Virtueel tarwe selecteren voor toekomstige klimaten
Stel u eens voor: in een belangrijk tarwe-producerend land voorspelt men dat binnen 20 jaar de regenval door klimaatverandering zal halveren, waardoor de huidige tarwesoorten nog weinig graan zullen produceren. Een niet zo ondenkbaar scenario met dramatische maatschappelijke gevolgen. En stel u dan een virtuele wereld voor, waarin verschillende tarwegenen gecombineerd worden zodat een nieuwe, virtuele plant gecreëerd wordt die onder precies deze droge omstandigheden wel een hoge opbrengst heeft. Tien jaar later groeit deze virtuele plant in realiteit en kan het land zonder problemen zijn bevolking voeden in deze extreme condities. Dit schept het kader van mijn onderzoek.
Gewassen zoals tarwe worden al duizenden jaren verbeterd doordat de landbouwer de beste planten kiest om het volgende jaar opnieuw uit te zaaien. De laatste decennia is de wereldbevolking echter zodanig snel gestegen dat deze manier van selectie niet meer voldoet. Bovendien verandert het klimaat zo snel, dat de nieuwe tarwesoorten eigenlijk vijf jaar geleden nodig waren. Maar hoe kunnen we nu de beste planten kiezen voor de toekomst, als we het klimaat van de toekomst niet kennen? Met virtuele experimenten, is er geen nood aan uitgebreide tarweproeven waarbij honderden tot duizenden planten geteeld moeten worden: de ideale plant wordt namelijk virtueel gesimuleerd door een model. Zo kunnen klimaten van de toekomst snel getest worden.
Het veranderend klimaat zal op heel wat plaatsen een verminderde regenval veroorzaken. Bovendien zal drinkwater schaars worden en zal het niet meer ecologisch verantwoord zijn dit water te gebruiken voor landbouw. Tarwe planten zullen in de toekomst met minder water evenveel graan moeten produceren, wil men hongersnoden vermijden. Dit betekent dat nieuwe, beter aangepaste tarwesoorten ontwikkeld moeten worden. Soorten uit de toekomst zullen dan een nieuwe gen combinatie hebben die de plant een unieke eigenschap geeft zoals bijvoorbeeld een verbeterde droogteresistentie. Om dit te bereiken, kunnen nieuwe genen ingebouwd worden of verschillende ouderlijke genen gecombineerd worden. De nucleotidensequentie van een gen is intussen makkelijk te achterhalen. Maar wat betekent dit gen voor een plant concreet? Wat gebeurt er als dit gen er niet meer is, of juist meer actief is dan normaal? Dit wordt vandaag voor veel genen onderzocht, maar duurt zeer lang en kan voor slechts een aantal genen tegelijk uitgevoerd worden. Door de genen en hun expressie in te bouwen in een virtueel plantmodel, kan het effect van elk gen afzonderlijk of verschillende genen samen snel onderzocht worden.
Een virtueel plantmodel berekent het effect van droogte
In deze masterthesis werd een virtueel plantmodel gebouwd dat simuleert hoe water in een tarweplant wordt opgenomen, getransporteerd, opgeslagen en getranspireerd. Water wordt eigenlijk uit de plant ‘getrokken’ door de atmosfeer die het water uit de bladeren doet verdampen. Hierdoor wordt in de plant een onderdruk gecreëerd en wordt het water in de vaten van de stengel en wortels omhoog getrokken. Water zal dan via de wortels vanuit de bodem opgenomen worden om dit transpiratieverlies terug aan te vullen. Met kleine sensoren die op de stengel van de tarweplant geïnstalleerd worden, kan de snelheid van dit watertransport continue gemeten worden. Dit wordt de sapstroom genoemd. Vanuit de sapstroom berekent het model het functioneren van de plant. Bijvoorbeeld hoeveel water in de graankorrels wordt opgeslagen, of hoe sterk de plant groeit. Wanneer te weinig water in de bodem aanwezig is, zal de plant zijn interne waterreserves aanspreken met als gevolg dat hij minder snel groeit of zelfs krimpt. Het kunnen simuleren van deze droogterespons is van onschatbare waarde. Zo kan bijvoorbeeld de irrigatie afgestemd worden op de noden van de plant. Vergelijk dit met de kracht van weersvoorspellingen: met metingen van temperatuur en luchtdruk, wordt vandaag gesimuleerd hoeveel regen er morgen uit de lucht zal vallen. Deze voorspellingen zijn weliswaar niet altijd even accuraat, maar hebben u er hoogstwaarschijnlijk toch al vaak van behoed ergens doorweekt toe te komen. Diezelfde kracht rust in de simulaties van de droogterespons van planten. Hierdoor kunnen we voorspellen welke planten het goed zullen doen in toekomstige weersomstandigheden.
Niet enkel de plant respons, maar ook de eiwitten veranderen tijdens droogte
Tijdens het uitdrogen van tarweplanten werden op verschillende tijdstippen stalen genomen van de stengel om aanwezige eiwitten te analyseren. Eiwitten zijn het resultaat van de actieve genen in een plant: het zijn de werkers van de plantcellen. Door op verschillende tijdstippen deze eiwitten te bepalen, konden we een tijdsreeks opmaken en zien hoe de eiwitinhoud veranderde tijdens het uitdrogen. Vele eiwitten vertoonden eenzelfde trend als sommige plant responsen. Dit is bijzonder interessant aangezien deze eiwitten aangemaakt werden ten gevolge van droogte. Elke tarwesoort heeft een eigen, typische combinatie van eiwitten (of genen), een unieke vingerafdruk, waardoor een soort onderscheiden kan worden. We kunnen stellen dat een soort beschouwd kan worden als de som van al zijn eiwitten. Het onderzoek toonde aan dat het mogelijk is om deze eiwitten in te brengen in het virtuele plantmodel, zodat dit model soort-specifiek wordt. Met het model kan dan bepaald worden hoe een nieuwe soort reageert op droogte indien enkel de eiwitten, of genen, gekend zijn.
Maar genen interageren ook met de omgeving of hun microklimaat. Hoewel een plant de som is van zijn genen, moeten we er rekening mee houden dat genen worden aan- en uitgeschakeld door signalen vanuit de omgeving, waardoor eenzelfde plantensoort er heel anders kan uitzien in verschillende omstandigheden. Via het virtueel plantmodel kan bepaald worden welke omgevingsfactoren een invloed hebben en hoe groot die invloed juist is.
De combinatie genen en plantmodellering is noodzakelijk
De klimaatveranderingen in combinatie met een groeiende wereldbevolking zet een enorme druk op de landbouw. Vandaag moeten planten ontwikkeld worden die in het toekomstig klimaat een hoge opbrengst hebben. Een uitdagende taak. Genen onderscheiden een resistente van een gevoelige plant. Maar om een grote stap voorwaarts te kunnen zetten is het nodig genetisch onderzoek te combineren met virtuele plantmodellen die het effect van de omgeving op deze genen kunnen bepalen en voorspellen. Alleen zo kunnen we in toekomst de juiste keuzes maken en de best aangepaste planten kiezen voor de landbouw.
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