, CA: Backbeat Books.
Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2000). Affective reactions to acoustic stimuli. Psychophysiology, 37(2), 204-215.
Brown, S., Martinez, M. J., & Parsons, L. M. (2004). Passive music listening spontaneously engages limbic and paralimbic systems. Neuroreport, 15(13), 2033-2037.
Bush, L. K., Hess, U., & Wolford, G. (1993). Transformations for within-subject designs: a Monte Carlo investigation. Psychological bulletin, 113(3), 566.
Caldwell, J. (1995). Assessing the impact of stressors on performance: observations on levels of analyses. Biological Psychology, 40(1), 197-208.
Carroll, J. B. (1993). Human cognitive abilities: A survey of factor-analytic studies. New York, NY: Cambridge University Press.
Carstens, C. B., Huskins, E., & Hounshell, G. W. (1995). Listening to Mozart may not enhance performance on the revised Minnesota paper form board test. Psychological Reports, 77(1), 111-114.
Chanda, M. L., & Levitin, D. J. (2013). The neurochemistry of music. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 17(4), 179-193.
Cohen, J. (1988). Statistical power analysis for the behavioral sciences . Hillsdale, NJ: Law-rence Erlbaum Associates. Inc, Publishers.
Conway, A. R. (1996). Individual differences in working memory capacity: More evidence for a general capacity theory. Memory, 4(6), 577-590.
Conway, A. R., & Engle, R. W. (1994). Working memory and retrieval: A resource-dependent inhibition model. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 123(4), 354-373.
Craig, A. D. (2002). How do you feel? Interoception: the sense of the physiological condition of the body. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 3(8), 655-666.
Črnčec, R., Wilson, S. J., & Prior, M. (2006). No evidence for the Mozart effect in children. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 23(4), 305-318.
Dan-Glauser, E. S., & Scherer, K. R. (2011). The Geneva affective picture database (GAPED): a new 730-picture database focusing on valence and normative significance. Behavior Research Methods, 43(2), 468-477.
de Jongh, R., Bolt, I., Schermer, M., & Olivier, B. (2008). Botox for the brain: enhancement of cognition, mood and pro-social behavior and blunting of unwanted memories. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 32(4), 760-776.
Demanet, J., Liefooghe, B., & Verbruggen, F. (2011). Valence, arousal, and cognitive control: a voluntary task-switching study. Frontiers in Psychology, 2, 50-59.
Dessy, E., Van Puyvelde, M., Mairesse, O., Neyt, X., & Pattyn, N. (2017). Cognitive Performance Enhancement: Do Biofeedback and Neurofeedback Work?. Journal of Cognitive Enhancement, 1-31.
Dresler, M., Sandberg, A., Ohla, K., Bublitz, C., Trenado, C., Mroczko-Wąsowicz, A., ... Repantis, D. (2013). Non-pharmacological cognitive enhancement. Neuropharmacology, 64, 529- 543.
Einthoven, W., Fahr, G., & De Waart, A. (1913). Über die Richtung und die manifeste Grösse der Potentialschwankungen im menschlichen Herzen und über den Einfluss der Herzlage auf die Form des Elektrokardiogramms. Pflüger's Archiv für die gesamte Physiologie des Menschen und der Tiere, 150(6-8), 275-315.
Engle, R. W., Tuholski, S. W., Laughlin, J. E., & Conway, A. R. A. (1999). Working memory, short-term memory, and general fluid intelligence: A latent variable approach. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 125, 309–331.
Epstein, J. N., Kelleher, K. J., Baum, R., Brinkman, W. B., Peugh, J., Gardner, W., ... Langberg, J. (2014). Variability in ADHD care in community-based pediatrics. Pediatrics, 134(6), 1136-1143.
Erlewine, M., Bogdanow, V., Woodstra, C., & Koda, C. (Eds.). (1996). The blues. San Francisco: Miller-Freeman.
Etzel, J. A., Johnsen, E. L., Dickerson, J., Tranel, D., & Adolphs, R. (2006). Cardiovascular and respiratory responses during musical mood induction. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 61(1), 57-69.
Fernald, A. (1989). Intonation and communicative interest in mother’s speech to infants: Is the melody the message? Child Development, 6, 1497–1510.
Franco, F., Swaine, J. S., Israni, S., Zaborowska, K. A., Kaloko, F., Kesavarajan, I., & Majek, J. A. (2014). Affect-matching music improves cognitive performance in adults and young children for both positive and negative emotions. Psychology of Music, 42(6), 869-887.
Franke, A. G., & Lieb, K. (2010). Pharmakologisches Neuroenhancement und Hirndoping: Chancen und Risiken [Pharmacological neuroenhancement and brain doping: Chances and risks]. Bundesgesundheitsblatt Gesundheitsforschung Gesundheitsschutz, 53(8), 853-860.
Friedman, B. H. (2007). An autonomic flexibility-neurovisceral integration model of anxiety and cardiac vagal tone. Biological Psychology, 74(2), 185-199.
Gabrielsson, A., & Juslin, P. N. (2003). Emotional expression in music. In R. J. Davidson, K. R. Scherer, & H. H. Goldsmith (Eds.), Series in affective science. Handbook of affective sciences (pp. 503-534). New York, NY, US: Oxford University Press.
Garland, H. (1985). A cognitive mediation theory of task goals and human performance. Motivation and Emotion, 9(4), 345-367.
Gellad, W. F., Stein, B. D., Ruder, T., Henderson, R., Frazee, S. G., Mehrotra, A., & Donohue, J. M. (2014). Geographic variation in receipt of psychotherapy in children receiving attention- deficit/hyperactivity disorder medications. JAMA Pediatrics, 168(11), 1074-1076.
Gendolla, G. H., & Brinkmann, K. (2005). The role of mood states in self-regulation: Effects on action preferences and resource mobilization. European Psychologist, 10(3), 187-198.
Gomez, P., & Danuser, B. (2004). Affective and physiological responses to environmental noises and music. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 53(2), 91-103.
Gomez, P., & Danuser, B. (2007). Relationships between musical structure and psychophysiological measures of emotion. Emotion, 7(2), 377-387.
Gratier, M. (2003). Expressive timing and interactional synchrony between mothers and infants: Cultural similarities, cultural differences, and the immigration experience. Cognitive Development, 18(4), 533-554.
Griffiths, T. D., Uppenkamp, S., Johnsrude, I., Josephs, O., & Patterson, R. D. (2001). Encoding of the temporal regularity of sound in the human brainstem. Nature Neuroscience, 4(6), 633- 637.
Gross, J. J., Fredrickson, B. L., & Levenson, R. W. (1994). The psychophysiology of crying. Psychophysiology, 31(5), 460-468.
Grossman, P., Karemaker, J., & Wieling, W. (1991). Prediction of tonic parasympathetic cardiac control using respiratory sinus arrhythmia: the need for respiratory control. Psychophysiology, 28(2), 201-216.
Grossman, P., & Taylor, E. W. (2007). Toward understanding respiratory sinus arrhythmia: relations to cardiac vagal tone, evolution and biobehavioral functions. Biological Psychology, 74(2), 263-285.
Grossman, P., Van Beek, J., & Wientjes, C. (1990). A comparison of three quantification methods for estimation of respiratory sinus arrhythmia. Psychophysiology, 27(6), 702-714.
Gruber, J., Johnson, S. L., Oveis, C., & Keltner, D. (2008). Risk for mania and positive emotional responding: too much of a good thing?. Emotion, 8(1), 23.
Gruzelier, J. H. (2014). EEG-neurofeedback for optimising performance. I: a review of cognitive and affective outcome in healthy participants. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 44, 124-141.
Hancock, P. A., & Szalma, J. L. (2008). Performance under stress. Ashgate Publishing, Ltd.
Hansen, A. L., Johnsen, B. H., & Thayer, J. F. (2003). Vagal influence on working memory and attention. International Journal of Psychophysiology, 48(3), 263-274.
Holden, C. (1994). Smart music. Science, 266, 968–969.
Hunter, P. G., Schellenberg, E. G., & Schimmack, U. (2010). Feelings and perceptions of happiness and sadness induced by music: Similarities, differences, and mixed emotions. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(1), 47.
Husain, G., Thompson, W. F., & Schellenberg, E. G. (2002). Effects of musical tempo and mode on arousal, mood, and spatial abilities. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 20(2), 151-171.
Iwanaga, M., Kobayashi, A., & Kawasaki, C. (2005). Heart rate variability with repetitive exposure to music. Biological Psychology, 70(1), 61-66.
Jönsson, P., & Sonnby-Borgström, M. (2003). The effects of pictures of emotional faces on tonic and phasic autonomic cardiac control in women and men. Biological Psychology, 62(2), 157-173.
Jose, A. D., & Collison, D. (1970). The normal range and determinants of the intrinsic heart rate in man. Cardiovascular Research, 4(2), 160-167.
Juslin, P. N. (1997). Perceived emotional expression in synthesized performances of a short melody: Capturing the listener’s judgment policy. Musicae Scientiae, 1, 225–256.
Juslin, P. N., & Laukka, P. (2003). Communication of emotions in vocal expression and music performance: Different channels, same code? Psychological Bulletin, 129(5), 770-814.
Juslin, P. N., & Laukka, P. (2004). Expression, perception, and induction of musical emotions: A review and a questionnaire study of everyday listening. Journal of New Music Research, 33(3), 217-238.
Juslin, P.N., Liljeström, S., Västfjäll, D., & Lundqvist, L. (2010). How does music evoke emotions? Exploring the underlying mechanisms. In P. N. Juslin, S. Liljeström, D. Västfjäll, & L. Lundqvist (Eds.), Handbook of music and emotion: Theory, research, applications (pp. 605-642). New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
Kenealy, P., & Monsef, A. (1994). Music and IQ tests. The Psychologist, 7(8), 346.
Klimesch, W. (1999). EEG alpha and theta oscillations reflect cognitive and memory performance: a review and analysis. Brain Research Reviews, 29(2), 169-195.
Knight, A. J., & Wiese, N. (2011). Therapeutic Music and Nursing in Poststroke Rehabilitation (CE). Rehabilitation Nursing, 36(5), 204-215.
Koelsch, S. (2010). Towards a neural basis of music-evoked emotions. Trends in Cognitive Sciences, 14(3), 131-137.
Koelsch, S. (2014). Brain correlates of music-evoked emotions. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 15(3), 170-180.
Kreibig, S. D. (2010). Autonomic nervous system activity in emotion: A review. Biological Psychology, 84(3), 394-421.
Krumhansl, C. L. (1997). An exploratory study of musical emotions and psychophysiology. Canadian Journal of Experimental Psychology, 51(4), 336.
Lacey, J. I., & Lacey, B. C. (1970). Some autonomic-central nervous system interrelationships. In P. Black (Ed.), Physiological correlates of emotion (pp. 205-227). New York: Academic Press.
Large, E. W., & Palmer, C. (2002). Perceiving temporal regularity in music. Cognitive Science, 26(1), 1-37.
Levy, M. N. (1990). Autonomic interactions in cardiac control. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 601(1), 209-221.
Lundqvist, L. O., Carlsson, F., Hilmersson, P., & Juslin, P. N. (2009). Emotional responses to music: experience, expression, and physiology. Psychology of Music, 37(1), 61-90.
Malloch, S. (1999). Mother and infants and communicative musicality. In I. Deliege (Ed.), Rhythms, musical narrative, and the origins of human communication: Musicae Scientiae, 1999-2000 (pp. 29-57). Liege: European Society for the Cognitive Sciences of Music.
Malloch, S., & Trevarthen, C. (2009). Musicality: Communicating the vitality and interests of life. In S. Malloch & C. Trevarthen (Eds.), Communicative musicality: Exploring the basis of human companionship (pp. 1–15). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Marcovitch, S., Leigh, J., Calkins, S. D., Leerks, E. M., O'brien, M., & Blankson, A. N. (2010). Moderate vagal withdrawal in 3.5‐year‐old children is associated with optimal performance on executive function tasks. Developmental Psychobiology, 52(6), 603-608.
Marsh, P., Beauchaine, T. P., & Williams, B. (2008). Dissociation of sad facial expressions and autonomic nervous system responding in boys with disruptive behavior disorders. Psychophysiology, 45(1), 100-110.
McDermott, J. H., Lehr, A. J., & Oxenham, A. J. (2010). Individual differences reveal the basis of consonance. Current Biology, 20(11), 1035-1041.
McGrann, J. V., Shaw, G. L., Shenoy, K. V., Leng, X., & Mathews, R. B. (1994). Computation by symmetry operations in a structured model of the brain: Recognition of rotational invariance and time reversal. Physical Review, 49(6), 5830-5839.
Mikutta, C. A., Schwab, S., Niederhauser, S., Wuermle, O., Strik, W., & Altorfer, A. (2013). Music, perceived arousal, and intensity: Psychophysiological reactions to Chopin's “Tristesse”. Psychophysiology, 50(9), 909-919.
Moriguchi, Y., Chevalier, N., & Zelazo, P. D. (2016). Editorial: Development of executive function in childhood. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 6-7.
Nantais, K. M., & Schellenberg, E. G. (1999). The Mozart effect: An artifact of preference. Psychological Science, 10(4), 370-373.
Newman, J., Rosenbach, J. H., Burns, K. L., Latimer, B. C., Matocha, H. R., & Vogt, E. R. (1995). An experimental test of “the Mozart effect”: Does listening to his music improve spatial ability? Perceptual and Motor Skills, 81, 1379-1387.
Overbeek, T. J., van Boxtel, A., & Westerink, J. H. (2014). Respiratory sinus arrhythmia responses to cognitive tasks: effects of task factors and RSA indices. Biological Psychology, 99, 1-14.
Paas, F., Renkl, A., & Sweller, J. (2003). Cognitive load theory and instructional design: Recent developments. Educational Psychologist, 38(1), 1-4.
Panksepp, J. (1995). The emotional sources of" chills" induced by music. Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 13(2), 171-207.
Panksepp, J., & Bernatzky, G. (2002). Emotional sounds and the brain: the neuro-affective foundations of musical appreciation. Behavioural Processes, 60(2), 133-155.
Papousek, M. (1996). Intuitive parenting: A hidden source of musical stimulation in infancy. In I. Deliege & J. Sloboda (Eds.), Musical beginnings: Origins and development of musical competence (pp. 88–112). Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Pattyn, N. (2007). Psychophysiological measures of cognitive performance in operational conditions: applications to aviation and space environments (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Vrije Universiteit Brussel, Brussels.
Peretz, I., Gagnon, L., & Bouchard, B. (1998). Music and emotion: perceptual determinants, immediacy, and isolation after brain damage. Cognition, 68(2), 111-141.
Petersen, S. E., & Posner, M. I. (2012). The attention system of the human brain: 20 years after. Annual Review of Neuroscience, 35, 73-89.
Polanczyk, G., de Lima, M. S., Horta, B. L., Biederman, J., & Rohde, L. A. (2007). The worldwide prevalence of ADHD: a systematic review and metaregression analysis. American Journal of Psychiatry, 164(6), 942-948.
Polanczyk, G. V., Salum, G. A., Sugaya, L. S., Caye, A., & Rohde, L. A. (2015). Annual Research Review: A meta‐analysis of the worldwide prevalence of mental disorders in children and adolescents. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 56(3), 345-365.
Porges, S.W. (1991). Vagal tone: A mediator of affect. In J.A. Garber & K.A. Dodge (Eds.), The development of affect regulation and dysregulation (pp. 111–128). New York: Cambridge University Press.
Porges, S. W. (1992). Vagal tone: a physiologic marker of stress vulnerability. Pediatrics, 90(3), 498-504.
Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N. (1993). Music and spatial task performance. Nature, 365(6447), 611.
Rauscher, F. H., Shaw, G. L., & Ky, K. N. (1995). Listening to Mozart enhances spatial-temporal reasoning: towards a neurophysiological basis. Neuroscience Letters, 185(1), 44-47.
Rauscher, F., Shaw, G., Levine, L., Wright, E., Dennis, W., & Newcomb, R. (1997). Music training causes long-term enhancement of preschool children’s spatial–temporal reasoning. Neurological research, 19(1), 2-8.
Richards, J. E., & Casey, B. J. (1992). Attention and information processing in infants and adults: Perspectives from human and animal research (pp. 30-60). New Jersey: Hillsdale College Press.
Ritz, T., George, C., & Dahme, B. (2000). Respiratory resistance during emotional stimulation: evidence for a nonspecific effect of experienced arousal?. Biological Psychology, 52(2), 143-160.
Ritz, T., Thöns, M., Fahrenkrug, S., & Dahme, B. (2005). Airways, respiration, and respiratory sinus arrhythmia during picture viewing. Psychophysiology, 42(5), 568-578.
Rother, M., Witte, H., Zwiener, U., Eiselt, M., & Fischer, P. (1989). Cardiac aliasing—a possible cause for the misinterpretation of cardiorespirographic data in neonates. Early human development, 20(1), 1-12.
Rottenberg, J., Wilhelm, F. H., Gross, J. J., & Gotlib, I. H. (2003). Vagal rebound during resolution of tearful crying among depressed and nondepressed individuals. Psychophysiology, 40(1), 1-6.
Russell, J. A. (1980). A circumplex model of affect. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 39(6), 1161-1178.
Saarikallio, S. (2011). Music as emotional self-regulation throughout adulthood. Psychology of Music, 39(3), 307-327.
Sadie, S. (Ed.). (1980). The new Grove’s dictionary of music and musicians (pp. 779-823). London: Macmillan.
Salas, E., Rosen, M. A., Held, J. D., & Weissmuller, J. J. (2009). Performance measurement in simulation-based training a review and best practices. Simulation & Gaming: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 40(3), 328-376.
Saul, J. P. (1990). Beat-to-beat variations of heart rate reflect modulation of cardiac autonomic outflow. Physiology, 5(1), 32-37.
Schäfer, T., & Sedlmeier, P. (2010). What Makes Us Like Music? Determinants of Music Preference. Psychology of Aesthetics, Creativity, and the Arts, 4(4), 223-234.
Schäfer, T., Sedlmeier, P., Städtler, C., & Huron, D. (2013). The psychological functions of music listening. Frontiers in Psychology, 4, 511.
Schellenberg, E. G. (2012). Cognitive performance after listening to music: a review of the Mozart effect. In R. MacDonald, G. Kreutz, & L. Mitchell (Eds.), Music, health, and wellbeing (pp. 324-338). Oxford, UK: Oxford University Press.
Schellenberg, E. G., Nakata, T., Hunter, P. G., & Tamoto, S. (2007). Exposure to music and cognitive performance: Tests of children and adults. Psychology of Music, 35(1), 5-19.
Schellenberg, E. G., & Weiss, M. W. (2013). Music and cognitive abilities. In D. Deutsch (Ed.), The psychology of music (3rd ed., pp. 499–550). Waltham, MA: Elsevier.
Scherer, K. R. (1986). Vocal affect expression: a review and a model for future research. Psychological Bulletin, 99(2), 143-165.
Shaw, G. L., Silverman, D. J., & Pearson, J. C. (1985). Model of cortical organization embodying a basis for a theory of information processing and memory recall. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 82(8), 2364-2368.
Silvestrini, N., & Gendolla, G. H. (2007). Mood effects on autonomic activity in mood regulation. Psychophysiology, 44(4), 650-659.
Sloboda, J. A., & Juslin, P. N. (2001). Psychological perspectives on music and emotion. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds.), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 71-104). New York: Oxford University Press.
Sloboda, J. A. & O’Neill, S. A. (2001) Emotions in everyday listening to music. In P. N. Juslin & J. A. Sloboda (Eds), Music and emotion: Theory and research (pp. 415–429). New York: Oxford University Press.
Smith, J. C., Bradley, M. M., & Lang, P. J. (2005). State anxiety and affective physiology: effects of sustained exposure to affective pictures. Biological Psychology, 69(3), 247-260.
Spencer, H. (1857). The origin and function of music. Fraser’s Magazine, 56, 396–408.
Steele, K. M., Bass, K. E., & Crook, M. D. (1999). The mystery of the Mozart effect: Failure to replicate. Psychological Science, 10(4), 366-369.
Sternbach, R. A. (1962). Assessing differential autonomic patterns in emotions. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 6(2), 87-91.
Strauser, J. M. (1997). The effects of music versus silence on measures of state anxiety, perceived relaxation, and physiological responses of patients receiving chiropractic interventions. Journal of Music Therapy, 34(2), 88-105.
Taylor, S. E. (1991). Asymmetrical effects of positive and negative events: the mobilization- minimization hypothesis. Psychological Bulletin, 110(1), 67.
Thayer, J. F. (1986). Multiple indicators of affective response to music (Unpublished doctoral dissertation). New York University, New York.
Thayer, J. F., & Brosschot, J. F. (2005). Psychosomatics and psychopathology: looking up and down from the brain. Psychoneuroendocrinology, 30(10), 1050-1058.
Thayer, J. F., & Faith, M. L. (2001). A dynamic systems model of musically induced emotions. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 930(1), 452-456.
Thayer, J. F., Hansen, A. L., Saus-Rose, E., & Johnsen, B. H. (2009). Heart rate variability, prefrontal neural function, and cognitive performance: the neurovisceral integration perspective on self-regulation, adaptation, and health. Annals of Behavioral Medicine, 37(2), 141-153.
Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2000). A model of neurovisceral integration in emotion regulation and dysregulation. Journal of Affective Disorders, 61(3), 201-216.
Thayer, J. F., & Lane, R. D. (2009). Claude Bernard and the heart–brain connection: Further elaboration of a model of neurovisceral integration. Neuroscience & Biobehavioral Reviews, 33(2), 81-88.
Theall‐Honey, L. A., & Schmidt, L. A. (2006). Do temperamentally shy children process emotion differently than nonshy children? Behavioral, psychophysiological, and gender differences in reticent preschoolers. Developmental Psychobiology: The Journal of the International Society for Developmental Psychobiology, 48(3), 187-196.
Thompson, W. F., Schellenberg, E. G., & Husain, G. (2001). Arousal, mood, and the Mozart effect. Psychological Science, 12(3), 248-251.
Vanderark, S. D., & Ely, D. (1994). University biology and music majors' emotional ratings of musical stimuli and their physiological correlates of heart, rate, finger temperature, and blood pressure. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 79(3), 1391-1397.
Van der Oord, S., Prins, P. J., Oosterlaan, J., & Emmelkamp, P. M. (2008). Efficacy of methylphenidate, psychosocial treatments and their combination in school-aged children with ADHD: a meta-analysis. Clinical Psychology Review, 28(5), 783-800.
Van der Stigchel, S., Imants, P., & Ridderinkhof, K. R. (2011). Positive affect increases cognitive control in the antisaccade task. Brain and Cognition, 75(2), 177-181.
Van Puyvelde, M. & Franco, F. (2015). 'The interaction of music and language in the ontogenesis of human communication: A multimodal parent-infant co-regulation system'. Geraadpleegd op 5 Augustus, 2018 via http://www.hrionline.ac.uk/openbook/chapter/ICMEM2015- VanPuyvelde
Van Puyvelde, M., Loots, G., Meys, J., Neyt, X., Mairesse, O., Simcock, D., & Pattyn, N. (2015). Whose clock makes yours tick? How maternal cardiorespiratory physiology influences newborns’ heart rate variability. Biological Psychology, 108, 132-141.
Van Puyvelde, M., Loots, G., Vanfleteren, P., Meys, J., Simcock, D., & Pattyn, N. (2014). Do You Hear the Same? Cardiorespiratory responses between mothers and infants during tonal and atonal music. Plos One, 9(9), e106920.
Van Puyvelde, M., Loots, G., Vinck, B., De Coster, L., Matthijs, L., Mouvet, K., & Pattyn, N. (2013). The interplay between tonal synchrony and social engagement in mother–infant interaction. Infancy, 18(5), 849-872.
Van Puyvelde, M., Vanfleteren, P., Loots, G., Deschuyffeleer, S., Vinck, B., Jacquet, W., & Verhelst, W. (2010). Tonal synchrony in mother–infant interaction based on harmonic and pentatonic series. Infant Behavior and Development, 33(4), 387-400.
Vuoskoski, J. K., Thompson, W. F., McIlwain, D., & Eerola, T. (2012). Who enjoys listening to sad music and why? Music Perception: An Interdisciplinary Journal, 29(3), 311-317.
Waldstein, S. R., Kop, W. J., Schmidt, L. A., Haufler, A. J., Krantz, D. S., & Fox, N. A. (2000). Frontal electrocortical and cardiovascular reactivity during happiness and anger. Biological Psychology, 55(1), 3-23.
Xue, C., Li, T., Yin, S., Zhu, X., & Tan, Y. (2018). The influence of induced mood on music preference. Cognitive Processing, 1-9.