Bacterial analysis of polluted air in Antwerp and surroundings
De bacteriële vingerafdruk van luchtvervuiling
Bacteriën zijn onzichtbaar voor het blote oog, maar de effecten van hun acties zijn dat allerminst. Deze microscopische organismen staan namelijk in voor verschillende processen die voor ons van enorme betekenis zijn, zoals de productie van voedsel en medicijnen (bijvoorbeeld kaas en insuline), de afbraak van vervuilende stoffen in de bodem, het verbeteren van ons verteringssysteem en het recycleren van dode planten en dieren tot nieuwe voedingsstoffen. Bacteriën doen aanzienlijk veel meer en bovendien ontbreekt nog een onbekende hoeveelheid kennis hierover. Ze zijn dus belangrijker dan we in de eerste plaats van dergelijke superkleine ‘diertjes’ zouden denken.
De bacteriën vormen een domein van het leven waaronder zeer diverse soorten met allerlei functies worden thuisgebracht. Voor bijna elke omgeving op aarde zijn bacteriesoorten geëvolueerd die er kunnen leven. Bijgevolg spelen ze een rol in een zeer gevarieerd scala van processen – hierboven al aangehaald – en zijn ze praktisch overal terug te vinden. Ze werden reeds uitgebreid onderzocht in bijvoorbeeld zeeën en oceanen, voeding, drinkwater, de bodem en het menselijk verteringsstelsel. De lucht als bacteriële omgeving werd echter lange tijd over het hoofd gezien. Ondanks ons intiem contact met de atmosfeer, zijn er maar weinig studies naar de bacteriën die er voorkomen. Dat onderzoekers de bacteriën van het luchtruim zo lang genegeerd hebben is het gevolg van het –ondertussen achterhaalde – idee dat bacteriën slechts passieve berijders zijn van de luchtstromingen, dat hun ‘luchtstadium’ slechts een deel van de levenscyclus is, bedoeld om zich te verspreiden, zoals ziekteverwekkers dat vaak doen. Verspreiden doen ze zeker, maar er is meer. Recente studies tonen aan dat luchtbacteriën ook actief zijn. Dit wil zeggen dat ze aangepast zijn aan het leven in de atmosfeer, waar temperaturen variëren, waar UV straling niet ongewoon is en waar tegenwoordig ook vervuiling terug te vinden is. Het zijn deze aanpassingen die een sleutelrol vervulden in de verkennende studie van luchtbacteriën in Antwerpen.
Stalen van de lucht werden genomen in de Antwerpse haven (gekenmerkt door industrie) in de stad (waar de verkeersconcentratie het hoogst is) en in de gemeente Kapellen (waar meer groen te vinden is). De luchtbacteriën werden vervolgens gecultiveerd op een voedingsbodem. Dit wil zeggen dat een aantal onzichtbare bacteriën elk de kans krijgen om zich te vermeerderen en uit te groeien tot een zichtbare kolonie. Het bleek een bijzonder bont stel te zijn. De kleuren ontstonden door de aanwezigheid van pigment in de bacteriën, wat aangaf hoe de bacteriën in de atmosfeer zich beschermen tegen een overdosis UV. Deze verschillende, nieuwe pigmenten zijn niet alleen nuttig voor de bacteriën zelf, maar misschien ook voor ons. Recent werd door Noorse onderzoekers een fjordbacterie gevonden waarvan het pigment werd geïntegreerd in een zonnecrème die bescherming biedt tegen kankerverwekkende UV golflengten. Verder leken de luchtbacteriën ook goed tegen de koude te kunnen. De bacteriën groeiden nog steeds bij 4°C. Dit is eveneens een ongewone eigenschap die in de biotechnologie wel wat interesse zal wekken: processen die bij lage temperaturen moeten plaatsvinden hebben nood aan enzymes die bij deze lage temperaturen actief zijn.
Een ander experiment werd opgezet om de luchtbacteriën te testen op hun metaalresistentie. Zware metalen zijn reeds toxisch bij relatief lage concentraties. De onderzoekshypothese stelt dat een grotere hoeveelheid van een bepaald metaal in de lucht een selectiedruk oplegt aan de bacteriën, waardoor metaalresistente bacteriën betere overlevingskansen hebben. Bijgevolg zal er op dergelijke locaties een hogere metaalresistentie voorkomen. Dus hoe beter de luchtbacteriën tegen een zeker metaal kunnen, hoe meer er van dat metaal in de lucht aanwezig is. De resultaten van het experiment waren een indicatie voor de bevestiging van deze hypothese. Het principe kan ook van toepassing zijn voor andere vervuilende stoffen.
Luchtvervuiling is een veelzijdig probleem omdat er diverse stoffen zijn die verschillende gezondheidsproblemen teweeg brengen. Het is daarom niet eenvoudig, noch goedkoop om alle verschillende stoffen op te meten. De aanwezige bacteriesoorten in een bepaalde regio geven dus een indicatie van het soort luchtvervuiling dat in deze regio te vinden is. Wanneer uitgebreider onderzoek wordt gedaan om te bepalen welke bacteriesoorten wijzen op welke graad van luchtvervuiling, dan zal in de toekomst een ‘bacteriële vingerafdruk’ ter plaatse volstaan om een gedetailleerd beeld te krijgen van de lokale luchtvervuiling. Een dergelijk systeem waarbij de graad van vervuiling wordt bepaald door observatie van de aanwezige levensvormen heet biomonitoring. Het voordeel van deze techniek is dat ze de graad van vervuiling weergeeft in functie van haar effect op biologische systemen en dat is waar het uiteindelijk om draait.
Hoe nuttig is deze bacteriële vingerafdruk van luchtvervuiling dan wel? Vervuiling meten is een ding, luchtkwaliteit verbeteren iets heel anders. Wanneer analyses worden uitgevoerd op verschillende plaatsen, kunnen de meest vervuilde gebieden in kaart worden gebracht. Stel, bijvoorbeeld, dat een hoog metaalgehalte de lucht boven de haven teistert. Door metingen te gaan doen bij de bedrijven met verschillende activiteiten, kan bepaald worden of bijvoorbeeld de petrochemische installaties verantwoordelijk zijn voor een belangrijk deel van de metaaluitstoot of de plaatselijke afvalverwerking – of beide. De wetgeving kan op deze informatie inspelen en een specifieke zuiveringstechnieken verplichten voor de meest vervuilende activiteiten. Het is nu juist deze gerichtheid die het mogelijk maakt het wereldwijde vervuilingprobleem effectief aan te pakken.
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