Correlates of changes in body mass index and fat percentage in students after 1.5 years at university

Tine
Torbeyns
  • Tom
    Deliens
  • Benedicte
    Deforche
  • Peter
    Clarys

The Freshman fifteen: waarheid of leugen?

Meer en meer aandacht gaat uit naar de problematische gevolgen van overgewicht en obesitas. Op dit moment heeft meer dan 1,4 biljoen volwassenen ter wereld overgewicht en is meer dan 0,5 biljoen obees. Dit wil zeggen dat meer dan één tiende van de wereldbevolking obesitas heeft. Wanneer we kijken naar de Belgische populatie, zijn de cijfers nog schokkender. In 2008, had 63,4% van de mannelijke bevolking en 49,9% van de vrouwelijke bevolking overgewicht en was meer dan 20% van zowel mannen als vrouwen obees. Ondanks de toenemende aandacht voor het probleem, worden deze getallen elk jaar hoger.

Overgewicht of obesitas hebben, heeft negatieve gevolgen op verschillende vlakken. Mensen met overgewicht of obesitas hebben een verhoogd risico op ziektes als diabetes type 2, kanker, cardiovasculaire aandoeningen… Ook ondervinden ze negatieve psychologische en psychosociale gevolgen zoals een kleiner sociaal netwerk, lagere eigenwaarde, discriminatie op vlak van opleiding, werk, gezondheidszorg…

Om te vermijden dat mensen te kampen krijgen met overgewicht of obesitas is het belangrijk om vast te stellen tijdens welke levensfases er zich een belangrijke toename in gewicht voordoet en welke factoren bepalen of iemand toeneemt in gewicht of niet. Volgens verschillende studies uit de Verenigde Staten zou de overgang van middelbare school naar universiteit een periode zijn waarin veel mensen met een behoorlijke gewichtstoename te kampen krijgen. Een Amerikaanse mythe (‘Freshman 15) stelt dat studenten zowat 15 lbs (6,8 kg) bijkomen tijdens hun eerste jaar aan de universiteit. Uit onderzoek blijkt echter dat er een gemiddelde gewichtstoename van ongeveer 2,0 kg is tijdens het eerste jaar. Ook tijdens het tweede jaar is er nog een gewichtstoename van ongeveer 1,5 kg gemiddeld. Ondanks de relatief kleine getallen, baart dit wel zorgen. Als deze gewichtstoename gedurende het hele studentenleven zou blijven doorgaan, kan een student gemakkelijk 10 tot 15 kg bijkomen. Uit deze Amerikaanse studies blijkt ook dat niet iedereen even gevoelig is voor gewichtstoename. Daarom wilden we in onze studie bepalen of er in België ook een gewichtstoename en een stijging in vetpercentage vast te stellen is en wilden we de factoren die mogelijk bijdragen tot een gewichtstoename proberen bepalen.

We  onderzochten 54 studenten bij het begin van hun eerste jaar aan de Vrije Universiteit Brussel en na anderhalf jaar aan de universiteit. We maten gewicht, BMI, vetpercentage en lendenomtrek en bij het meetmoment na anderhalf jaar vroegen we hen ook om een vragenlijst omtrent gezondheid- en gewichtsgerelateerd gedrag in te vullen. Uit onze studie blijkt dat bij de start van het eerste uniefjaar, 9,3% of de onderzochte studenten ondergewicht, 83,3% een normaal gewicht en 7,4% overgewicht had. Na anderhalf jaar, was het percentage van studenten met ondergewicht gedaald met 2,7% en het percentage van studenten met overgewicht gestegen met 2,7%. Het percentage van studenten met een normaal gewicht bleef stabiel. Zowat 70% van onze deelnemers ervoer een gewichtstoename en 67% ervoer een toename in BMI. De gemiddelde gewichtstoename was 1,5 kg, gemiddelde toename in BMI was 0,4 kg/m2 en de gemiddelde toename in vetpercentage was 0,8%. Deze getallen zijn iets lager dan de toenames die gevonden werden in Amerikaanse studies maar mogen niet genegeerd worden. Factoren die een invloed hadden op de gewichtstoename waren geslacht, alcoholconsumptie, fruitconsumptie, light frisdrank consumptie, stress en TV- en DVD kijken in de weekends. Mannelijke studenten, studenten die meer alcohol consumeren, minder fruit eten en minder light frisdrank drinken, studenten die meer stress ervaren en studenten die meer TV- en DVD kijken tijdens de weekends waren gevoeliger voor een gewichtstoename dan hun studiegenoten. Studenten die minder fruit consumeerden waren ook gevoeliger voor een toename in vetpercentage.

Uit deze studie blijkt dat aandacht voor een gewichts- en vetpercentagetoename nodig is. Indien we willen vermijden dat mensen overgewicht of obesitas krijgen, moeten we proberen om ze te sensibiliseren voor de negatieve gevolgen die samengaan met overgewicht en obesitas. Deze sensibilisering gebeurt best in een zo vroeg mogelijke levensfase. De overgang van middelbare school naar universiteit leent zich hier dus ideaal toe aangezien dit het moment is waarop de meeste mensen op eigen benen komen te staan en hun leven en levensstijl in eigen, liefst gezonde, handen moeten nemen. Uit de studie die besproken wordt in dit artikel, blijkt dat interventies bij universiteitsstudenten zich vooral moeten focussen op mannelijke studenten, studenten die meer stress ervaren en op het promoten van een gezonde voeding. Het promoten van een gezonde levensstijl bij deze jongvolwassenen, zal hopelijk leiden tot het behoud van een gezonde levensstijl gedurende de rest van hun leven en tot het doorgeven van een gezonde levensstijl aan de volgende generatie waardoor de steeds stijgende cijfers van overgewicht en obesitas hopelijk terug kunnen beginnen dalen.

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Vrije Universiteit Brussel
Thesis jaar
2013
Thema('s)