Does elevated [CO2] mitigate the impact of climate extremes on northern red oak seedlings: a multifactor approach

Ingvar Bauweraerts
Persbericht

Does elevated [CO2] mitigate the impact of climate extremes on northern red oak seedlings: a multifactor approach

Zal het gras morgen groener zijn dan vandaag?

De keerzijde van de CO2-medaille.

Je kan er tegenwoordig nog maar moeilijk aan ontsnappen. Sinds wetenschappers voor het eerst de term ‘global warming’ introduceerden, hoor je hem steeds vaker vallen. De media kondigen het ene doemscenario na het andere aan, producenten verkopen alleen nog maar goederen die ‘CO2-neutraal’ zijn en onze politici maken snoepreisjes naar alle hoeken van de wereld om een oplossing te zoeken voor de verandering van het klimaat (na Kopenhagen en Cancun is de volgende bestemming Durban in Zuid-Afrika).

Kort gezegd bedoelt men met global warming, in het Nederlands opwarming van de aarde, dat de gemiddelde temperatuur, gemeten over de hele wereld, aan het stijgen is. Deze stijging wijt men meestal aan de zogenaamde broeikasgassen, waarvan CO2 zonder meer het bekendste is. Traditioneel roept deze term negatieve gevoelens op, ongetwijfeld een gevolg van de sensatiegefundeerde wisselwerking tussen media en publiek. De waarheid is echter complexer dan ze wordt voorgesteld en de laatste jaren groeit de vraag naar genuanceerd onderzoek. Wat zal er bijvoorbeeld precies gebeuren met de oogsten? Kunnen de planten de komende klimaatverandering wel aan? Blijven de bossen en wouden van vandaag intact of sterven alle loofbomen af? Deze huidige niche in de wetenschap is nu net waar mijn onderzoek zich situeert.

Het klimaat van de toekomst zal waarschijnlijk warmer zijn, er zal zich meer CO2 in de lucht bevinden en we zullen veel vaker te maken krijgen met hittegolven gepaard met periodes van droogte. Er is al heel wat onderzoek gebeurd naar de afzonderlijke effecten van deze factoren, maar het is pas in de laatste 10 jaar dat men goed beseft dat de combinatie van deze factoren een heel andere uitkomst heeft dan je zou verwachten. Mijn onderzoek is het eerste en enige tot nu toe dat een combinatie van verschillende CO2-niveaus, temperatuurniveaus en watergiftniveaus in verschillende hittegolven gebruikte om zo een goed beeld te krijgen van wat er allemaal kan gebeuren in de toekomst. We pasten deze combinaties toe op enkele honderden zaailingen van de Amerikaanse eik op een site in Georgia (VS), waar de soort inheems is, en stonden versteld. Wat we ontdekten had niemand verwacht.

Om goed te kunnen begrijpen waarom we zo versteld stonden, zijn er aantal dingen die ik kort wil uitleggen. Het eerste is fotosynthese. De meeste mensen weten wel dat een plant licht nodig heeft om te groeien. Dit komt omdat de plant de energie van de zon nodig heeft om voedingsstoffen, bouwstenen en zuurstof te kunnen maken uit bodem, water en CO2. Meer CO2 betekent dus meer ‘voedsel’ voor de plant. Dit proces van het maken van bouwstenen en zuurstof uit licht, water en CO2 noemt men fotosynthese. Er bestaan heel wat apparaten die fotosynthese kunnen meten en een hoge waarde betekent in het algemeen dat de plant gezond is en goed functioneert.

Het tweede gaat over schade aan de plant. In dit onderzoek moesten we rekening houden met twee types schade, namelijk schade door hitte en schade door droogte. Schade door hitte kan plaatsvinden wanneer de temperatuur van de plant zo hoog oploopt dat deze niet meer kan functioneren en dat er zelfs delen van de plant kapot gaan. Je kan het vergelijken met de motor van een auto of de processor van een computer. Maar net als een motor of een processor heeft ook een plant een ingenieus koelingsysteem. Dit systeem heet transpiratie, wat eigenlijk niets anders is dan ons eigen koelsysteem, namelijk zweten. Al wat de plant hiervoor moet doen is zijn stomata, ofwel huidmondjes, open zetten en water laten verdampen om zich af te koelen. Maar wat gebeurt er wanneer de plant niet genoeg water heeft om zich af te kunnen koelen? Schade door droogte betekent dat de plant te weinig water heeft om te kunnen transpireren of om bouwstenen te kunnen maken om zichzelf te onderhouden, waardoor hij ernstige stress kan ondervinden.

Het derde is wat complexer en gaat over de manieren waarop CO2, temperatuur en droogte elkaar en de plant kunnen beïnvloeden. Hierboven werd reeds uitgelegd hoe de combinatie van extreme hitte en droogte schadelijk en zelfs dodelijk kan zijn voor een plant. Een verhoging van de CO2-concentratie heeft ongeveer een tegengesteld effect. Meer CO2 betekent meer voedsel voor de plant, levert hogere fotosynthese waarden en zorgt ervoor dat de plant minder water nodig heeft. Meer CO2 heeft echter ook een nadeel, namelijk dat het de huidmondjes van de plant laat sluiten, waardoor deze minder kan transpireren en dus oververhit kan geraken. Het gecombineerd effect van al deze factoren is complex en niet altijd duidelijk, wat er meteen voor zorgt dat wetenschappers hier intensief onderzoek naar doen.

Met deze informatie is het misschien mogelijk zelf al een voorspelling te maken van wat er zou gebeuren wanneer men kwetsbare zaailingen blootstelt aan een hittegolf van meer dan 53°C en ze amper water geeft. Wij dachten in ieder geval dat er heel wat gingen sterven, en dat de overlevenden het erg slecht gingen stellen. Het leukste aan wetenschappelijk onderzoek doen is te weten komen dat je helemaal fout was. Gelukkig maar.

Uit mijn metingen bleek dat de zwaarst gestreste zaailingen in de strenge hittegolf met weinig water niet gewoon overleefden, ze deden het zelfs beter dan buiten de hittegolf. Dat niet alleen, ze deden het zelfs beter dan de zaailingen met veel water! Ter vergelijking: ik ben één dag vergeten water mee te nemen tijdens het meten en ben toen nagenoeg flauw gevallen, zo warm was het dus. Toch slaagden die kleine zaailingen er in om zichzelf en hun minder gestreste collega’s te overtreffen in deze hitte.

Om terug te komen op het grote geheel: in vergelijking met de CO2-concentratie van vandaag presteerde elke zaailing beter in de CO2-concentratie van de toekomst, ook diegenen die onder hitte- en droogtestress stonden. Voor meer details wordt de lezer hartelijk uitgenodigd zich te verdiepen in mijn scriptie.

Wat betekent dit nu voor de toekomst? Hoeven we ons geen zorgen meer te maken om het klimaat en komt alles vanzelf weer in orde? Onze politici mogen op beide oren slapen, hun vakantie in Durban komt heus niet in gevaar. De resultaten van mijn onderzoek mogen dan wel opmerkelijk zijn, ze stellen op dit moment nog maar weinig voor. Pas wanneer tal van dergelijke experimenten voltooid zijn, kunnen we ons een correct beeld vormen van de toekomst. Mijn werk vormt echter een krachtige drijfveer die deze experimenten in een hoopvolle schijnwerper stelt.

Tot slot: wie nog steeds twijfelt aan de extreme omstandigheden van het experiment mag gerust eens komen kijken bij de bio-ingenieurs van de Universiteit Gent. Op de tweede verdieping hangt een poster van een meelijwekkende student, volledig bezweet doch enorm begeesterd door zijn grensverleggend onderzoek.

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Deze bibliografie is onvolledig, de volledige versie is terug te vinden in de scriptie zelf.

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Universiteit Gent
Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen: Milieutechnologie
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2011
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