A critical analysis of the leniency instrument: finding the right balance between efficiency and justice in EU competition law

Bibliography

I. Legislation and Legislative Instruments

• US Department of Justice, Corporate Leniency Policy, 10 August 1993, available at www.usdoj.gov/atr/public/guidelines/0091.pdf;

• Commission Notice on the non-imposition or reduction of fines in cartel cases [1996] OJ C 207, 4-6;

• Regulation (EC) No. 1049/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 30 May 2001 regarding public access to European Parliament, Council and European Commission documents [2001] OJ L 145/43;

• Commission Notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases [2002] OJ C 45;

• Council Regulation (EC) No 1/2003 of 16 December 2002 on the implementation of the rules on competition laid down in Articles 81 and 82 of the Treaty [2003] OJ 4/1/2003;

• Commission Notice on Cooperation within the Network of Competition Authorities [2004] OJ C 101/43;

• Guidelines on the method of setting fines imposed pursuant to Article 23(2)(a) of Regulation No 1/2003 [2006] OJ C 210;

• Commission Notice on immunity from fines and reduction of fines in cartel cases [2006] OJ C 298/17;

• OFT, “Leniency and no-action. OFT’s Guidance Note on the handling of applications”, [2008] December 2008, available at http://www.oft.gov.uk/shared_oft/reports/comp_policy/oft803.pdf;

• Treaty on the European Union, OJ C 236;

• Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, OJ C 326;

• Charter of Fundamental Rights of the European Union, OJ C 326.

 

 

 

 

II. Case law, Opinions and Decisions

 

A. Case Law of the ECJ and the EGC

 

European Court of Justice

 

• ECJ, Case 14/68 Walt Wilhelm [1969] ECR I;

 

• ECJ, Case 7/72 Boehringer Mannheim GmbH. v Commission [1972] ECR 1281;

 

• ECJ, Case 9/73 Schlüter [1973] ECR 1135;

 

• ECJ, Case 43/75 Defrenne Mülder [1976] ECR 455;

 

• ECJ, Joined Cases 117/76 and 16/77 Ruckdeschel [1977] ECR 1753;

 

• ECJ, Case 112/77 Töpfer v Commission  [1978] ECR 1019;

 

• ECJ, Joined Cases C-215/78 to C-218/78 Fedetab [1980] ECR 3125;

 

• ECJ, Case 98/79 Pecastaing [1980] ECR 691;

 

• ECJ, Case 169/80 Administration des Douanes v Gondrand Frères [1981] ECR 1931;

 

• ECJ, Case 7/82 GVL v Commission [1983] ECR 483;

 

• ECJ, Case 66/82 Fromançais v Forma [1983] ECR 395;

 

• ECJ, Case 106/83 Sermide [1984] ECR 4209;

 

• ECJ, Case 15/83 Denkavit Nederland v Hoofdproduktschap voor Akkerbouwprodukten [1984] ECR 2171;

 

• ECJ, Case 70/83 Kloppenberg [1984] ECR 1075;

 

• ECJ, Case 42/84 Remia v Commission [1985] ECR I-2545;

 

• ECJ, Case 143/93 Van Es Douane Agenten [1986] ECR I-431;

 

• ECJ, Case 294/83 Parti écologiste ‘Les Verts’ v European Parliament [1986] ECR 1339;

 

• ECJ, Case 325/85 Ireland v Commission [1987] ECR 5041;

 

• ECJ, Case 47/86 Roquette Frères v ONIC [1987] ECR 2889;

 

• ECJ, Case 56/86 Société pour l’exportation des sucres [1987] ECR 1423;

 

• ECJ, Case 281/84 Zuckerfabrik Bedburg v Council [1987] ECR 49;
• ECJ, Case 120/86 Mülder [1988] ECR 2321;

 

• ECJ, Case 170/86 Von Deetzen  [1988] ECR 2355;

 

• ECJ, Case 92/87 Commission v France [1989] ECR 405;

 

• ECJ, Case 374/87 Orkem v Commission [1989] ECR 3283;

 

• ECJ, Case C-358/88 Oberhausener Kraftfutterwerk Wilhelm Hopermann GmbH v Bundesanstalt für Landwirtschaftlichte Marktordnung [1990] ECR I-1687;

 

• ECJ, Case C-269/90 Technische Universität München v Hauptzollamt München-Mitte [1991] ECR I-5469;

 

• ECJ, Case C-41/90 Höfner & Elser v Macroton [1991] ECR I-1979;

 

• ECJ, Case C-269/90 Technische Universität München [1991] ECR I-5469;

 

• ECJ, Case C-325/91 France v Commission Mülder [1993] ECR I-3283;

 

• ECJ, Case C-244/94 Fédération Française des Sociétés d’Assurances and Others v Ministère de l’Agriculture et de la Pêche [1995] ECR I-4013;

 

• ECJ, Joined Cases C-7495 and C-129/05 Criminal Proceedings against X [1996] ECR I-6609;

 

• ECJ, Case C-143/93 Van Es Douane Agenten  [1996] ECR I-431;

 

• ECJ, Case C-63/93 Duff v Minister for Agriculture and Food, Ireland, and the Attorney General [1996] ECR I-569;

 

• ECJ, Case C-143/93 Gebroeders van Es Douane Agenten BV v Inspecteur der invoerrechten en Accijnzen [1996] ECR I-431;

 

• ECJ, Case C-236/95 Commission v Greece [1996] ECR I-4459;

 

• ECJ Case C-177/96 Banque Indosuez and Others  [1997] ECR I-5659;

 

• ECJ, Case C-177/96 Belgian State v Banque indosuez and European Community [1997] ECR I-5659;

 

• ECJ, Case C-354/95 R v Minister For Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, ex parte National farmers’ Union [1997] ECR I-4559;

 

• ECJ, Case C-7/95 John Deere v Commission [1998] ECR I-3111;

 

• ECJ, Joined Cases C-9/97 and C-118/97 Jokela and Pitkäranta [1998] ECR I-6267;

 

• ECJ, Case C-233/96 Kingdom of Denmark v Commission [1998] ECR I-5759;

 

• ECJ, Case C-185/95 Baustahlegewebe GmbH v Commission [1998] ECR I-8417;

 

• ECJ, Case C-199/92 Hüls v Commission [1999] ECR I-4287;

 

• ECJ, Case C-235/92 Montecatini v Commission [1999] ECR I-04539;

 

• ECJ, Case C-298/98 Metsa-Serla (Finnboard) v Commission [2000] ECR I-10171;

 

• ECJ, Joined Cases C-174/98 and C-189/89 Netherlands and Van der Wal v Commission [2000] ECR I-1;

 

• ECJ, Case C-297/98 SCA Holding v Commission [2000] ECR I-10101;

 

• ECJ, Joined Cases C-238/99, C-244/99, C-245/99, C-247/99, C-250-252/99 and C-254/99 Limburgse Vinyl Maatschappij NV, DSM NV and DSM Kunststoffen BV, Montedison SpA, Elf Atochem SA, Degussa AG, Enichem SpA, Wacker-Chemie GmbH and Hoechst AG and Imperial Chemical Industries plc v Commission [2002] ECR I-8375;

 

• ECJ, Case C-41/90 Wouters [2002] ECR I-1577;

 

• ECJ, Case C-176/99 Arbed v Commission [2003] ECR I-10687;

 

• ECJ, Case C-194/99 Thyssen Stahl [2003] ECR I-10821;

 

• ECJ, Joined Cases C-487/01 and C-7/02 Gemeente Leusden [2004] ECR I-5337;

 

• ECJ, Joined Cases C-65/02 and C-73/02 ThyssenKrupp Stainless v Commission [2005] ECR I-7663;

 

• ECJ, Joined Cases C-189/02, C-202/02, C-205/02, C-208/02 and C-213/02 Dansk Rorindustri A/S v Commission [2005] ECR I-05425;

 

• ECJ, Case C-105/04 Nederlandse Federatieve Vereniging voor de Groothandel op Elektrotechnisch Gebied v Commission [2006] ECR I-00003;

 

• ECJ, Case C-113/04 Technische Unie v Commission [2006] ECR I-08831;

 

• ECJ, Joined Cases C-295/04 and C-298/04 Manfredi [2006] ECR I-6619;

 

• ECJ, Case C-238/05 Asnef v Equifax [2006] ECR I-11125;

 

• ECJ, Case C-506/04 Wilson [2006] ECR I-8613;

 

• ECJ, Case C-301/04 Commission v SGL Carbon AG [2006] ECR I-05915;

 

• ECJ, Case C-397/03 Archer Daniels Midland Co. and Archer Daniels Midland Ingredients Ltd v Commission [2006] ECR I-4429;

 

• ECJ, Case C-266/06 Evonik Degussa v Commission [2008] ECR I-81;
• ECJ, Joined Cases C-341/06 and C-342/06 Chronopost and La Poste v UFEX and Others [2008] ECR I-04777;

 

• ECJ, Case C-385/07 Der Grüne Punkt – Duales System Deutschland v Commission [2009] ECR I-06155;

 

• ECJ, Case C-308/07 Gorostiagoa Atxalandabaso [2009] ECR I-1059;

 

• ECJ, Case C-8/08 T-Mobile Netherlands and Others [2009] ECR I-04529;

 

• ECJ, Case C-344/08 Rubach [2009] ECR I-7033;

 

• ECJ, Case C-413/08 Lafarge v Commission  [2010] ECR I-05361;

 

• ECJ, Case C-17/10 Toshiba Corporation and Others v Úřad pro ochranu hospodářské soutěže [2010] nyr;

 

• ECJ, Case C-352/09 ThyssenKrupp Nirosta and Others v Commission [2011] ECR I-02359;

 

• ECJ, Case C-389/10 KME Germany And Others v Commission [2011] nyr,;

 

• ECJ, Case C-386/10 Chalkor v Commission, nyr;

 

• ECJ, Case C-453/99 Courage and Crehan [2011] ECR I-6297;

 

• ECJ, Case C-516/11 Liften, Ascenseurs And Others v Commission [2011] nyr;

 

• ECJ, Case C-360/09 Pfleiderer AG v Bundeskartellamt [2011] nyr;

 

• ECJ, Case C‑617/10 Åklagaren v Hans Åkerberg Fransson [2012] nyr;

 

• ECJ, Case C-536/11 Donau Chemie and Others, pending.

 

 

 

European General Court

 

• CFI, Case T-148/73 Louwage v Commission [1974] ECR 81;

 

• CFI, Case T-11/89 Shell v. Commission [1992] ECR II-757;

 

• CFI, Case T-13/89 ICI v Commission [1992] ECR II-1021;

 

• CFI, Case T-43/92 Dunlop Slazengr v Commission [1994] ECR II-44;

 

• CFI, Case T-150/89 Martinelli v Commission [1995] ECR II-1165;

 

• CFI, Case T-535/93 F v Council [1995] ECR II-163;

 

• CFI, Case T-49/95 Van Megen Sports Group v Commission [1996] ECR II-1799;

 

• CFI, Case T-73/95 Estabelecimentos Isidoro M. Oliveira SA v Commission [1997] ECR II-381; 

 

• CFI, Joined Cases T-213/95 and T-18/96 SCK and FNK v Commission [1997] ECR II-1739;

 

• CFI, Case T-310/94 Gruber and Weber v Commission [1998] ECR II-1043;

 

• CFI, Case T-311/94 BPB De Eendracht v Commission [1998] ECR II-1129;

 

• CFI, Case T-347/94 Mayr-Melnhof Kartongesellschaft v Commission [1998] ECR II-1751;

 

• CFI, Case T-337/94 Enso-Gutzien Oy v Commission [1998] ECR II-1571;

 

• CFI, Case T-352/94 Mo Och Domsjö AB t Commission [1998] ECR II-1989;

 

• CFI, Case T-83/96 Van der Wal v Commission [1998] ECR II-545;

 

• CFI, Case T-308/94 Cascades v Commission [1998] ECR II-925;

 

• CFI, Case T-338/94 Finnboard v Commission [1998] ECR II-1617;

 

• CFI, Case T-203/96 Embassy Limousines & Servces European Parliament  [1999] ECR II-4239;

 

• CFI, Joined Cases T-25/95 to T-104/95 Cimenteries CBR and Others v Commission  [2000] ECR II-491;

 

• CFI, Case T-62/98 Volkswagen v Commission [2000] ECR II-2707;

 

• CFI, Case T-112/98 Mannesmannröhren-Werke v Commission [2001] ECR II-00729;

 

• CFI, Case T-48/98 Acerinox [2001] ECR II-3859;

 

• CFI, Joined Cases T-47/98 Thyssen Krupp Stainless and Acciai Speciali Terni v Commission [2001] ECR II-3757;

 

• CFI, Case T-21/99 Dansk Rorindustri v Commission [2002] ECR II-1681; 

 

• CFI, Case T-23/99 LR AF1998 v Commission [2002] ECR II-1705;

 

• CFI, Joined Cases T-191/98, T-212/98 to T-214/98 Atlantic Container Line and Others v Commission [2003] ECR II-3275;

 

• CFI, Case T-220/00 Cheil Jedang Corp. v Commission [2003] ECR II-2473;

 

• CFI, Case T-213/00 CMA CGM SA v Commission [2003] ECR II-913;

 

• CFI, Case T-230/00 Daesang en Sewon v Commission [2003] ECR II-2733;

 

• CFI, Joined Cases T-236/01, T-239/01, T-244/01 to T-246/01, T-251/01 and T-252/01, Graphite Electrodes: Tokai Carbon Co. Ltd. and others v. Commission [2004] nyr;

 

• CFI, Joined Cases T-67/00, T-68/00, T-71/00 and T-78/00 JFE Engineering Corp. and Others v. Commission [2004] ECR II-02501; 

 

• CFI, Case T-28/09 Holcim v Commission [2005] ECR II-1357;

 

• CFI, Case T-38/02 Danone v Commission [2005] ECR II-4407;

 

• CFI, Case T-2/03 Verein für Konsumenteninformation [2005] ECR II-1121;

 

• CFI, Case T-48/02 Brouwerij Haacht v Commission [2005] ECR II-5259;

 

• CFI, Case T-279/02 Degussa v Commission [2006] ECR II-897;

 

• CFI, Case T-322/01 Roquette Frères v Commission [2006] ECR II-3137;

 

• CFI, Joined Cases T-259/02 to T-264/02 and T-271/02 Raiffeisen Zentralbank Osterreich And Others v Commission [2006] ECR II-5169;

 

• CFI, Case T-26/02 Daiichi Pharmaceutical v Commission [2006] ECR II-713;

 

• CFI, Case T-15/02 BASF AG [2006] ECR II-497;

 

• CFI, Case T-155/04 SELEX Sistemi Integrati v Commission  [2006] ECR II-4797;

 

• CFI, Case T-201/04 Microsoft v Commission [2007] ECR II- 03601;

 

• CFI, Case T-36/05 Coats Holding and J&P Coats v Commission [2007] ECR II-110;

 

• CFI, Joined Cases T-109/02, T-188/02, T-122/02, T-125/02, T-126/02, T-128/02, T-129/02, T-132/02 and T-136/02 Bolloré versus Commission [2007] ECR II-947;

 

• CFI, Case T-474/04 Pergan Hilfsstoffe für industrielle Prozesse v Commision [2007], nyr;

 

• EGC, Joined Cases T-45/98 and T-47/98, Thyssen Krupp Stainless and Acciai speciali Terni v Commission [2009] ECR II-3757;

 

• EGC, Case T-127/04 KME v Commission [2009] ECR II-1167;

 

• EGC, Case T-13/03 Nintendo v Commission [2009] ECR II-975;

 

• EGC, Case T-161/05 Hoechst v Commission [2009] ECR II-3555;
• EGC, Case T-237/05 Editions Odile Jacob v Commission  [2010] ECR II-2245;

 

• EGC, Case T-111/07 Agrofert v Commission [2010] ECR II-128;

 

• EGC, Case T-18/05 Imi And Others v Commission [2010] ECR II-1769;

 

• EGC, Case T-132/07 Fuji v Commission (Gas Insulated Switchgear) [2011] nyr;

 

• EGC, Case T-299/08 Elf Aquitaine/Commission [2011] ECR 2011;

 

• EGC, Case T-437/08 CDC [2011] nyr;

 

• EGC, Case T-138/07 Schindler v Commission [2011] nyr;

 

• EGC, Case T-186/06 Solvay v Commission [2011] nyr;

 

• EGC, Case T-343/08 Arkema France v Commission [2011] ECR II-02287;

 

• EGC, Case T-208/06 Quinn v Commission [2011] nyr;

 

• EGC, Case T-534/11 Schenker v Commission [2011] nyr;

 

• EGC, Case T-33/05 Cetarsa v Commission [2011] ECR II-00012;

 

• EGC, Case T-37/05 World Wide Tobacco Espana v Commission [2011] ECR II-00041;

 

• EGC, Case T-344/08 EnBW Energie Baden-Württemberg v Commission [2012] nyr;

 

• EGC, Case T-135/09 Nexans France SAS v Commission [2012] nyr;

 

• EGC, Case T-380/08 Netherlands v Commission, pending;

 

• EGC, Case T-185/12 Huk-Coburg v Commission, pending;

 

• EGC, Case T-341/12 Evonik Degussa v Commission, pending.

 

 

 

B. Opinions of Advocate-Generals

 

 

• Opinion A-G Ruiz-Jarabo, ECJ, Joined Cases C-204 and C-205, C-211 to C-219/00 P Aalborg A/S and Others v Commission [2004] ECR I-123;

 

• Opinion of A-G Geelhoed, ECJ, Case C-301/04 Commission v SGL Carbon [2006] ECR I-05915;

 

• Opinion of A-G Geelhoed, ECJ, C-411/04 Salzgitter Mannesmann v Commission [2007] ECR I-00959;

 

• Opinion A-G Kokott, ECJ, Case C-17/10 Toshiba Corporation and Others v Úřad pro ochranu hospodářské soutěže [2010] nyr.;

 

• Opinion of A-G Jäaskinen, ECJ, Case C-536/11 [2013] nyr.

 

 

 

C. Case Law of the ECtHR

 

 

• Engels And Others v The Netherlands no. 5100/71, 5101/71, 5102/71, 5354/72; 5370/72, ECHR, 1976-II;

 

• CR v United Kingdom no. 335-C, ECHR, 1995-II;

 

• Saunders v United Kingdom no.19187/91, ECHR, 1996-II;

 

• Heaney and Mc Guinness v Ireland no. 34720/97, ECHR, 2000-II;

 

•  J.B. v Switzerland no. 31827/96, ECHR, 2001-II;

 

• Abu Bakah Jalloh v Germany no. 54810/00, ECHR, 2007-II;

 

• Jussila v Finland no. 73053/01, ECHR, 2006-II;

 

• Menarini Diagnostics v Italy, no. 43509/08, ECHR, 2011-II.

 

 

 

D. Commission Decisions

 

 

• Belgian Wallpaper Commission Decision [1974] OJ L237/3;

 

• GB-Inno-BM/Fedetab + IV/29.127 - Mestdagh- Huyghebaert/Fedetab Commission Decision 78/670/EEC [1978] OJ L 224, Case COMP IV/29.149;

 

• National Panasonic Commission Decision 82/465/EEC [1982] OJ L354/28;

 

• Italian Flat Glass Commission Decision 89/93/EEC [1988] OJ L 033, Case COMP IV/31. 906;

 

• Film Purchases by German Television Stations Commission Decision 89/536/EEC [1989] OJ L284/3, Case COMP IV/31734;

 

• UK Agricultural Tractor Registration Exchange Commission Decision 92/157/EEC [1992] OJ L 068, Case COMP IV/31.370 and 31.446;

 

• Cement Commission Decision 94/815/EC [1994] OJ L 343, Case COMP IV/33.126 and 33.322;

 

• Greek Ferries Commission Decision C(1998) 3792 [1998] OJ L 109/24, Case COMP/V/34466;

 

• Amino Acids Commission Decision 2001/418/EC [2000] OJ L 152/24, Case COMP/36.545/F3;

 

• Vitamins Commission Decision 2003/2/EC [2001], Case COMP/E-1/37.512;

 

• Citric Acid Commission Decision 2002/742/EC [2001] OJ L 239, Case COMP/E-1/36 604;

 

• Sorbaten Commission Decision 462/EC [2001] OJ L 162, Case COMP/E-1/37.370;

 

• Raw Tobacco Spain Commission Decision 2001/462/EC [2001] OJ L 102, Case COMP/C.38.238/B3;

 

• Zinc Phosphates Commission Decision 2003/437/EC [2001] OJ L 153/1, Case COMP/E-1/37.027;  

 

• Graphite Electrodes Commission Decision 2002/271/EC [2002], Case COMP/E-1/36.490;

 

• Speciality Graphite Commission Decision COM C(2002)5083final [2002] Case COMP/E-2/37.667;

 

• PO/Interbrew en Alken Maes Commission Decision 2003/569/EC [2003] Case COMP IV/37.614/F3;

 

• Belgian Beer Market Commission Decision 2003/569/EC [2003] 0J L200/1, Case COMP IV/37.614/F3;

 

• Methionine Commission Decision 2003/674/EC [2003] OJ L255/1, Case COMP C.37.519;

 

• Seamless Steel Tubes Commission Decision 2003/382/EC [2003] OJ L140/1, Case COMP IV/E-1/35.860-B;

 

• Omega-Nintendo Commission Decision 2003/675/EC [2003] OJ L 255, Case COMP/36.321;

 

• Austrian Banks – Lombard Club Commission Decision 2004/138/EC [2004] OJ L 56/1, Case COMP/36.571/D-1;

 

• MCAA Commission Decision C(2004)4876 [2004]  OJ C 282, Case COMP/E-1/37.773;

 

• Association of Belgian Architects Commission Decision 2005/8/EC [2004] OJ L 4/10, Case COMP/38.549;

 

• Cartonboard Commission Decision 94/601/EC [2004] OJ L243/1, Case COMP IV/C/33.833;

 

• Carbonless Paper Commission Decision C(2010) 4160 [2004] OJ L115/1; Case COMP/36212;

 

• Raw Tobacco Spain Commission Decision 2007/C 85/09 [2004] OJ L 102, Case COMP/C.38.238/B3;

 

• Industrial Bags Commission Decision C(2005)4634 [2005] Case COMP/38354;

 

• Organ Peroxides Commission Decision 2005/349/EC [2005] OJ L 110, Case COMP/E-2/37.857;

 

• Rubber Chemicals Commission Decision [2005] OJ L 153, Case COMP/F/38.443;

 

• Methacrylates Commission Decision C(2006) 2098 [2006] OJ L 322, Case COMP/F/38.645;

 

• Hydrogen Peroxide and Perborate Commission Decision C(2006) 1766 [2006] OJ L 353, Case COMP/F/38.620;

 

• PO/Elevators and Escalators Commission Decision C (2007) 512 [2007] OJ 75/19, Case COMP/E-1/38.823;

 

• Chloroprene Rubber Commission Decision C(2007) 5910 [2007] OJ C 251, Case COMP/38629;

 

• Nederlandse Biermarkt Commission Decision C(2007)1697 [2007] OJ L 200, Case COMP/B-2/37.766;

 

• Gas Insulated Switchgear Commission Decision 2008/C 5/07 [2008] OJ C 5/7, Case COMP/38.899;

 

• Steel Beams Commission Decision 2008/C 235/04 [2008] OJ C 235/4, Case C(2006) 5342, Case COMP/38.899;

 

• Candle Waxes Commission Decision [2008] OJ C 295, Case COMP/39181;

 

• Heat Stabilizers Commission Decision C(2009)8682 [2009], Case COMP/38589;

 

• International Removal Services Commission Decision [2009] OJ C 188, Case COMP 38.543;

 

• Consumer Detergents Commission Decision C(2011) 2528 [2011] OJ C138, Case COMP/39579.

 

E. Others

 

 

• Concurring Opinion of Jude Walsh in Saunders v United Kingdom no. 19187/91, ECHR, 1996-II, available at www.althingi.is/pdf/umsogn_doc.php4?lt=133&umsogn=523;

 

• Ambtsgericht Bonn, Case no. 51 GS 53/09, 18 January 2012;

 

• High Court of Justice Chancery Division, 4 April 2012, EWHC 869 (Ch), National Grid Electricity Transmission Plc v ABB & ors, available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/national_courts/1368894.pdf;

 

• Observations of the Commission pursuant to Article 15(3) of Regulation 1/2003 provided in respect of case HC08C03243, November 3, [2011], available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/court/amicus_curiae_2011_national_grid_…;

 

• EFTA Court, Case E-15/10 Action brought on 14 September 2010 by Posten Norge AS against the EFTA Surveillance Authority 2010/C 320/12 [2012];

 

• ECtHR, Press Unit, Factsheet, “Companies: Victims or Culprits”, March 2013, http://www.echr.coe.int/NR/rdonlyres/FFA38777-33CE-4A30-BF91-94E269F04F….

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

III. Legal Doctrine

 

 

A. Monographs and Contributions in Monographs

 

 

• ALLENDESALAZAR, A. and MARTINEZ-LAGE, P., “Evidence Gathered through Leniency: From the Prisoner’s Dilemma to a Race to the Bottom”, in C.-D. EHJERMANN and M. MARQUIS (eds.) European Competition Law Annual 2009. The Evaluation of Evidence and its Judicial Review in Competition Cases, Oxford, Oxford and Portland Hart Publishing 2009, 565-579;

 

• AMATO, G. and EHLERMANN, C.-D., EC Competition Law. A Critical Assessment, Oregon, Hart Publishing, 2007, 836p.;

 

• ANDERTON, A., Economics, Lancashire, Causeway Press, 2000, 762p.;

 

• ANDREANGELI, A., EU Competition Enforcement and Human Rights, Cheltenham, Edward Elgar, 2009, 697p.;

 

• BARR, N., Economics of the Welfare State, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012, 386p.;

 

• BERLAGE, L. and DECOSTER, A., Inleiding tot de Economie, Leuven, Universitaire Pers Leuven, 2011, 755p.;

 

• BISHOP, S. and WALKER, M., The Economics of EC Competition Law, London, Sweet & Maxwell, 1999, 966p.;

 

• BLANCO, L.O., EC Competition Procedure, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2006, 634p.;

 

• BLOOM, M., “Despite its Great Success, the EC Leniency Program Faces Great Challenges” in C.-D. EHLERMANN and I. ATANASIU (eds.), European Competition Law Annual 2006: Enforcement of Prohibition of Cartels, Oregon, Hart Publishing, 2006, 543-571;

 

• BRAMMER, S., Cooperation Between National Competition Agencies in the Enforcement of EC Competition Law, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2009, 548p.;

 

• CRAIG, P., EU Administrative Law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012, 777p.;

 

• DE BURCA, G., “Proportionality and Subsidiarity as General Principles of Law”, in U. BERNITZ and J. NERGELIUS (eds.), General Principles of European Community Law: Reports from a Conference in Malmö, 27-28 August 1999, The Hague, Kluwer Law International, 2000, 93-119;

 

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• SCHROTER, H.G., “Cartelization and Decartelization in Europe, 1870-1995: Rise and Decline of an Economic Institution” Journal of European Economic History 1996, 129-153;

 

• SCHWAB, A. and STEINLE, C., “Pitfalls of the European Competition Network – Why Better Protection of Leniency Applicants and Legal Regulation of Case Allocation is Needed”, ECLR 2008, 523-532;

 

• SCHWARZE, J., “Les sanctions imposes pour les infractions au droit Européen de la concurrence selon l’article 23 du règlement n°1/2003 CE à la lumière des principes généraux du droit”, RTD Eur. 2007, 1-24;

 

• SCHWARZE, J., BECHTOLD, R. and BOSCH, W., “Deficiencies in European Community Competition Law. Critical Analysis of the Current Practice and Proposals for Change”, Gleiss Lutz Rechtsanwälte 2008, 1-85;

 

• SCHWARZE, J., “Soft law im Recht der Europäischen Union”, Zeitschrift Europarecht 2011, 3-18;

 

• SEN, A., “Markets and Freedom: Achievements and Limitations of the Market Mechanism in Promoting Individual Freedoms”, Oxford Economic Papers, 519-543;

 

• SIBONY, A.L. and BARBIER DE LA SERRE, E., “Charge de la preuve et théorie du controle en droit communautaire de la concurrence: pour un changement de perspective”, Revue trimestrielle Droit Europeen  2007, 205-252;

 

• STEENBERGEN, J., “Private enforcement. Bedenkingen na de Competition Day”, TBM 2011, 33-36;

 

• STILLMAN, P.G., “The Concept of Legitimacy”, Palgrave Macmillan Journals 1974, 32-56;

 

• SLATER, D., THOMAS, D. and WAELBROECK, D., “Competition Law Proceedings before the European Commission and the Right to a Fair Trial: No Need for Reform?”, Global Competition Law Centre Working Paper 2008, 1-46, available at http://www.coleurope.eu/content/gclc/documents/GCLC%20WP%2004-08.pdf;

 

• SUURNAKKI, S. and TIERNO CENTELLA, M.L., “European Commission Adopts Revised Leniency Notice to Reward Companies that Report Hard-Core Cartels”, Competition Policy Newsletter 2007, 7-15;

 

• TAMULYTE, R., “Can a Company Have Any Human Rights?”, available at http://www.worldservicesgroup.com/publications.asp?action=article&artid…;

 

• TIERNO CENTELLA, M.T., PINO, M. and KLOUB, J., “Cartel Fined in the Gas Insulated Switchgear Sector”, Competition Policy Newsletter 2007, 43-44; 

 

• VAN BAEL, I., “Fining à la carte: The Lottery of EU Competition Law”, ECLR 1999, 237-243;

 

• VAN BARLINGEN, B. and BARENNES, M., “The European Commission’s 2002 Leniency Notice In Practice”, Competition Policy Newsletter 2005, 6-16;

 

• VAN BARLINGEN, L., “The European Commission’s 2002 Leniency Notice After One Year of Operation”, Antitrust, 2003, 1-87;

 

• VAN CLEYNENBREUGEL, P., “Case law. Case note. Constitutionalizing Comprehensively Tailored Judicial Review in EU Competition Law. Judgments of the Court (second chamber) in Case C-272/09, KME Germany, KME France SAS and KME Italy spa v European Commission, Case C-386/1, Chalkor ae Epexergasias Metallon v European Commission and Case C-389/10, KME Germany, KME France SAS and KME Italy spa v European Commission of 8 December 2011, nyr”, Columbia Journal of European Law 2012, 519-544;

 

• VANDENBORRE, I. and THOMAS, S.B., “European Court of Justice Provides Limited Guidance on the Disclosure of Leniency Documents”, ECLR 2011, 488-489;

 

• VAN GERVEN, W., “Substantive Remedies for the Private Enforcement of EC Antitrust Rules Before National Courts”, European Competition Law Annual 2001, 1-37;

 

• VAN KEMPEN, P.H.P.,  “Human Rights and Criminal Justice Applied to Legal Persons. Protection and Liability of Private and Public Juristic Entities Under the ICCPR, ECHR, ACHR, AfChHPR”, European Journal of Comparative Law 2010, 1-34;

 

• VERMA, P. and BILLIET, P., “Why Would Cartel Participants Still Refuse to Blow the Whistle under the Current EC Leniency Policy?”, Global Antitrust Review 2009, 1-20;

 

• VESTERDORF, B., “The Court of Justice and Unlimited Jurisdiction: What Does it mean In Practice?” Global Competition Policy 2009, 1603-1634;

 

• WAELBROECK, D. and FOSSELARD, D., “Should the Decision-Making Power in EC Antitrust Procedures be Left to an Independent Judge?  The Impact of the European Convention of Human Rights on EC Antitrust Procedures”, Yearbook of European Law 1994, 111- 142;

 

• WALSH, D. J., “Carrots and Sticks – Leniency and Fines in EC Cartel Cases”, ECLR 2009, 30-35;

 

• WARLOUZET, L. and WITSCHKE, T., “The Difficult Path to an Economic Rule of Law: European Competition Policy 1950-91”, Contemporary European History 2012, 437-455;

 

• WECK, T., “Antitrust Infringements in the Distribution Chain- When is Leniency Available to Suppliers?”, ECLR 2010, 394-401;

 

• WEISS, W., “After Lisbon, Can the European Commission Continue to Rely on ‘Soft Legislation’ in its Enforcement Practice?”, Journal of European Competition Law and Practice 2011, 441-451;

 

• WEISS, W., “Human Rights and EU Antitrust Enforcement: News from Lisbon”, ECLR 2011, 186-195:

 

• WEISS, W., “Human Rights in the EU: Rethinking the Role of the European Convention on Human Rights After Lisbon”, European Constitutional Law Review 2011, 64-95;

 

• WESSELING, R. and VAN DER WOUDE, M.H., “Over de rechtmatigheid en aanvaardbaarheid van de handhaving van het Europese kartelrecht”, SEW 2012, 174-186;

 

• WIJCKMANS, F. and TUYTSCHAEVER, F., “Tot zover het Belgisch kartelparadijs”, RW 2008, 1178-1196;

 

• WILLIS, P.R., “You have the right to remain silent…”, or do you? The Privilege Against Self-Incrimination Following Mannesmannröhren-Werke and Other Recent Decisions”, ECLR 2001, 313-321;

 

• WILS, W., “La comptabilité des procedures communautaires en matière de concurrence avec la convention Européenne des droits de l’homme”, World Competition 1996, 329-354;

 

• WILS, W., “The Commission Notice on the Non-Imposition or Reduction of Fines in Cartel Cases: a Legal and Economic Analysis”, Eur. Law Rev. 1997, 125-140;

 

• WILS, W., “Self-Incrimination in EC Antitrust Enforcement: A Legal and Economic Analysis”, World Competition 2003, 567-588;

 

• WILS, W., “The Combination of the Investigative and Prosecutorial Function and the Adjudicative Function in EC Antitrust Enforcement: a Legal and Economic Analysis”, World Competition 2004, 201-224;

 

• WILS, W., “Is Criminalization of EU Competition Law the Answer?”, World Competition 2005, 117-159;  

 

• WILS, W., “Powers of Investigation and Procedural Rights and Guarantees in EU Antitrust Enforcement”, World Competition 2006, 3-30;

 

• WILS, W.,  “The European Commission’s 2006 Guidelines on Antitrust Fines: a Legal and Economic Analysis”, World Competition 2007, 197-229; 

 

• WILS, W., “Leniency in Antitrust enforcement: Theory and Practice”, World Competition 2007, 25-64;

 

• WILS, W.,  “The Increased Level of EU Antitrust Fines, Judicial Review and the ECHR”, World Competition 2010, 5-29;

 

• WILSHER, D.,  “The Public Aspects of Private Enforcement in EC Law: Some Constitutional and Administrative Challenges of a Damages Culture”, Comp. L. Rev. 2006, 27-45;

 

• YSEWYN, J., “Immunity Programs in the EU”, presentation, 2009, available at http://www.agcm.it/trasp-statistiche/doc_download/2421-ven-0423interven…;

 

• ZIMMER, D., “On Fairness and Welfare: The Objectives of Competition Policy” European Competition Annual 2007, 1-5;

 

• ZINGALES, N., “European and American Leniency Programs: Two Models Towards Convergence?”, Comp. L. Rev. 2008, 5-60.

 

 

 

C. Miscellany (reports – speeches – websites)

 

 

• Dealing with the Commission, Publication of the European Commission [1997], section 5.5 at page 38, available at http://europa.eu.int/comm/competition/publication/dealen1_en.pdf; 

 

• OECD, Policy Brief, “Using Leniency to Fight Hard Core Cartels” [2001], http://www.oecd.org/daf/ca/1890449.pdf;

 

• OECD, Report on Leniency Programs [2002], available at http://www.oecd.org/LongAbstract/0,3425,en_2649_40381615_2474436_119666…;

 

• OECD, Report; “Fighting Hard-Core Cartels, Harm, Effective Sanctions and Leniency Programmes” [2002], 102p., available at http://www.oecd.org/competition/cartels/1841891.pdf; 

 

• Joint Statement of the Council and the Commission on the Functioning of the Network of Competition Authorities, [2004] available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/ecn/joint_statement_en.pdf;

 

• European Commission, “Damages Actions for Breach of the EC Antitrust Rules” COM [2005], available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/speeches/index_theme_35.html;

 

• KROES, N., “The First Hundred Days”, 40th Anniversary of the Studienvereiniging Kartellrecht 1965-2005 [2005], Speech/05/295, 7 April 2005, available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/speeches/index_theme_1.html;

 

• Commission Memorandum “Competition: Commission proposes changes to the Leniency Notice” (MEMO/06/357) [2006] available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_MEMO-06-357_en.htm;

 

• Press Release, “Competition: revised Leniency Notice: Frequently Asked Questions” [2006], available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_IP-06-1705_en.htm?locale=en;

 

• KROES, N., “Reinforcing the Fight Against Cartels and Developing the Private Enforcement Damages Actions; Two Tools for a More Competitive Europe”, [2007] SPEECH/07/128, 8 March 2007, available at http://europa.eu/rapid/press-release_SPEECH-07-128_en.htm;

 

• KROES, N., “Helping Europeans get the best deal: a sound competition policy for well-functioning markets”, Speech on 2nd Lisbon Conference on Competition Law and Economics   2007, [2007], available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/speeches/index_theme_7.html;

 

• Commission White Paper – Damages actions for breach of the EC antitrust rules, COM  [2008],  available at http://ec.europa.eu/competition/antitrust/actionsdamages/files_white_pa…;

 

• Former Commissioner N. KROES, “Answer to Parliamentary Question from Sharon Bowles MEP, Written questions: E-0890/09, E-0891/09, E-0892/09” [2009] April 2, 2009;

 

• OECD, Policy Roundtables. Information Exchanges Between Competitors under Competition Law, [2010], available at http://www.oecd.org/competition/cartels/48379006.pdf;

 

• Autorité de la Concurrence, Press Release, “L'Autorité de la concurrence sanctionne un cartel entre les 4 principaux fabricants de lessives à hauteur de 367,9 millions d'euros”, [2011], 8 December 2011, available at http://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/user/standard.php?id_rub=388&id_a…;

 

• Press Office of the Bundeskartellamt, Press release, “Decision of Local Court of Bonn strengthens leniency program”, [2012] 30 January 2012, available at http://www.bundeskartellamt.de/wEnglisch/News/Archiv/ArchivNews2012/201…;