Het conflict in de Zuid-Chinese Zee

Matthias Vekeman
Persbericht

Het conflict in de Zuid-Chinese Zee

Leidt het Conflict in de Zuid- Chinese Zee tot oorlog?

Inleiding

Zondag, 9 maart 2014. Chinese kustwachters blokkeren de toegang tot een Filipijnse basis in de Zuid- Chinese Zee. Dit incident is het laatste in een lange reeks van aanvaringen tussen de Filipijnen en China. Een vorig flashpoint bevond zich rondom Scarborough Shoal, waarbij oorlogsbodems van beide staten tegenover elkaar stonden. Een oorlog werd maar nipt vermeden. De toegang tot de Shoal wordt nog steeds versperd door Chinese schepen.

Zondag, 11 mei 2014. De dag waarop ernstige anti- China protesten beginnen in Vietnam. Deze betogingen zijn gewelddadig en lijken bijzonder goed georganiseerd. Het motief is de installatie van een Chinees olieplatform in een door Vietnam opgeëist gebied. Zowel deze betogingen als de aanvaringen tussen China en de Filipijnen zijn het gevolg van de diepgewortelde onenigheid over de Zuid- Chinese Zee. De vraag is nu, wat is er precies aan de hand? Wat zijn de onderliggende oorzaken en wat zijn de mogelijke uitwegen uit het conflict? Kortom, wat kan men doen om een oorlog te vermijden?

Het Conflict in de Zuid- Chinese Zee

“Is there any man, is there any woman, let me say any child here that does not know that the seed of war in the modern world is industrial and commercial rivalry…?” Men kan zich afvragen of de spreekwoordelijke “kiem voor oorlog” in deze uitspraak van Woodrow Wilson ook in de Zuid- Chinese Zee aanwezig is. Het conflict in dit gebied is grotendeels onbekend bij ons, hoewel het betrekking heeft op een van de meest opkomende regio’s ter wereld. Rondom de Zuid-Chinese Zee bevinden zich namelijk landen als de Volksrepubliek China, de Republiek China, Vietnam, de Filipijnen, Maleisië, Brunei, Indonesië, Singapore, Thailand en Cambodja. Na jarenlange afwezigheid ontwikkelen vele van deze staten zich tot belangrijke wereldspelers, zowel op politiek als op economisch vlak. De Zuid- Chinese Zee is een factor die hen allen verbindt. Haar strategische ligging, haar cruciaal belang voor de handel en de economie, gecombineerd met de vondst van een grote hoeveelheid natuurlijke rijkdommen, zorgt ervoor dat alle partijen op zoek gaan naar jurisdictie of soevereiniteit over het gebied. De eerste zes vermelde staten eisen daarom elk (een deel van) de eilanden in de Zee, maar ook (een deel van) de jurisdictie over de zee en de zeebodem.

Het nationalistisch politiek klimaat leidt tot een zeer ongenuanceerd discours over het conflict. De drang naar macht over de maritieme regio heeft dus niet enkel externe economische oorzaken, maar de betrokken staten staan ook intern onder druk. Sinds het begin van de jaren ’70 gaat dit dan ook gepaard met, soms gewapende, schermutselingen tussen militairen en/of burgers van de verschillende partijen. De incidenten aan Johnson Reef in 1988, Misschief Reef in 1995, Scarborough Shoal in 2012 en Second Thomas Shoal in 2014 zijn een illustratie van deze gevaarlijke situatie.

China en de Zuid- Chinese Zee

Het is geen toeval dat China bij de meeste incidenten betrokken is. China vaardigde in 2009 namelijk de “U- vormige lijn” uit. Dit is een zeer extensieve claim, waarbij maar liefst 80% tot 90% van de Zuid- Chinese Zee opgeëist wordt. Bovendien wordt deze “U- vormige lijn” op geen enkele manier verantwoord. In een note verbale bij de Verenigde Naties stelt China louter dat “China has indisputable sovereignty over the islands in the South China Sea and the adjacent waters”.

In de staatspers en bij de Chinese rechtsgeleerden wordt vooral gesproken over een “historisch recht” over de Zuid- Chinese Zee. Dit zou dan een uitvloeisel zijn van de rechten van Imperiaal China. Het is bijzonder moeilijk om dit te verantwoorden naar internationaal recht. Zeker het VN- Zeerechtverdrag houdt weinig tot geen rekening met zulke historische argumenten. Ondanks het gebrek aan officiële en steekhoudende verantwoording, dwingt China wel haar rechten af ten aanzien van de andere betrokken staten. Deze staten voelen zich hierdoor bedreigd en  verweren zich fel. Het hoeft geen betoog dat dit leidt tot een kluwen aan overlappende claims, incidenten, diplomatieke rellen en anti- China- betogingen in Vietnam en de Filipijnen.

Zijn er mogelijke oplossingen?

Dit kluwen van overlappende claims zorgt ervoor dat het conflict met recht en reden het meest complexe internationaal geschil ter wereld genoemd wordt. Hoe kan men hier een uitweg uit zoeken? Er zijn verschillende manieren waarop de partijen zelf de druk van de ketel proberen te halen. Op de eerste plaats zijn er bilaterale onderhandelingen tussen de meest assertieve partij, China, en de andere betrokken staten. China is echter een economische en politieke grootmacht, waar staten als Vietnam en Maleisië sterk afhankelijk van zijn.  Op deze manier kan China een divide et impera – tactiek toepassen, omdat het steeds een sterkere onderhandelingspositie heeft. Deze bilaterale onderhandelingen hebben bijgevolg nog niet geleid tot een adequate oplossing. Er wordt enkel onderhandeld over politiek onbelangrijke zaken, die geen effect hebben op de werkelijke oorzaken van het conflict. Op de tweede plaats zijn er onderhandelingen via de regionale organisatie ASEAN. Via dit medium wordt gezocht naar een bindende gedragscode en een samenwerkingsverband. Deze onderhandelingen zijn echter in hetzelfde bedje ziek. Opnieuw kan China haar macht in de schaal werpen om een, voor haar nadelige, oplossing te belemmeren.

Tenslotte hebben de Filipijnen China voor een VN- arbitragetribunaal gedaagd. Zij noemen dit “the last resort”. Dit tribunaal beslist enkel over disputen die betrekking hebben op het VN- Zeerechtverdrag. Het blijft echter de vraag of dit tribunaal bevoegd is. De Filipijnen zullen een groot aantal juridische obstakels moeten overwinnen vooraleer het tribunaal ten gronde zal beslissen. China gebruikt opnieuw haar politieke invloed en weigert voor het tribunaal te verschijnen. Een uitspraak wordt verwacht in 2015.

Er zijn dus momenteel géén adequate oplossingen. De angst voor escalatie is dus wel degelijk gegrond. Zolang de partijen geen politieke uitweg bereiken zullen de incidenten blijven plaatsvinden. Dit is een risicovolle situatie voor de internationale gemeenschap. Het economische belang van de Zuid- Chinese Zee beperkt zich niet tot de omliggende landen, maar ook de Verenigde Staten, Japan, India en zelfs de Europese Unie dringen aan op een de-escalatie.

Bibliografie

Bibliografie

(alle websites zijn nagekeken op hun beschikbaarheid op 24 april 2014)

1.      Boeken (alfabetisch)

Bateman, S., “Sovereignty as an Obstacle to Effective Oceans Governance and Maritime Boundary Making – The case of the South China Sea” in C. Schofield, S. Lee en M. Kwon, The Limits of Maritime Jurisdiction, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014, p. 201-225

Townsend-Gault, I. en  Stormont, W.G., “Offshore Petroleum Joint Development Arrangements: Functional Instrument? Compromise? Obligation?”, in G. Blake, The Peaceful Management of Transboundary Resources, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1995, p. 51-77

Blum, Y., "Historic Rights", in R. Bernhardt, Encyclopaedia of Public International Law, Amsterdam, North Holland Publishing, 1984, 276 p.

Bouchez, L., The regime of bays in International Law, Leiden, Styhoff, 1964, 330 p.

Burton, J., Conflict: Resolution and Prevention, New York, St. Martin’s Press, 1990, 295 p.

Caceres, S., China's Strategic Interests in the South China Sea: Power and Resources, Oxon, Routledge, 2013, 179 p.

Chambers, M., “China’s military rise to great power status”, in E. Goh en S. Simon, China, the United States and Southeast Asia, Oxon, Routledge, 2008, p. 167-185

Chemillier-Gendreau, M., La souveraineté sur les archipels Paracels et Spratleys, Paris, Editions L’Harmattan, 1996, 306 p.

Chung, C., Domestic Politics, international bargaining and China’s territorial disputes, New York, Routledge, 2004, 240 p.

Crawford, J., Brownlie’s principles of public international law, Oxford, Oxford University Press, 2012, 803 p.

Elkind, J., Non-appearance before the international court of justice. Functional and Comparative Analysis, Dordrecht, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1984, 233 p.

Emmers, R., ASEAN and the Institutionalization of East Asia, Oxon, Routledge, 2012, 234 p.

Emmers, R., Resource Management and Contested Territories in East Asia, Houndsmills, Palgrave Macmillan, 2013, 108 p.

Godwin, P., “China as a major Asian power” in E. Goh en S. Simon, China, the United States and Southeast Asia, Oxon, Routledge, 2008, p. 145-167

Goldman, M., “International Courts and Tribunals, Non-Appearance” in R. Wolfrum, Max Planck Encyclopedia of Public International Law, Volume V, Oxford University Press, Oxford, 2006, p. 606-613

He, K., Institutional Balancing in the Asia Pacific: Economic Interdependence and China’s Rise, Oxon, Routledge, 2009, 224 p.

Hu, A.,“Semi- enclosed Troubled Waters: A new thinking on the Application of the 1982 UNCLOS Article 123 to the South China Sea” in A. HU en T. MCDORMAN, Maritime Issues in the South China Sea, Oxon, Routledge, 2013, p. 281-314

Hu, A., “South China Sea: Troubled waters or a Sea of Opportunity? “ in A. Hu en T. McDorman, Maritime Issues in the South China Sea, Oxon, Routledge, 2013, p. 1-12

Horbach, N., Lefeber, R. en Ribbelink, O., Handboek internationaal recht, Den Haag, TMC Asser Press, 2007, 946 p.

Jia, B., “The issue of admissibility in inter-state arbitration” in S. Talmon en B. Jia, The South China Sea Arbitration, A Chinese Perspective, Oxford, Hart Publishing, 2014, p. 107-137

Kelsen, H., Théorie pure du droit, Neuchâtel, Editions de la Braconnière, 1999, 367 p.

Keyuan, Z., Law of the sea in East Asia. Issues and prospects, Oxon, Routledge Studies in International law, 2005, 256 p.

Keyuan, Z., Conflict Management and Dispute Settlement in East Asia, Surrey, Ashgate Publishing, 2011, 242 p.

Klein, N., Dispute settlement in the UN Convention on the Law of the Sea, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, 2005, 456 p.

Link, A., The Papers of Woodrow Wilson, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 1919, volume 63, 702 p.

Loo, B., “Military modernization, power projection and the rise of the PLA” in E. Goh en S. Simon, China, the United States and Southeast Asia, Oxon, Routledge, 2008, p. 185-201

Mahinga, J., Le Tribunal International du Droit de la Mer, Brussel, Larcier, 2013, 376 p.

Mensah, T., “Joint Development Zones as an Alternative Dispute Settlement Approach in Maritime Boundary Delimitation”, in R. Lagoni en D. Vignes, Maritime Delimitation, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff, 2006, p. 151-160

Nong, H., “UNCLOS and Ocean Dispute Settlement. Law and Politics in the South China Sea”, Oxon, Routledge, 2012, 258 p.

Pan, J., “Sovereignty Implications for China: Then and Now” in P. Sevastik, Aspects of Sovereignty: Sino-Swedish Reflections, Raoul Wallenberg Institute Human Rights Library (Boek 42), Den Haag, Martinus Nijhof, 2013, p. 15-33

Schofield, C., “The trouble with islands: the definition and role of islands and rocks in maritime boundary delimitation” in S. Hong en J. Van Dyke, Maritime Boundary Disputes Settlement Processes and the Law of the Sea, Leiden, Martinus Nijhof Publishers, 2009, p. 19-39

Schofield, C., Townsend- Gault, I., Davenport, T., Bernard L. en Beckman, R., Beyond Territorial Disputes in the South China Sea. Legal Frameworks for the Joint Development of Hydrocarbon Resources”, Glos, Edward Elgar Publishing, 2013, 384 p.

Severino, R., ASEAN, Singapore, ISEAS Publications, 2008, 111 p.

Somers, E., Inleiding tot het internationaal zeerecht, Mechelen, Kluwer 2004, 478 p.

Symmons, C., Historic Waters in the Law of the Sea: A Modern Re-Appraisal, Leiden, Martinus Nijhof Publishers, 2008, 320 p.

Taylor-Fravel, M., Strong Borders Secure Nation: cooperation and conflict in China’s territorial disputes, Princeton, Princeton University Press, 2008, 408 p.

Thuy, T., “Politics, international law and the dynamics of recent developments in the South China Sea” in C. SCHOFIELD, S. LEE en M. KWON, The Limits of Maritime Jurisdiction, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014, p. 249-269

Treves, T., “The Jurisdiction of the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea” in P. Chandrasekhara Rao en R. Khan, The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, Den Haag, Kluwer, 2001, 238 p.

Wu, S. en Keyuan, Z., Maritime Security in the South China Sea, Farnham, Cobett Center for Maritime Policy Series, Ashgate, 2009, 284 p.

Xinjun, Z., “Notion of dispute in the Contemporary Legal Order” in C. C. Schofield, S. Lee en M. Kwon, The Limits of Maritime Jurisdiction, Leiden, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 2014, p. 269-285

2.      Tijdschriften & Conference Papers (alfabetisch)

Amer, R., “China, Vietnam, and the South China Sea: Disputes and Dispute Management”, Ocean Development & International Law, Volume 45, Nummer 1, p. 17-40

Arsana, A. en Schofield, C., Map design in R. Beckman, “Agora: The South China Sea: The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Maritime Disputes in the South China Sea”, American Journal of International Law, volume 107, januari 2013, p. 142-163

Anderson, D., “Methods of Resolving Maritime Boundary Issues”, International Law Discussion Group Summary, Chatham House, 14 februari 2006, http://www.chathamhouse.org/publications/papers/view/108176, p. 1-6

Bautista, L., “The Philippine Treaty Limits and Territorial Waters Claim in International Law”, Social Science Diliman, Volume 5, nummer 1-2, januari 2008, December 2009, p. 107-127

Beckman, R., “China, UNCLOS and the South China Sea”, Asian Society of International Law, Third Biennial Conference, Beijing, China 27-28 Augustus 2011, p. 1-32

Beckman, R., “The UNCLOS Dispute Settlement System and the South China Sea”, Maritime Institute of Malaysia, Conference on the South China Sea: Recent Developments and Implications Towards Peaceful Dispute Resolution, Kuala Lumpur, Maleisië, 12-13 December 2011, p. 1-17

Beckman, R., “The South China Sea Disputes. How States can clarify their Maritime Claims”, RSIS Commentaries, Rajaratnam School of International Studies, nummer140/2012, 31 juli 2012, p. 1-2

Beckman, R., “Legal Framework for Joint Development in the South China Sea”, National Institute for South China Sea Studies, Conference Report: Recent Development of the South China Sea Dispute and Prospects of Joint Development Regime, Haikou, China, 6-7 december 2012, p. 1-31

Beckman, R., “The UN Convention on the Law of the Sea and the Maritime Disputes in the South China Sea”, The American Journal of International Law, volume 107, nummer 142, 2013, p. 142-163

Beckman, R., “The Philippines v. China Case and the South China Sea Disputes”, Center for International Law, University of Singapore, Asia Society / LKY SPP Conference South China Sea: Central to Asia-Pacific Peace and Security, Panel 3: Roles of International Law and Governance, New York, VS, 13-15 maart 2013, p. 2-11

Beckman, R. en Bernard, L., “Disputed Areas in the South China Sea: Prospects for Arbitration or Advisory Opinion”, Diplomatic academy of Vietnam, Third International Workshop The South China Sea: Cooperation for Regional Security and Development, Session V: Disputes in the South China Sea, International Legal Aspects, Hanoi, Vietnam, 3-5 november 2011, p. 1-19

Beckman, R. en Davenport, T., “CLCS submissions and claims in the South China Sea”, Center For International Law, University of Singapore, The Second International Workshop: The South China Sea: Cooperation for Regional Security and Development, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam, 10-12 november 2010, p. 1-31

Bennet, M., “The People's Republic of China and the Use of International Law in the Spratly Islands Dispute”, Stanford Journal of International Law, volume 28, 1991, p. 425-450

Bernard, L., “The Effect of Historic Fishing Rights In Maritime Boundaries Delimitation”, Law of the Sea Institute, UC Berkeley Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology Conference LOSI, conference paper: “Securing the Ocean for the Next Generation, Seoul, Zuid- Korea, 21-24 mei 2012, p. 1-20

Bernard, L., “Prospect for the Joint Development of Hydrocarbon Resources in the South China Sea”, Centre for International Law, National University of Singapore, Conference on Maritime Confidence Building Measures in the South China Sea, Australian Strategic Policy Institute, Augustus 2013, p. 1-8

Bernard, L., “Prospect for joint development in the South China Sea”, Center For Strategic and International Studies, conference paper for the “Managing Tensions in the South China Sea” Conference, Washington, VS, 5-6 juni 2013, p. 1-9

Bernard, L. en Beckman, R., “Framework for the joint development of hydrocarbon resources”, Centre for International Law, National University of Singapore, 2013, http://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp/wp-content/uploads/2010/08/BECKMAN-AND-BERNARD-FRAMEWORK-FOR-THE-JOINT-DEVELOPMENT-OF-HYDROCARBON-RESOURCES.pdf, p. 1-25

Brilmayer, L., “Land and Sea: Two Sovereignty Regimes In Search of a Common Denominator”, International Law and Politics, Volume 33, p. 703-768

Bower, E., “The JMSU: A Tale of Bilateralism and Secrecy in the South China Sea”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, volume 1, nummer. 23, 27 juli 2010, p. 1-5

Buszinsky, L. en Roberts, C., “The South China Sea: Stabilisation and resolution”, National Security College, Australian National University, Occasional paper nr. 11, 5 september 2013, p. 51-55

Buszynski L. en Sazlan, I., “Maritime Claims and Energy Cooperation in the South China Sea”, Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, volume 29, nummer 1, april 2007, p. 143-171

Cabestan, J., “The Many Facets of Chinese Nationalism”, China Perspectives, Volume 59, mei- juni 2005, p. 2-18

Campbell, K. en Andrews, B., “Explaining the US ‘Pivot’ to Asia”, Americas 2013/01, The Asia Group, Chatham House, London, Augustus 2013, p. 2-9

Chang, T., “China's Claim of Sovereignty Over Spratly and Paracel Islands: A Historical and Legal Perspective”, Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law, volume 23, nummer 3, zomer 1991, p. 399-420

Chan, E. en Mingjang, L., “Political Will and Joint Development in the South China Sea”, National Institute for South China Sea Studies, Conference Report: Recent Development of the South China Sea Dispute and Prospects of Joint Development Regime, Haikou, China, 6-7 december 2012, p. 1-14

Chen, S., “Environmental cooperation in the South China Sea: Factors, actors and mechanisms”, Ocean & Coastal Management, Volume 85, deel B, December 2013, p. 131-140

Chen, Y., “The Dispute in the South China Sea and Taiwan’s Approach”, Paper, Tamkang University, New Tapei City, Taiwan, 2011-2012, http://tkuir.lib.tku.edu.tw:8080/dspace/retrieve/52808/2011-DECEMBER%20The%20Dispute%20in%20the%20South%20China%20Sea%20and%20Taiwan'.pdf, p. 1-7

Chircop, A., “Regional Cooperation in Marine Environmental Protection in the South China Sea: A Reflection on New Directions for Marine Conservation”, Ocean Development & International Law, volume 41, nummer 4, 2010, p. 334-356

Collinson, G. en Roberts, C., “The role of ASEAN”, National Security College, Australian National University, Occasional paper nr. 9, 5 september 2013, p. 35-39

Copeland, C., “The Use of Arbitration To Settle Territorial Disputes”, Fordham Law Review, Volume 97, uitgave 6, artikel 7, 1999, p. 3037-3108

Coquia, J., “Maritime Boundary Problems in the South China Sea”, University of British Columbia Law Review, review 24, nummer 1, 1994, p. 117-125

Costlow, M.,“Gunboat diplomacy in the South China Sea”, United States Airforce Academy, paper, 2012, http://www.usafa.edu/df/inss/Research%20Papers/2012/Costlow%20South%20China%20Sea%20(22%20Jan%202013).pdf

Cronin, P., “Congressional Testimony: China’s global quest for resources and implications for the United States”, Center for a New American Society, Testimony before the U.S.-China Economic and Security Review Commission, 26 januari 2012

Cronin, R. en DubeL, Z., “Maritime Security in East Asia: Boundary Disputes, Resources, and the Future of Regional Stability”, The Stimson Center, februari 2013, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/MARITIME_TERRITORIAL_DISPUTES_AND_EAST_ASIA_2.pdf, p. 2-46

Cronin, P., “Cooperation from Strength; The United States, China and the South China Sea”, Center for a new American Security, paper, januari 2012, http://www.cnas.org/files/documents/publications/CNAS_CooperationFromStrength_Cronin_1.pdf

Cruz De Castro, R., “Abstract of China’s Realpolitik Approach in the South China Sea Dispute: The Case of the 2012 Scarborough Shoal Stand-Off”, Center For Strategic and International Studies, conference paper for the “Managing Tensions in the South China Sea” Conference, Washington, VS, 5-6 juni 2013, p. 2-12

Damrosh, L., “The Impact of the Nicaragua Case on the Court and Its Role: Harmful, Helpful, or In Between?”, Leiden Journal of International Law, volume 25, nummer 1, 2012, p. 135-147

Dang Vu, H., “A Bilateral Network of Marine Protected Areas Between Vietnam and China: An Alternative to the Chinese Unilateral Fishing Ban in the South China Sea?”, Ocean Development & International Law, volume 44, nummer 2, 2013, p. 145-169

Davenport, T., Townsend-Gault, I., Beckman, R., Schofield, C., Ong, D., Becker-Weinberg, V. en Bernard, L., “Conference Report”, Center for International Law, Conference on Joint Development and the South China Sea, Singapore, 16- 17 juni 2011, p. 1-45

Degan, V., “Consolidation of Legal Principles on Maritime Delimitation: Implications for the Dispute between Slovenia and Croatia in the North Adriatic”, Chinese Journal of International Law, volume 6, nummer 3, p. 601-634

DeLisle, J., “Troubled Waters: China's Claims and the South China Sea”, Orbis, volume 56, nummer 4, herfst 2012, p. 608-642

Del Rosario,  A., Nota “Managing the South China Sea and other regional security issues”,  EU- Azië Centrum, “On the Occasion of Experts’ Roundtable on Regional Approaches to Maritime Security in the West Philippine Sea/South China Sea”, Brussel, 9 juli 2013, http://www.eu-asiacentre.eu/documents/uploads/event_85_keynote_address_del_rosario_09_july_2013.pdf

Dosch, J., “Managing security in ASEAN-China relations: liberal peace of hegemonic stability”, Asian Perspective, volume 31, nummer 1, 2007, p. 209-236

Dosch, J., “The Spratly Islands Dispute: Order-Building on China’s terms?”, Harvard International Review, Web Feature, 18 augustus 2011, http://hir.harvard.edu/the-spratly-islands-dispute-order-building-on-china-s-terms

Downs, E. en Saunders, P., “Legitimacy and the Limits of Nationalism: China and the Diaoyu Islands”, International Security, volume 23, nummer 3, winter 1998/99, p. 114-146

Dundua, N., “Delimitation of maritime boundaries between adjacent States”, The Nippon Foundation, United Nations, 2006- 2007, http://www.un.org/depts/los/nippon/unnff_programme_home/fellows_pages/fellows_papers/dundua_0607_georgia.pdf, p. 1-89

Duong, H., “The South China Sea: “Disputed waters” everywhere?”, RSIS Commentaries, Rajaratnam School of International Studies, nummer 123/2012, 11 juli 2012, p. 1-2

Dupuy, F. en Dupuy, P.M.,  “A legal analysis of China’s Historic rights claim in the South China Sea”, The American Journal of International Law, volume 107, nummer 1, januari 2013, p. 124-141

Dutta, S., “Securing the Sea Frontier: China’s Pursuit of Sovereignty Claims in the South China Sea”, Strategic Analysis, volume 29, nummer 2, april-juni 2005, p. 269-294

Dutton, P., “Three disputes and three objectives; China and the South China Sea”, Naval War College Review, 2011, volume 64, nummer 4, p. 42-67

Dutton, P., “The Sino- Philippine Maritime Row: International Arbitration and the South China Sea”, East and South China Seas Bulletin, Center for a New American Security, nummer 10, 15 maart 2013, p. 1-9

Dutton, P., “Viribus Mari Victoria? Power and Law in the South China Sea”, Center For Strategic and International Studies, conference paper for the “Managing Tensions in the South China Sea” Conference, Washington, VS, 5-6 juni 2013

Dzurek, D., “China occupies Mischief Reef in latest Spratly gambit”, Boundary and Security Bulletin, International Boundaries Research Unit, april 1995, p. 65-71

Dzurek, D., “The Spratly Islands dispute; Who’s on first?”, Maritime Briefings, International Boundaries Research Unit, volume 2 nummer 1, 1996, p. 1-66

Elferink, E., "Do the coastal states in the South China Sea have a continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles?”, Center for International Law, Roundtable South China Sea, International Law and UNCLOS, Session 6: Legal issues arising from the extended continental shelf claims, Slides, http://cil.nus.edu.sg/wp/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Session-6-Elferink-Do-the-Coastal-States-in-the-SCS-have-a-Continental-Shelf-Beyond-200nm.pdf

Emmers, R., “Resource Management in the South China Sea: An Unlikely Scenario?” National Institute for South China Sea Studies, Conference Report: Recent Development of the South China Sea Dispute and Prospects of Joint Development Regime, Haikou, China, 6-7 december 2012, p. 1-20

Emmers, R., “The US rebalancing strategy: Impact on the South China Sea”, National Security College, Australian National University, Occasional paper nr. 8, 5 september 2013, p. 41-44

Erwin, P., “Corporate Codes of Conduct: The Effects of Code Content and Quality on Ethical Performance”, Journal of Business Ethics, volume 99, nummer 4, 2011, p. 535-548

Espina, A., “Report on Recent Developments in the South China Sea and Prospects for Joint Development”, Ritsumeikan Center for Asia Pacific Studies, RCAPS Working Paper Series “Dojo”, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, 24 oktober 2012, http://www.apu.ac.jp/rcaps/uploads/fckeditor/publications/workingPapers/RCAPS_RPD-12001.pdf, p. 1-46

Espina, A., “Implications of the Submission of Claims for Extended Continental Shelf in the South China Sea”, Ritsumeikan Center for Asia Pacific Studies, RCAPS Working Paper Series “Dojo”, Ritsumeikan Asia Pacific University, 21 januari 2013, http://www.apu.ac.jp/rcaps/uploads/fckeditor/publications/workingPapers/RCAPS_RPD-12002.pdf, p. 1-23

Gao, Z., “The South China sea: From conflict to cooperation?”, Ocean Development & International Law, Volume 25, nummer 3, 1994, p. 345-359

Geng, J., “The legality of foreign military activities in the exclusive economic zone under UNCLOS”, Utrecht Journal of International and European Law, Utrecht, Merkourios, Volume 28, Nummer 74, 2012, p. 22-30

Glaser, B., “Armed Clash in the South China Sea”, Council on Foreign Relations, Contingency Planning Memorandum No. 14, april 2012, p. 1-9

Guangqian, P., “China’s Maritime Rights and Interests” in P. Dutton, “Military Activities in the EEZ: A U.S.- China Dialogue on Security and International Law in the Maritime Commons”, Naval War College, China Maritime Studies Institute, China Maritime study, nummer 7, Newport, VS, december 2010, p. 15-23

Hennig, O., “The Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security”, OSCE reports, 1995, p. 273-289

Hong, Z., “China-Philippines Relations Stunted by the South China Sea Dispute”, Institute of Southeast Asian Studies, nummer 17, Singapore, 28 maart 2013, p. 1-8

Hong Hiep, L., “Vietnam’s Hedging Strategy against China since Normalization”, Contemporary Southeast Asia, volume 35, nummer 3, december 2013, p. 333-368

Huang, Y. en Huang, M., “Implementation of the Sino-Vietnamese Fishery Agreement: Mainly Chinese Perspective”, Beijing Law Review, volume 4, nummer 3, september 2013, p. 103-119

Hutchinson, C. en Vijayan, V., “What are the Spratly Islands?”, Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, volume 39, 2010, p. 371-385

International Crisis Group, “Stirring up the South China Sea (II): regional responses”, Crisis Group Asia report, nr. 229, Peking/Jakarta/Brussel, 24 juli 2012, p. 1-43

Jianwei , L. en Pingping, C., “China- Vietnam fishery cooperation in the Gulf of Tonkin revisited”, East Sea Studies, Second International Workshop, Vietnam, November 2010, http://nghiencuubiendong.vn/en/conferences-and-seminars-/second-international-workshop/594-china-vietnam-fishery-cooperation-in-the-gulf-of-tonkin-revisited-by-li-jianwei-a-chen-pingping

Jiuyong, S., “Maritime Delimitation in the Jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Volume 9, nummer 2, 2010, p. 271-291

Joyner, C., “The Spratly Islands Dispute in the South China Sea: Problems, Policies, and Prospects for Diplomatic Accommodation”, The Stimson Center , Investigating Confidence Building Measures in the Asia Pacific Region, Henry L. Stimson Centre,  Report 28, Washington, VS, 1999, http://www.stimson.org/images/uploads/research-pdfs/cbmapspratly.pdf, p. 53-108

Jones, G., “The population of Southeast Asia”, Asia Research Institute, Working Paper Series, National University of Singapore, nummer 196, Singapore, januari 2013, p. 1-39

Kao, S., Pearre, N. en Firestone, J., “Regional Cooperation in the South China Sea: Analysis of Existing Practices and Prospects”, Ocean Development & International Law, volume 43, nummer 3, p. 283-295

Kassim, Y., “A Regional Code of Conduct: For South and East China Seas?”, RSIS Commentaries, Rajaratnam School of International Studies, nummer 176/2012, 19 september 2012, p. 1-2

Keyuan, Z., “Historic Rights in International Law and in China’s Practice”, Ocean Development & International Law, volume 32, nummer 2, 2001, p. 149-168

Keyuan, Z., “Sino-Vietnamese Fishery Agreement for the Gulf of Tonkin,” The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, volume 17, nummer 1, 2002, p. 127-148

Keyuan, Z., “The Sino-Vietnamese Agreement on Maritime Boundary Delimitation in the Gulf of Tonkin”, Ocean Development & International Law, volume 36, nummer 1, 2005, p. 13-24

Keyuan, Z., “Joint Development in the South China Sea: A new approach”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, volume 21, nummer 1, 2006, p. 83-109

Keyuan, Z., “Historic Rights and Joint Development”, National Institute for South China Sea Studies, Conference Report: Recent Development of the South China Sea Dispute and Prospects of Joint Development Regime, Haikou, China, 6-7 december 2012, p. 1-14

Khaneav, E., “ASEAN and the Code of Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea”, Russian International Affairs Council, East Asia and Pacific, 21 mei 2013, http://russiancouncil.ru/en/inner/?id_4=1853#top

Klein, N., “Provisional Measures and Provisional Arrangements in Maritime Boundary Disputes”, The Internation Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, volume 21, nummer 4, 2006, p. 423-460

Lagoni, R., “Interim Measures Pending Maritime Delimitation Agreements”, The American Journal of International Law, volume 78, nummer 2, 1984, p. 345-368

Llamzon, A., “Jurisdiction and Compliance in Recent Decisions of the International Court of Justice”, The European Journal of International Law, volume 18, nummer 5, 2008, p. 815-852

Lyons, Y. en Davenport, T., “South China Sea: limits to commercial fishing by claimants”, RSIS Commentaries, Rajaratnam School of International Studies, nummer 113/2012, 3 juli 2012, p. 1-2

Malek, M., “A legal assessment of China’s historic claims in the South China Sea”, Australian Journal of Maritime & Ocean Affairs, volume 5, nummer 1, maart 2013, p. 28-36

Malone, J., “The United States and the Law of the Sea after UNCLOS III”, Law and Contemporary Problems, volume 46, nummer 2, lente 1983, p. 29-36

Manyin, M.,  “U.S.-Vietnam Relations in 2013: Current Issues and Implications for U.S. Policy”, Congressional Research Service, Report for Congress, 26 juli 2013, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R40208.pdf, p. 1-34

Marlay, R., “China, the Philippines, and the Spratly Islands”, Asian Affairs: An American Review, volume 23, nummer 4, 1 december 1997, p. 195-210

McDorman, T., “From the Desk of the Editor-in-Chief”, Ocean Development & International Law, volume 35, nummer 4, 2004, p. 379-384

McManus, J. en Lin, K., “Toward Establishing a Spratly Islands International Marine Peace Park: Ecological Importance and Supportive Collaborative Activities with an Emphasis on the Role of Taiwan”, Ocean Development & International Law, volume 41, nummer 3, augustus 2010, p. 270-280

Mincai, Y., “China's Responses to the Compulsory Arbitration on the South China Sea Dispute: Legal Effects and Policy Options”, Ocean Development & International Law, volume 45, nummer 1, januari 2014, p. 1-16

Murphy, B., “Dangerous Ground: The Spratly- Islands and International Law”, Ocean Development & International Law, volume 1, nummer 3, december 1996, p. 300-326

Okafor, C., “Joint Development: An Alternative Legal Approach to Oil and Gas Exploitation in the Nigeria-Cameroon Maritime Boundary Dispute?”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, Volume 21, Nummer 4, 2006, p. 489-522

Ong, D., “Joint Development of Common Offshore Oil and Gas Deposits: "Mere" State Practice or Customary International Law?”, The American Journal of International Law, volume 93, nummer 4, 1 oktober 1999, p. 771-804

Ong, D., “The 1979 and 1990 Malaysia-Thailand Joint Development Agreements: A Model for International Legal Co-operation in Common Offshore Petroleum Deposits?”, The International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, volume 14, nummer 2, 1999, p. 207-246

Ong, D., “The new Timor Sea Arrangement 2001: Is joint development of common offshore oil and gas  deposits mandated under international law?”, International Journal of Marine and Coastal Law, volume 17, nummer 1, 2002, p. 79-122

Onorato, W., “A case study in joint development: The Saudi- Arabia – Kuwait Partioned Neutral Zone” in M. Valencia , “Geology and hydrocarbon potential of the South China Sea and possibilities of Joint Development”, proceedings of the Second East Asia Pacific Institute Workshop, East-West Center, Honolulu, VS, 22-26 August 1983, p. 539-544

O’ Rourke, R., “Maritime Territorial and Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) Disputes Involving China: Issues for Congress”, Congressional Research Service, Report for Congress, 14 maart 2014, https://www.fas.org/sgp/crs/row/R42784.pdf, p. 1-59

Owen, N., en Schofield, C., “Disputed South China Sea hydrocarbons in perspective”, Marine Policy, volume 36, nummer 3, mei 2012, p. 809-822

Parameswaran, P., “Malaysia Walks Tightrope on China and the South China Sea”, China Brief, Volume 14, Nummer 6, 2014, p. 6-10

Pedrozo, R., “Close Encounters at Sea. The USNS Impeccable Incident”, Naval War College Review, volume 62, nummer 3, zomer 2009, p. 101-111

Poling, G., “Recommendations from the CSIS South China Sea Conference”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington DC, 13 juni 2013, https://csis.org/publication/recommendations-csis-south-china-sea-conference

Poling, G., “The South China Sea in Focus. Clarifying the Limits of Maritime Dispute”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, A Report of the CSIS Sumitro Chair for Southeast Asia Studies, Washington, VS, juli 2013, p. 1-29

Rafat, A., “The Iran Hostage Crisis and the International Court of Justice: Aspects of the Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran”, Denver Journal of International Law & Policy, volume 10, 1980- 1981, p. 425-462

Raine, S., “Beijing's South China Sea Debate”, Survival: Global Politics and Strategy, Volume 53, Nummer 5, 2011, p. 69-88

Reichler P. (Advocaat Filipijnen, Foley Hoag), “A Discussion on the Philippines' South China Sea Arbitration Case”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, Washington, 26 november 2013, mondelinge voordracht, https://csis.org/multimedia/video-discussion-philippines-south-china-sea-arbitration-case

Rodin, D., “Offshore transboundary petroleum deposits: cooperation as customary obligation”, Thesis, Master of Law of the Sea, University of Tromso, Tromso, Noorwegen 2011, p. 1-51, http://munin.uit.no/bitstream/handle/10037/3894/thesis.pdf?sequence=2

Roque, H., “After the Snub: Examining the UNCLOS Dispute Settlement Procedure in the Settlement of the Scarborough Shoal Dispute”, Angara Center on Law and Economics, Presentation on: “A Forum and Roundtable Discussion on: “What is to be done? Resolving Maritime Disputes in Southeast Asia, Manila, Filipijnen, 5 December 2013, http://angaracentre.com/materials/

Saleem, O., “The Spratly Islands dispute: China defines the new millennium”, American University International Law Review, volume 15, nummer 3, 2000, p. 527-582

Schofield, C., “Defining Areas for Joint Development in Disputed Waters”, National Institute for South China Sea Studies, Conference Report: Recent Development of the South China Sea Dispute and Prospects of Joint Development Regime, Haikou, China, 6-7 december 2012, p. 1-19

Schofield, C., “Increasingly contested waters? Conflicting maritime claims in the South China Sea”, National Security College, Australian National University, Occasional paper nr. 3, 5 september 2013, p. 9-12

Scott, D., “Conflict irresolution in the South China Sea”, Asian Survey, volume 52, Number 6, 2012, p. 1019-1042

Shen, “China's Sovereignty over the South China Sea Islands: A Historical Perspective”, Chinese Journal of International Law, Volume 1, Nummer 1, 2002, p. 94-157

Smith, J., “Brunei and Malaysia resolve outstanding maritime boundary issues”, Los Reports, volume 1, Law of the Sea Interest Group, 2010, p. 1-4

Smith, R., “Maritime delimitation in the South China Sea: potentiality and challenges, Ocean Development & international law, volume 41, nummer 3, augustus 2010, p. 214-236

Song, Y. en Tonnesson, S., “The Impact of the Law of the Sea Convention on Conflict and Conflict Management in the South China Sea”, Ocean Development & International Law, volume 44, nummer 3, juli 2013, p. 235-269

Spangler, B. en Burgess, H., “The Difference Between “Conflicts” and “Disputes””, Beyond Intractability, Conflict Information Consortium, University of Colorado, juli 2003, http://www.beyondintractability.org/essay/conflicts-disputes

Storey, I., “Slipping Away? A South China Sea Code of Conduct Eludes Diplomatic Efforts”, East and South China Seas Bulletin, Center for a New American Security, Nummer 11, 20 maart 2013, p. 1-7

Storey, I., “Defusing the powder keg in the South China Sea: Can the South China Sea Dispute be Resolved or Better Managed? ”, Strategizing Change in Asia, 27th Asia- Pacific Roundtable, Plenaire sessie 9, Kuala Lumpur, Maleisië, 3-5 juni 2013, p. 1-16

Storey, I., “The South China Sea Dispute (Part 2): Friction to Remain the Status Quo”, China Brief, volume 13, nummer 13, 21 juni 2013, p. 2-5

Storey, I., “Manila ups the ante in the South China Sea”, China Brief, volume 13, nummer  3, 1 Februari 2013, p. 3-6

Sumner, B., “Territorial disputes at the International Court of Justice”, Duke Law Journal, volume 53, 2004, p. 1779-1812

Sun, Z., “Conservation and Utilization of the Living Resources in the Exclusive Economic Zone – How Far Can We Go?”, The Law of the Sea Institute, “Securing the Ocean for the Next Generation” conference, UC Berkeley–Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology Conference, Seoul, Zuid- Korea, Mei 2012, p. 1-22

Symmons, C., “Rights and Jurisdiction over Resources and Obligations of Coastal States: Validity of Historic Rights Claims” East Sea Studies, The Fifth International Workshop on the South China Sea, Slides, 2013, http://southchinaseastudies.org/en/datbase-on-south-china-sea-study/doc_details/425-clive-symmons-rights-and-jurisdiction-over-resources-and-obligations-of-coastal-states-validity-of

Talmon, S., “The South China Sea Arbitration: Is There a Case to Answer?”, Bonn Research Papers on Public International Law, Paper nummer 2/2014, Üniversität Bonn, Institute for Public International Law, Bonn, Duitsland, 9 februari 2014, p. 1-69

Tanja, G., “The Code of Conduct on Politico-Military Aspects of Security”, Written contribution at the Code of Conduct Seminar, Den Haag, 11-12 December 1995

Taylor-Fravel, M., “China’s Strategy in the South China Sea”, Contemporary Southeast Asia: A Journal of International and Strategic Affairs, volume 33, nummer 3, december 2011, p. 292-319

Terpstra, R., “The OSCE Code of Conduct: Setting new standards in the politico-military field?”, Helsinki Monitor, volume 7, nummer 1, 1996, p. 1-12

Thao, N., “Joint Development in the Gulf of Thailand, IBRU Boundary and Security Bulletin Autumn, International Boundaries Research Unit, herfst 1999, p. 79-88

Thao, N., “Maritime Delimitation and Fishery Cooperation in the Tonkin Gulf”, Ocean Development & International Law, volume 36, nummer 1, 2005, p. 25-44

Thayer, C., “China’s International Security Cooperation Diplomacy and Southeast Asia”, Paper to panel on Southeast Asia and China: A North-South Relationship of a New Kind, International Studies Association Annual Convention, San Diego, VS, 25 maart 2006, p. 1-29

Thayer, C., “Will the Guidelines to Implement the DOC lessen Tensions in the South China Sea? An Assessment of Developments Before and After Their Adoption”, Paper to 3rd International Workshop on the South China Sea co-sponsored by the Vietnam Lawyers’ Association and the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam, 3-5 november 2011, p. 1-27

Thayer, C., “ASEAN’S Code of Conduct in the South China Sea: A Litmus Test for Community-Building?”, The Asia-Pacific Journal, Volume 10, uitgave 34, nummer 4, augustus 2012, p. 1-23

Thayer, C., “The Philippines’ Claim to the UNCLOS Arbitral Tribunal: Implications for VietNam”, Presentation to the International Workshop on the Sovereignty Over Paracel and Spratly Archipelagoes – Historical and Legal Aspects, Pham Van Dong University, Quang Ngai City, Vietnam 27-28 april 2013, p. 1-17

Thayer, C., “South China Sea in Regional Politics: Indonesia’s Efforts to Forge ASEAN Unity on a Code of Conduct”, Center For Strategic and International Studies, conference paper for the “Managing Tensions in the South China Sea” Conference, Washington, VS, 5-6 juni 2013, p. 1-10

Thayer, C., “ASEAN, China and the Code of Conduct in the South China Sea”, SAIS Review of International Affairs, volume 33, nummer 2, zomer- herfst 2013, p. 75-84

Thayer, C., “Incorporating a code of conduct for the South China Sea into ASEAN’s political-security community: The road ahead”, Presentation to the Regional Conference on ASEAN and the South China Sea: Achievements, Challenges and Future Direction, Cambodian Institute for Cooperation and Peace, Phnom Penh, Cambodja, 19-20 september 2013, p. 1-17

Thayer, C., “New Commitment to a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea?”, The National Bureau of Asian Research, NBR Commentary, 9 oktober 2013, p. 1-5

Thayer, “ASEAN and China Consultations on a Code of Conduct in the South China Sea: Prospects and Obstacles”, Institute of Oriental Studies, The International Conference on Security and Cooperation in the South China Sea, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moskou, Rusland, 18 oktober 2013, p. 1-14

Thayer, C., “South China Sea Developments in 2013: ASEAN Unity Restored, Sino-Philippine Tensions and ASEAN-China Consultations on a Code of Conduct”, Paper Presented to The 5th International Workshop on The South China Sea: Cooperation for Regional Security and Development, Co- sponsored by the Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam and Vietnam Lawyers’ Association, Hanoi, Vietnam, 11- 12 november 2013, p. 1-26

Thomas, B. en Smith, R., “Island disputes and the law of the sea: an examination of sovereignity and delimitation disputes”, Maritime briefing, International Boundaries Research Unit, volume 2, nummer 4, 1998, p. 1-26

Thuy, T., “China’s U-shaped Line in the South China Sea: Possible Interpretations, Asserting Activities and Reactions from Outside”, Paper presented at the Conference on “The Practices of the UNCLOS and the Resolution of South China Sea Disputes”, Graduate Institute of Political Science, National Taiwan University, Institute of the Law of the Sea, Taipei, Taiwan, 3-4 september 2012, p. 1-17

Thuy, T., “Recent Developments in the South China Sea and Evolution of Vietnam’s Claims and Positions”, Center for East Sea (South China Sea) Studies, Diplomatic Academy of Vietnam, Slides Presented at the Forum on the South China Sea, organized by the Carlos P. Romulo Foundation, Makati City, Filipijnen, 17 oktober 2011, http://carlospromulo.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/Tran-Truong-Thuy.pdf

Tonnesson, S., “Sino- Vietnamese rapprochement and the South China Sea Irritant”, Security Dialogue, volume 34, nummer 1, maart 2003, p. 55-70

Tonnesson, S., “China’s changing role in the South China Sea: reflections of a scholar’s workshop”, Harvard Asia Quarterly, volume 12, nummer 4, 2010, p. 18-30

Tonnesson, S., “China’s national interests in the South China Sea”, National Institute for South China Sea Studies, Conference Report: Recent Development of the South China Sea Dispute and Prospects of Joint Development Regime, Haikou, China, 6-7 december 2012, p. 1-22

Treves, T., “The International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea and the Oil and Gas Industry”, Second International Oil and Gas Conference –Managing Risk –Dispute Avoidance and Resolution, London, VK, 20-21 september 2007, p. 1-12

Umeda, S., “Vietnam: New National Law Intensifies International Dispute”, Library of Congress, Washington, VS, 19 juli 2012, http://www.loc.gov/lawweb/servlet/lloc_news?disp3_l205403248_text

United Nations, Office for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, “The Law of the Sea; Baselines: An Examination of the Relevant Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea”, New York, VS, 1989, http://www.un.org/depts/los/doalos_publications/publicationstexts/The%20Law%20of%20the%20Sea_Baselines.pdf, p. 1-72

Valencia, M., “Navigating Differences: What the ‘Zero draft’ Code of Conduct for the South China Sea Says (and Doesn’t Say)”, Global Asia, volume 8, nummer 1, lente 2003, p. 72-78

Van Dyke, J., “The Romania v. Ukraine Decision and its Effect on East Asian Maritime Delimitations”, Ocean & Coastal Law Journal, volume 15, nummer 2, 2010, p. 261-283

Wetherall, A., “Normative Rule Making at the IAEA: Codes of Conduct”, Nuclear Law Bulletin, volume 2005, nummer 1, 2005, p. 71-93

X, “The West Philippine Sea. The territorial and Maritime Jurisdiction Disputes from a Filipino Perspective”, The Asian Center and Institute for Maritime Affairs and Law of the Sea, University of the Philippines, 15 juli 2013, http://philippinesintheworld.org/sites/default/files/FINAL_West%20Phil%20Sea%20Primer_UP%20%2815%20July%202013%29.pdf, p. 1-75

Yahuda, M., “China’s new assertiveness in the South China Sea”, Journal of Contemporary China, volume 22, nummer 81, 2013, p. 446-459

Yongke, J., “There exists no question of redelimiting boundaries in the Southern Sea”, vertaald in M. Strupp, “Maritime and insular claims of the PRC in the South China Sea under international law”, Zeitschrift für Chinesisches Recht, volume 11, 2004, p. 1-16

3.      Actualiteit (alfabetisch)

Anandan, S., “India for code of conduct in South China Sea”, The Hindu, 9 februari 2014, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/india-for-code-of-conduct-in-south-china-sea/article5668342.ece

Anderlini, J. en Robinson, G., “China-Myanmar pipeline to open in May”, Financial Times, 21 januari 2013, http://www.ft.com/cms/s/0/faf733ae-63b6-11e2-af8c-00144feab49a.html#axzz2vquQqozB

Aritonang, M., “ASEAN-China code of conduct key to regional stability: Kerry”, The Jakarta Post, 18 februari 2014, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/18/asean-china-code-conduct-key-regional-stability-kerry.html

Asia Sentinel, “Will the South China Sea Lead to War?”, 13 april 2012, http://www.asiasentinel.com/index.php?option=com_content&task=view&id=4417&Itemid=188

Bacani, L., “DFA: UN tribunal cannot enforce ruling on China sea row”, The Philippine Star, 10 april 2014, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/04/10/1311005/dfa-un-tribunal-cannot-enforce-ruling-china-sea-row

Bajpaee, C.,  “Reaffirming India’s South China Sea Credentials”, The Diplomat, 14 augustus 2013, http://thediplomat.com/2013/08/14/reaffirming-indias-south-china-sea-credentials/

Bateman, S., “Cooperation or trust in the South China Sea?”, The Nation, 1 oktober 2013, http://www.nationmultimedia.com/opinion/Cooperation-or-trust-in-the-South-China-Sea-30215958.html

BBC News Asia, “US: China new sea rules 'provocative'”, 10 januari 2010, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-25666849

BBC News Asia, “Q&A: South China Sea dispute”, 15 mei 2013, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-pacific-13748349

BBC News, “China frees Vietnamese fishermen held on Paracel Islands”, 21 april 2012, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-17796451

BBC News, “China travel agencies suspend Philippine tours”, 10 mei 2012, http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-asia-18015538

BBC News, “China slams Philippine leader for Hitler comparison”, 5 februari 2014, http://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-china-26048500

Bello, W., “A Budding Alliance: Vietnam and the Philippines Confront China”, Foreign Policy in Focus, 18 maart 2014, http://fpif.org/budding-alliance-vietnam-philippines-confront-china/

BienDong, “Has China succeeded in implementing the "joint development" policy with its neighbor in the East Sea”, southchinasea.com, 21 november 2013, http://www.southchinasea.com/analysis/574-has-china-succeeded-in-implementing-the-qjoint-developmentq-policy-with-its-neighbor-in-the-east-sea.html

Blanco Pitlo, L., “Fishing Wars: Competition for South China Sea’s Fishery Resources”, 10 juli 2013, International Relations and Security Network, http://isnblog.ethz.ch/security/fishing-wars-competition-for-south-china-seas-fishery-resources

Blanco Pitlo, L. en Karambelkar, A., “Philippines and Vietnam in the South China Sea”, The Diplomat, 21 oktober 2013, http://thediplomat.com/2013/10/philippines-and-vietnam-in-the-south-china-sea-2/

Bordadora, N., “Gas deposits in disputed area bigger than Malampaya—Aquino”, Global Nation Inquirer, 12 november 2011, http://globalnation.inquirer.net/17825/gas-deposits-in-disputed-area-bigger-than-malampaya%E2%80%94aquino

Brooks, G., “Musings: China And The Importance Of The South China”, Rigzone, 17 april 2013, http://www.rigzone.com/news/oil_gas/a/125815/Musings_China_And_The_Importance_Of_The_South_China_Sea

Brunnstrom, D., “U.S. warns China not to try Crimea-style action in Asia”, Reuters, 4 april 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/04/04/us-usa-china-crimea-asia-idUSBREA322DA20140404

Burke, N., “UNCLOS Annex VII Arbitration – Who, What, Where, When?”, Cambridge Journal of International and Comparative Law, 25 maart 2013, http://www.cjicl.org.uk/index.php/component/easyblog/unclos-annex-vii-arbitration--who-what-where-when?Itemid=101

Calvo, A., “Manila, Beijing, and UNCLOS: a test case?”, Asia Times, 3 september 2013, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/World/WOR-01-030913.html

Carpenter, T., “Japan’s Containment Strategy against China", China- US Focus, 17 juni 2013, http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/japans-containment-strategy-against-china/

Carpio, A. (Rechter Filipijns hooggerechtshof), “What's at stake in our case vs China”, Rappler, 9 maart 2014, http://www.rappler.com/thought-leaders/52540-philippines-case-china-carpio

China Daily, “Premier vows to lift maritime cooperation”, 12 oktober 2013, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2013livisiteastasia/2013-10/12/content_17025992.htm

China Daily, “Senior Chinese, ASEAN officials vow to enhance maritime, security cooperation”, 22 april 2014, http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/china/2014-04/22/content_17455543.htm

Choong, W., “Manila deals a clever hand with desire for arbitration”, Asia News Network, 28 januari 2013, http://www.asianewsnet.net/Manila-deals-a-clever-hand-with-knock-on-effects-o-42048.html

Ciorciari, J. en Chen-Weiss, J., “China and Vietnam: Danger in the South China Sea”, China- US Focus, Foreign Policy, 10 januari 2013, http://www.chinausfocus.com/foreign-policy/china-and-vietnam-danger-in-the-south-china-sea/

Cohen, D., “China, Vietnam ink deal”, The Diplomat, 13 oktober 2011, http://thediplomat.com/2011/10/china-vietnam-ink-deal/

Cole, J., “PRC detente causing conflicts: analyst”, Tapei Times, 29 juni 2012, http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/taiwan/archives/2012/06/29/2003536532

De Castro, E., “China warns Manila's arbitration case seriously damages ties”, Reuters, 1 april 2014, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/04/01/uk-philippines-china-southchinasea-idUKBREA300M020140401

Diola, C., “Chinese general reveals 'strategy' for Panatag takeover”, The Philippine Star, 31 mei 2013, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/05/31/948591/chinese-general-reveals-strategy-panatag-takeover

Diola, C., “US-Philippines deal won't stop China in disputed sea - analyst”, The Philippine Star, 15 april 2014, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/04/15/1312939/us-philippines-deal-wont-stop-china-disputed-sea-analyst

Dizzon, N., “Chinese ships remain in Scarborough Shoal”, Global Nation Inquirer, 13 april 2013, http://globalnation.inquirer.net/71953/chinese-ships-remain-in-scarborough-shoal

esmaquel, P., “PH faces major hurdle in China case”, Rappler, 12 maart 2014, http://www.rappler.com/nation/52764-philippines-china-arbitral-tribunal-jurisdiction

Gangopadhyay, A., “China, Malaysia Seek to Strengthen Ties”, The Wall Street Journal, Southeast Asia, 5 oktober 2013, http://blogs.wsj.com/searealtime/2013/10/05/china-malaysia-seek-to-strengthen-ties/

Glaser, B., “Second Thomas Shoal Likely the Next Flashpoint in the South China Sea”, Asia Studies, Georgetown University, 10 juli 2013, http://www.aspmedia.org/2013/blogs/second-thomas-shoal-likely-the-next-flashpoint-in-the-south-china-sea/

Globalpost, “Australia endorses 'code of conduct' for South China Sea”, 20 februari 2014, http://www.globalpost.com/dispatch/news/afp/140220/australia-endorses-code-conduct-south-china-sea-0

GMA news, “Vietnam anti-China activists mark Paracels defeat”, 20 januari 2014, http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/344588/news/world/vietnam-anti-china-activists-mark-paracels-defeat

Grudgings, S., “Insight - China's assertiveness hardens Malaysian stance in sea dispute”, Reuters, 26 februari 2014, http://uk.reuters.com/article/2014/02/26/uk-malaysia-china-maritime-insight-idUKBREA1P1Z020140226

Guinto J. en Aquino, N., “Philippines Sues China to Assert Claim Over Gas-Rich Waters”, Bloomberg, 31 maart 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-03-30/philippines-calls-china-threat-to-security-over-isles-squabble.html

Habito, C., “Could China’s sanctions choke us?”, Philippine Daily Inquirer, 15 mei 2012, http://opinion.inquirer.net/28719/could-china%E2%80%99s-sanctions-choke-us

Hao, C., “China's sovereignty over South China Sea indisputable”, China.org, 23 mei 2012, http://www.china.org.cn/opinion/2012-05/23/content_25454569.htm

Hartley-Parkinson, R., “How Malaysia and China's historic relations became strained following the MH370 disaster”, The Mirror, 25 maart 2014, http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/world-news/missing-flight-mh370-diplomatic-relations-3280764

Hofilena, J., “Japan voices support as Philippines stake claim on territory vs. China”, Japan Daily Press, 2 april 2014, http://japandailypress.com/japan-voices-support-as-philippines-stake-claim-on-territory-vs-china-0246731/

Holmes, J., “Taiwan and the South China Sea”, The Diplomat, 22 augustus 2012, http://thediplomat.com/2012/08/taiwan-and-the-south-china-sea/

Hua, Z. (woordvoerder Chinese ambassade te Manila), “China's position paper on sea disputes with Philippines”, gepubliceerd in Philippine Star, 3 april 2014, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/04/03/1308385/chinas-position-paper-sea-disputes-philippines

Huy, D., “China's "U-shaped Line" in the South China Sea”, Asia Sentinel, Yale Online, 24 september 2012, http://yaleglobal.yale.edu/content/chinas-u-shaped-line-south-china-sea

International Boundaries Research Unit, “Philippines submits South China Sea disputes with China to UNCLOS Annex VII arbitration”, Boundary News, Durham university, 22 januari 2013, https://www.dur.ac.uk/ibru/news/boundary_news/?itemno=16498&rehref=%2Fibru%2Fnews%2F&resubj=Boundary+news%20Headlines

Jamandre, T., “Brunei snubs Phl, others on united stand vs. China”, The Philippine Star, 3 maart 2014, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/03/03/1296636/brunei-snubs-phl-others-united-stand-vs.-china

Jiao, W. en Yunbi, Z., “China, Vietnam establish fishery hotline”, Asia News Network, 20 juni 2013, http://www.asianewsnet.net/China-Vietnam-establish-fishery-hotline--48153.html

Jipeng, C., “News Analysis: Confusion of bilateral, multilateral Efforts on South China Sea”, Xinhua, Chinees Staatspersbureau, 1 juli 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2013-07/01/c_132501866.htm

Junguo, L., “China becomes Japan's largest trading partner for five consecutive years”, People’s Daily, 21 februari 2012, http://english.people.com.cn/90778/7735801.html

Kaisheng, L., “Vietnam dancing between US alliance and Chinese brotherhood”, Global Times, 10 februari 2014, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/841608.shtml#.U0KOevl_v00

Kazianis, H., “China’s Expanding Cabbage Strategy”, The Diplomat, 19 oktober 2013, http://thediplomat.com/2013/10/chinas-expanding-cabbage-strategy/

Karniol, R., “Doubts cast over Manila's case in South China Sea dispute”, South China Morning Post, 25 februari 2014, http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1434870/doubts-cast-over-manilas-case-south-china-sea-dispute

Keck, Z., “India’s South China Sea Gambit”, The Diplomat, 5 december 2012, http://thediplomat.com/indian-decade/2012/12/05/indias-south-china-sea-gambit/

Keck, Z., “Philippine Group Plans Global Anti-China Protests”, The Diplomat, 18 juli 2013, http://thediplomat.com/2013/07/philippine-group-plans-global-anti-china-protests/

Keck, Z., “US Challenges China’s Nine-Dash Line Claim”, The Diplomat, 12 februari 2014, http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/us-challenges-chinas-nine-dash-line-claim/

Keqiang, L., “ASEAN, China brace for a diamond decade”, The Jakarta Post, 6 september 2013, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2013/09/06/asean-china-brace-a-diamond-decade.html

Laude, J., “China transforms reef into naval station”, The Philippine Star, 27 juli 2013, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/07/27/1018091/china-transforms-reef-naval-station

Laude, J., “China raring to seize oil-rich Reed Bank – Golez”, The Philippine Star, 20 maart 2014, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2014/03/20/1302925/china-raring-seize-oil-rich-reed-bank-golez

Lee- Brago, P., “Bilateral talks with China on sea row impossible – DFA”, The Philippine Star, 16 juli 2013, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/07/16/975461/bilateral-talks-china-sea-row-impossible-dfa

Lei, H. (Woordvoerder Chinees Ministerie Buitenlandse zaken), “Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on February”, 21 februari 2013, http://www.chinaconsulatechicago.org/eng/fyrth/t1015425.htm

Malik, M., “Historical Fiction: China’s South China Sea Claims”, World Affairs, mei/juni 2013, http://www.worldaffairsjournal.org/article/historical-fiction-china%E2%80%99s-south-china-sea-claims

Manila Bulletin, “PH, Indonesia agree on maritime boundaries”, 27 februari 2014, https://ph.news.yahoo.com/ph-indonesia-agree-maritime-boundaries-200210228.html

Maliwanag, D., “EU has ‘vital interest’ in open, secure West Philippine Sea, says official”, Inquirer Global Nation, 16 oktober 2013, http://globalnation.inquirer.net/88009/eu-has-vital-interest-in-open-secure-west-philippine-sea-says-official

Mercene, R., “China insists on bilateral talks, rejects international arbitration”, Business Mirror, 31 maart 2014, http://businessmirror.com.ph/index.php/en/news/nation/29865-china-insists-on-bilateral-talks-rejects-international-arbitration

Mun, T., “A test of friendship”, New Strait Times, 18 februari 2014, http://www.nst.com.my/opinion/columnist/a-test-of-friendship-1.486652

New Straits Times, “'China not encroaching on our waters'”, 29 januari 2014, http://www.nst.com.my/nation/general/china-not-encroaching-on-our-waters-1.472789

Nong, H., “Interpreting the U-shape Line in the South China Sea”, China – US Focus, Peace & Security, 15 mei 2012, http://www.chinausfocus.com/peace-security/interpreting-the-u-shape-line-in-the-south-china-sea/

Obel, M., “Since Population Growth Tends To Boost GDP, The Philippines And Malaysia Are Expected To Lead Southeast Asian Economic Growth”, International Business Times, 23 augustus 2013, http://www.ibtimes.com/population-growth-tends-boost-gdp-philippines-malaysia-are-expected-lead-southeast-asian-economic

Observer Research Foundation, “Special Interview: ‘Increased military presence in South China Sea a concern for all nations”, National Institute for South China Sea Studies, 14 januari 2013, http://www.nanhai.org.cn/en/news_detail.asp?newsid=4836

O’Reilly, B., “China-Vietnam: more carrot, less stick”, Asia Times, 22 oktober 2013, http://www.atimes.com/atimes/Southeast_Asia/SEA-01-221013.html

Orendain, S., “Philippines to Forge Ahead with Sea Dispute Arbitration”, Voice of America News, 21 februari 2013, http://www.voanews.com/content/philippines-to-forge-ahead-with-sea-dispute-arbitration/1607849.html

Orendain, S., “Philippines, Vietnam Agree to Cooperate on Maritime Dispute with China”, Voice of America News, 1 augustus 2013, http://www.voanews.com/content/philippines-vietnam-agree-to-cooperate-on-resolving-maritime-dispute-with-china/1714462.html

Panda, A., “China and Malaysia To Hold Maritime Exercises: What Gives?”, The Diplomat, 15 november 2013, http://thediplomat.com/2013/11/china-and-malaysia-to-hold-maritime-exercises-what-gives/

Pant, H., “Understanding India’s Interest in the South China Sea: Getting into the Seaweeds”, Center for Strategic and International Studies, 18 december 2012, http://csis.org/publication/understanding-indias-interest-south-china-sea-getting-seaweeds

Parameswaran, P., “Countering China in the South China Sea”, The National Interest, 18 maart 2014, http://nationalinterest.org/commentary/countering-china-the-south-china-sea-10065

Pei, M., “Beijing plays divide and conquer to win in South China Sea”, The National, 17 juli 2012, http://www.thenational.ae/thenationalconversation/comment/beijing-plays-divide-and-conquer-to-win-in-south-china-sea

People’s Daily, “Joint development key to resolving South China Sea dispute”, 12 juli 2012, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90001/90780/91343/7437589.html

People’s Daily, “India's sea oil push politically motivated”, 01 augustus 2012, http://english.people.com.cn/90883/7894515.html

People’s Daily, “South China Sea issue remains a challenge for ASEAN community building”, 10 januari 2013, http://english.people.com.cn/90883/8087161.html

People’s Daily, “China ready to continue talks on South China Sea COC”, 10 oktober 2013, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90883/8420262.html

People’s Daily, “No timeframe for South China Sea code of conduct: Thai ASEAN affairs official”, 21 april 2014, http://english.peopledaily.com.cn/90777/8604812.html

Perez, J., “Taiwan Ends Sanctions Against Philippines Over Shooting Death”, The New York Times, 9 augustus 2013, http://www.nytimes.com/2013/08/10/world/asia/taiwan-drops-sanctions-against-philippines-over-fishermans-killing.html

Philippine Daily Inquirer, “What Went Before: Public outrage in Taiwan over fisherman’s shooting death”, 8 augustus 2013, http://globalnation.inquirer.net/82681/what-went-before-public-outrage-in-taiwan-over-fishermans-shooting-death

Philippine Information Agency, “PH arbitral proceedings against China now officially under way”, 16 juli 2013, https://www.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/2013-06-27-21-50-36/dfa-releases/344-phl-arbitral-proceedings-against-china-now-officially-under-way

Philippine Information Agency, “Prime Minister Shinzo Abe departs for Japan after fruitful Manila visit”, 29 juli 2013, http://news.pia.gov.ph/index.php?article=1751375009160

Philippines News Agency, “South China Sea Pact moving forward? Chinese, ASEAN execs vow to enhance maritime cooperation”, Interaksyon, 23 april 2014, http://www.interaksyon.com/article/85287/south-china-sea-pact-moving-forward-chinese-asean-execs-vow-to-enhance-maritime-cooperation

Phillips, T., “Philippine president compares China's expansion to Nazi Germany”, The Telegraph, 5 februari 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/china/10618722/Philippine-president-compares-Chinas-expansion-to-Nazi-Germany.html

Pompfret, J., “Beijing claims 'indisputable sovereignty' over South China Sea”, The Washington Post, 31 juli 2010, http://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2010/07/30/AR2010073005664.html

Ponnudurai, P., “Vietnam's Leader Rubbishes Beijing's South China Sea Claims”, Radio Free Asia, 25 juli 2013, http://www.rfa.org/english/news/vietnam/sea-07252013220917.html

Ratnam, G., “Asean Still Pushing for South China Sea Code of Conduct, Says Ng”, Bloomberg, 4 april 2014, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2014-04-04/asean-still-pushing-for-south-china-sea-code-of-conduct-says-ng.html

Reuters, “China says expels Philippine from disputed shoal”, 10 maart 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/03/10/us-china-philippines-idUSBREA290H620140310

Romero, A., “China likely increase Panatag Shoal presence”, The Philippine Star, 11 april 2013, http://www.philstar.com/headlines/2013/04/11/929525/china-likely-increase-panatag-shoal-presence-expert

Santos, M., “Arbitral tribunal hearing on PH case vs China kicks off”, Global Nation Inquirer, 16 juli 2013, http://globalnation.inquirer.net/80809/arbitral-tribunal-hearing-on-ph-case-vs-china-kicks-off

Santos, M., “PH has backing of Vietnam, Malaysia vs China’s sea claims”, Global Nation Inquirer, 6 maart 2014, http://globalnation.inquirer.net/99908/ph-has-backing-of-vietnam-malaysia-vs-chinas-sea-claims-says-binay

Severino, R., “How much can ASEAN do for a South China Sea code of conduct?”, East Asia Forum, 30 oktober 2013, http://www.eastasiaforum.org/2013/10/30/how-much-can-asean-do-for-a-south-china-sea-code-of-conduct/

Smith, E., “Intrigue in the South China Sea”, The Atlantic, 24 mei 2012, http://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2012/06/intrigue-in-the-south-china-sea/308995/

South China Morning Post, “China-ASEAN code of conduct can ease tensions”, 7 juli 2013, http://www.scmp.com/comment/insight-opinion/article/1276920/china-asean-code-conduct-can-ease-tensions

Symonds, P., “US-China tensions flare over South China Sea”, World Socialist Website, 11 oktober 2013, http://www.wsws.org/en/articles/2013/10/11/asea-o11.html

Tan, K., “Palace rejects bilateral talks with China, to pursue arbitration case”, GMA Network, 26 februari 2014, http://www.gmanetwork.com/news/story/350199/news/nation/palace-rejects-bilateral-talks-with-china-to-pursue-arbitration-case

Ten Kate, D. en Guinto, J., “Philippines Challenges China Maritime Claims at UN Tribunal”, Bloomberg, 23 januari 2013, http://www.bloomberg.com/news/2013-01-22/philippines-brings-maritime-dispute-with-china-to-un-tribunal.html

ThanhNien News, “Vietnam denounces China over map, oceanic development plan”, 25 april 2013, http://www.thanhniennews.com/politics/vietnam-denounces-china-over-map-oceanic-development-plan-2735.html

Thayer, C., “China-ASEAN Joint Development Overshadowed by South China Sea”, The Diplomat, 25 oktober 2013, http://thediplomat.com/2013/10/china-asean-joint-development-overshadowed-by-south-china-sea/

Thayer, C., “’Speak Softly and Carry a Big Stick’: What is Malaysia Playing At?”, The Diplomat, 28 februari 2014, http://thediplomat.com/2014/03/speak-softly-and-carry-a-big-stick-what-is-malaysia-playing-at/

Thayer, C., “Can ASEAN Respond to the Chinese Challenge?”, The Irrawaddy, 20 maart 2014, http://www.irrawaddy.org/z_border/can-asean-respond-chinese-challenge.html

The Brunei Times, “Brunei, China to step up maritime, energy ties”, 12 oktober 2013, http://www.bt.com.bn/news-national/2013/10/12/brunei-china-step-maritime-energy-ties

The Economic Times, “Direct talks only way to resolve South China Sea disputes: China”, 4 augustus 2013, http://articles.economictimes.indiatimes.com/2013-08-04/news/41059260_1_south-china-sea-exploitation-disputes

The Economist, “Shoal mates, America’s Navy riles China in its backyard”, 28 april 2012, http://www.economist.com/node/21553474

The economist, “The South China Sea Hai- Handed”, 18 januari 2014, http://www.economist.com/news/asia/21594355-china-creates-adiz-fish-hai-handed

The Global Times, “Chinese FM: South China Sea disputes could be solved with three ways together”, 3 augustus 2013, http://www.globaltimes.cn/content/801166.shtml#.UxW8HPl5P00

The Guardian, “Philippines stands by rejection of Beijing's claims to South China Sea”, 31 maart 2014, http://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/mar/31/philippines-beijing-south-china-sea-benigno-aquino-arbitration

The Hindu, “Vietnam offers India seven oil blocks in South China Sea”, 21 november 2013, http://www.thehindu.com/news/national/vietnam-offers-india-seven-oil-blocks-in-south-china-sea/article5372744.ece

The Jakarta Post, “RI, Philippines set to sign boundary treaty”, 25 februari 2014, http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2014/02/25/ri-philippines-set-sign-boundary-treaty.html

Tiezzi, S., “Why China Isn't Interested in a South China Sea Code of Conduct”, The Diplomat, 26 februari 2014, http://thediplomat.com/2014/02/why-china-isnt-interested-in-a-south-china-sea-code-of-conduct/

Tiezzi, S., “China to Foreign Fishing Boats: ‘Get Out’ of South China Sea”, The Diplomat, 7 maart 2014, http://thediplomat.com/2014/03/china-to-foreign-fishing-boats-get-out-of-south-china-sea/

Tiezzi, S., “China, US, Japan React to Philippines' UNCLOS Case”, The Diplomat, 4 april 2014, http://thediplomat.com/2014/04/china-us-japan-react-to-philippines-unclos-case/

Torode, G., “For South China Sea claimants, a legal venue to battle China”, Reuters, 12 februari 2014, http://www.reuters.com/article/2014/02/13/us-china-vietnam-idUSBREA1C04R20140213

Vietnam News, “PetroVietnam protests over China's oil grab”, 28 juni 2012, http://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/226720/petrovietnam-protests-over-chinas-oil-grab.html

Vietnam News, “Viet Nam circulates report on UNCLOS implementation”, 12 december 2012, http://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/233975/viet-nam-circulates-report-on-unclos-implementation.html

Voice of America News, “China, Vietnam Pledge to Boost Maritime Cooperation”, 16 oktober 2013, http://www.voanews.com/content/china-vietnam-pledge-to-boost-maritime-cooperation/1771010.html

Voice Of America News, “US Official Asks China to Clarify or Adjust Sea Claims”, 6 februari 2014, http://www.voanews.com/content/us-official-to-china-clarify-or-adjust-south-china-sea-claims/1845502.html

Wadhwaney, R., “Vietnam slams China’s 10-week fishing ban in South China Sea”, Asia Pacific Defense Forum, 23 mei 2013, http://apdforum.com/en_GB/article/rmiap/articles/online/features/2013/05/23/china-fishing-fleet

Xinhua (Chinees staatspersbureau), “China, Malaysia agree to lift ties to comprehensive strategic partnership”, 4 oktober 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-10/04/c_132772213.htm

Xinhua (Chinees staatspersbureau), “China, Brunei agree to further boost strategic cooperation”, 11 oktober 2013, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2013-10/11/c_132789944.htm

Xinhua (Chinees staatspersbureau), “China, Vietnam vow more substantial progress in joint maritime cooperation”, 25 februari 2014, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-02/25/c_126184300.htm

Xinhua (Chinees staatspersbureau), “Foreign experts: the Philippines seeking int'l arbitration is an one-man show doomed to fail”, 3 april 2014, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2014-04/03/c_133236090.htm

Xinhua (Chinees staatspersbureau), “The Philippines' violation of international laws to end in vain”, 3 april 2014, http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/indepth/2014-04/03/c_133235657.htm

4.      Officiële documenten (chronologisch)

Verdrag van Rome inzake “The Agreement Establishing the General Fisheries Commission for the Mediterranean”, 24 september 1949, beschikbaar op http://ec.europa.eu/world/agreements/prepareCreateTreatiesWorkspace/treatiesGeneralData.do?step=0&redirect=true&treatyId=471

Verdrag tussen de Verenigde Staten en de Filipijnen, “Mutual Defense Treaty Between the United States and the Republic of the Philippines”, 30 Augustus 1951, beschikbaar op http://avalon.law.yale.edu/20th_century/phil001.asp

White Paper, Zuid- Vietnam, “White paper on the Hoang Sa and Truong Sa Islands”, Republic of Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs, Saigon, 1975, beschikbaar op http://www.scribd.com/doc/56817668/Republic-of-Vietnam-s-White-Paper-on-Paracel-and-Spratlys-Islands

Verdrag, ASEAN, “Treaty of Amity and Cooperation in Southeast Asia”, Indonesië, 24 Februari 1976, beschikbaar op http://www.asean.org/news/item/treaty-of-amity-and-cooperation-in-southeast-asia-indonesia-24-february-1976-3

Resolutie 34/186 Algemene Vergadering Verenigde Naties, “Co-operation in the field of the environment concerning natural resources shared by two or more states”, Environmental Law Guidelines and Principles on Shared Natural Resources, 107de Plenaire Vergadering, New York, VS, 18 december 1979, beschikbaar op http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/34/a34res186.pdf

White Paper, Vietnam, “The Hoang Sa and Truong Sa archipelagoes Vietnamese Territory”, Socialist Republic of Vietnam Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 1981, beschikbaar op http://www.scribd.com/doc/56818051/VN-White-Paper-1981

Overeenkomst tussen Frankrijk en Australië, “Agreement on Marine Delimitation between the Government of Australia and the Government of the French Republic”, 4 January 1982, Verenigde Naties, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Maritime Space: Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation, registratie nummer 22302, registratiedatum 11 augustus 1983

Wet Nr. 311 van 31 december 1984, Maleisië, “Exclusive Economic Zone Act Number 311, An Act pertaining to the exclusive economic zone and certain aspects of the continental shelf of Malaysia and to provide for the regulations of activities in the zone and on the continental shelf and for matters connected therewith”, Kuala Lumpur, beschikbaar op http://www.agc.gov.my/Akta/Vol.%207/Act%20311.pdf

Wet van 25 februari 1992, China, “Law on the Territorial Sea and the Contiguous Zone”, 24ste bijeenkomst van het Nationaal Volkscongres op 25 februaru 1992, beschikbaar bij Verenigde Naties, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Maritime Space: Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation, National Legislation China, beschikbaar op https://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/CHN_1992_Law.pdf

Verklaring, ASEAN, “ASEAN Declaration on the South China Sea”, Aangenomen op de 25ste ASEAN Minister Meeting, Manila, Filipijnen, 22 juli 1992

Gedragscode, OVSE, “Code of Conduct on Politico- Military Aspects of Security”, 91ste Plenaire Bijeenkomst van het Speciaal Comité, Boedapest, Hongarije 3 december 1994, https://www.osce.org/fsc/41355

Verklaring, China, “Declaration of the Government of the People’s Republic of China on the Baselines of the Territorial Sea of the People’s Republic of China”, 15 mei 1996, beschikbaar bij Verenigde Naties, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Maritime Space: Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation, National Legislation China, beschikbaar op  http://www.un.org/depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/CHN_1996_Declaration.pdf

Wet van 26 juni 1998, China, “Exclusive Economic Zone and Continental Shelf Act”, 9de volkscongres, 26 juni 1998, beschikbaar bij Verenigde Naties, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Maritime Space: Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation, National Legislation China, beschikbaar op http://www.un.org/Depts/los/LEGISLATIONANDTREATIES/PDFFILES/chn_1998_eez_act.pdf

Overeenkomst tussen Algerije en Tunesië, “Agreement on Provisional Arrangements for the Delimitation of the Maritime Boundaries between the Republic of Tunisia and the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria”, 11 februari 2002, Verenigde Naties, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Maritime Space: Maritime Zones and Maritime Delimitation, beschikbaar op https://treaties.un.org/doc/Publication/UNTS/Volume%202238/v2238.pdf#page=217

Overeenkomst tussen China en Vietnam, “Agreement on the Delimitation of the Territorial Seas, Exclusive Economic Zones and Continental Shelves in the Beibu Gulf between the People’s Republic of China and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam”, 25 december 2000, Law of the Sea Bulletin, nummer 56, 2004, p. 137

Verklaring tussen ASEAN en China, “Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea”, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 4 november 2002, beschikbaar op http://www.asean.org/asean/external-relations/china/item/declaration-on-the-conduct-of-parties-in-the-south-china-sea

Gedragscode ondertekend door 134 landen, “Hague Code of Conduct against Ballistic Missile Proliferation”, Den Haag, Nederland, 25 november 2002, beschikbaar op http://www.armscontrol.org/documents/icoc

Overeenkomst tussen ASEAN en China, “Terms of Reference of the ASEAN-China Joint Working Group on the Implementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea”, Kuala Lumpur, Maleisië, 7 december 2004, beschikbaar op http://www.asean.org/news/item/terms-of-reference-of-the-asean-china-joint-working-group-on-the-implementation-of-the-declaration-on-the-conduct-of-parties-in-the-south-china-sea

Overeenkomst met betrekking tot de JMSU tussen China, Vietnam en de Filipijnen, “A Tripartite Agreement for Joint Marine Scientific Research in Certain Areas in the South China Sea By and Between China National Offshore Oil Corporation, Vietnam Oil and Gas Corporation and Philippine National Oil Company”, 1 juli 2005

Verklaring door China bij de “Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea” over art. 298 VN- Zeerechtverdrag, Verenigde Naties, New York, 25 augustus 2006, beschikbaar op http://www.un.org/Depts/los/convention_agreements/convention_declaratio… Upon ratification

Programma Verenigde Naties, “From Conflict to Peacebuilding: The Role of Natural Resources and the Environment”, United Nations Environment Programme Nairobi, Kenia, 2009, beschikbaar op http://www.iisd.org/pdf/2009/conflict_peacebuilding.pdf

Blauwdruk, ASEAN, “ASEAN Political- Security Community Blueprint”, 14de ASEAN top, Cha-am/Hua Hin, Thailand, 1 maart 2009, beschikbaar op http://www.asean.org/communities/asean-political-security-community

Wet Nr. 9522 van 10 maart 2009, Filipijnen, “An act to amend certain provisions of Republic Act no. 3046, as amended by Republic Act no. 5446, to define the archipelagic baseline of the Philippines and for other purposes”, 10 maart 2009, Manila, beschikbaar op http://www.lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2009/ra_9522_2009.html

Voorlopige Informatie Brunei bij de CLCS, “Brunei Darussalam’s Preliminary Submission concerning the Outer Limits of its Continental Shelf”, Verenigde Naties, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Preliminary Information to the CLCS, New York, VS, 2 april 2009

Gezamenlijke indiening van Maleisië en Vietnam bij de CLCS, “Outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines: Submissions to the Commission: Joint submission by Malaysia and the Socialist Republic of Vietnam”, Verenigde Naties, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Submissions to the CLCS, New York, VS, 6 mei 2009

Note Verbal CML/17/2009 bij CLCS, China, reactie op: “Outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines: Submissions to the Commission: Joint submission by Malaysia and the Socialist Republic of VietNam”, Verenigde Naties, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Submissions to the CLCS, New York, VS, 7 mei 2009

Note Verbal CML/8/2011 bij CLCS, China, reactie op: “Outer limits of the continental shelf beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines: Submissions to the Commission: Joint submission by Malaysia and the Socialist Republic of VietNam”, Verenigde Naties, Division for Ocean Affairs and the Law of the Sea, Submissions to the CLCS, New York, VS, 14 april 2011

Overeenkomst tussen ASEAN en China, “The agreement on the Guidelines on the Implementation of the Declaration on the Conduct of Parties in the South China Sea”, Bali, Indonesië, 20 juli 2011, beschikbaar op http://www.southchinasea.com/documents/law/306-guidelines-for-the-implementation-of-the-doc.html

Overeenkomst tussen Vietnam en China, “The Six-point agreement on basic principles guiding the settlement of existing maritime issues”, Peking, 11 oktober 2011

Wet van 21 juni 2012, Vietnam, “Law of the Sea of Viet Nam of 21 June 2012”, 3de Nationale Volksvergadering van de Socialistische Republiek Vietnam, 3de sessie, beschikbaar en vertaald op http://vietnamnews.vn/politics-laws/228456/the-law-of-the-sea-of-viet-nam.html

Statement, ASEAN, “Statement of ASEAN Foreign Ministers on ASEAN's Six-Point Principles on the South China Sea”, Phnom Penh, Cambodia, 20 Juli 2012, beschikbaar op http://cil.nus.edu.sg/rp/pdf/2012%20ASEANs%20Six-Point%20Principles%20on%20the%20South%20China%20Sea-pdf.pdf

Administratief Besluit Nr. 29 van 5 september 2012, Filipijnen, “Naming the West- Philippine Sea of the Republic of the Philippines, and for other purposes”, Manila, beschikbaar op http://www.gov.ph/2012/09/05/administrative-order-no-29-s-2012/

Notificatie Filipijnen aan VN- Zeerechtverdrag annex VII- arbitragetribunaal, “Notification and Statement of Claims”, Departement Buitenlandse Zaken, Manila, Filipijnen 22 januari 2013, beschikbaar op https://www.dfa.gov.ph/index.php/2013-06-27-21-50-36/unclos

Resolutie 2012/2137(INI) Europees Parlement, “On EU-China relations”, Straatsburg, Frankrijk, 14 maart 2013, beschikbaar op http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?type=TA&language=EN&reference=P7-TA-2013-97

Gezamenlijk Communiqué ASEAN,  “Joint Communique 46th ASEAN Foreign Ministers’ Meeting”, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei, 29-30 juni 2013, beschikbaar op http://www.asean.org/news/asean-statement-communiques/item/joint-communique-46th-asean-foreign-ministers-meeting-bandar-seri-begawan-brunei-darussalam-29-30-june-2013

Gezamenlijk Statement tussen Maleisië en Brunei, “Joint Statement on the 17th Annual Leaders' Consultation between Brunei Darussalam and Malaysia”, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Darussalam, 8 December 2013, beschikbaar op http://www.mofat.gov.bn/index.php/news/news-highlights/item/969-joint-statement-on-the-17th-annual-leaders-consultation-between-brunei-darussalam-and-malaysia-bandar-seri-begawan-brunei-darussalam-8-december-2013

5.      Uitspraken (chronologisch)

PHIJ, Mayrommatis Palestine Concessions,  Griekenland/VK, 20 augustus 1924, Publications of the Permanent Court of International Justice, series A., nummer 2, 1924

PHIJ, Denunciation of the Treaty of November 2nd, 1865, between China and Belgium, België/China, aanhangig gemaakt 25 novermber 1926, Publications of the Permanent Court of International Justice, series A, nummer 8, 1927

PHA, Island of Palmas, Nederland/VS, 4 april 1928, Hague Court Reports 1928, volume II, p. 829-871

PHIJ, Case Concerning the Polish Agrarian Reform and the German Minority, (Duitsland/Polen), 2 december 1933, Publications of the Permanent Court of International Justice, series A./B, nummer 60, 1933

PHIJ, The Electricity Company of Sofia and Bulgaria, België/Bulgarije, 4 april 1939, Publications of the Permanent Court of International Justice, series A./B., nummer 77, 1939

IGH, Fisheries Case, VK/Noorwegen, 18 december 1951, I.C.J. Reports 1951

IGH, The Minquieros en Ecrehos Case, VK/Frankrijk, I.C.J. reports 1953

IGH, Case Concerning the Northern Cameroons, Kameroen/VK, 2 december 1963, I.C.J. Reports 1963

IGH, North Sea Continental Shelf Cases, 20 februari 1969, I.C.J. Reports 1969

IGH, Fisheries Jurisdiction Case, West-Duitsland/Ijsland, 2 februari 1973, I.C.J. Reports 1973

IGH, Fisheries Jurisdiction Case, VK/Ijsland, 25 juli 1974, I.C.J. Reports 1974

IGH, Nuclear Test Case, Australië/ Frankrijk, 20 december 1974, I.C.J. Reports 1974

IGH, Nuclear Test Case, Nieuw-Zeeland/Frankrijk, 20 december 1974, I.C.J. Reports 1974

Arbitragetribunaal, Case concerning the delimitation of continental shelf between the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, and the French Republic, VK/Frankrijk, 30 juni 1977, Reports of International Arbitral Awards, 1977-1978, VOLUME XVIII, p. 3-413

IGH, Aegean Sea Continental Shelf Case, Griekenland/ Turkije, 19 december 1978, I.C.J. Reports 1978

IGH, Case Concerning United States Diplomatic and Consular Staff in Tehran, VS/Iran, 24 mei 1980, I.C.J. Reports 1980

IGH, Case Concerning the Continental Shelf, Tunesië/Libië, 24 februari 1984, I.C.J. Reports 1984

IGH, Case Concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary in the Gulf of Maine Area, Canada/United States, 12 oktober 1984, I.C.J. Reports 1984

IGH, Case Concerning the Military and Paramilitary Activities in and against Nicaragua, Nicaragua/VS, 27 juni 1986, I.C.J. Reports 1986

IGH, Land, Island and Maritime Frontier Dispute, El Salvador/Honduras, 11 september 1992, I.C.J. Reports 1992

IGH, Case Concerning Maritime Delimitation in the Area between Greenland and Jan Mayen, Denemarken/Noorwegen, 14 juni 1993, I.C.J. Reports 1993

IGH, Case Concerning East Timor, Portugal/Australië, 30 juni 1995, I.C.J. Reports 1995

PHA, Eritrea/Yemen, Award of the tribunal in the second stage: maritime delimitation, 17 december 1999

ITLOS, Southern Bluefin Tuna Cases, Nieuw- Zeeland/Japan en Australië/Japan, Award on Jurisdiction and Admissability, 4 augustus 2000, zaak 3 en 4, International Law Reports, volume 119, juli 2002

ITLOS, Mox Plant Case, Ierland/VK, Provisional Meassures, 3 december 2001, zaak 10, ITLOS Reports of Judgements 2001

PHA, Larsen v Hawaiian Kingdom, 5 februari 2001, International Law Reports, volume 119, juli 2002, p. 566

IGH, Case Concerning Maritime Delimitation and Territorial Questions between Qatar and Bahrain, Qatar/Bahrain, 16 maart 2001, I.C.J. Reports 2001

IGH, Case Concerning the Land and Maritime Boundary between Cameroon and Nigeria, Kameroen/Nigeria, 10 oktober 2002, I.C.J. Reports 2002

PHA, Barbados vs. The Republic of Trinidad and Tobago, Barbados/Trinidad, 11 april 2006, Annex VII VN- Zeerechtverdrag

PHA, Guyana vs. Suriname, Guyana/Suriname, 17 september 2007, Annex VII VN- Zeerechtverdrag

IGH, Maritime Delimitation in the Black Sea, Roemenië, 3 februari 2009, I.C.J. Reports 2009

ITLOS, Dispute concerning Delimitation of the Maritime Boundary between Bangladesh and Myanmar in the Bay of Bengal, Bangladesh/Myanmar, 14 maart 2012, zaak nr. 16, ITLOS press 175

IGH, Territorial and Maritime Dispute, Nicaragua/Colombia, 19 november 2012, I.C.J. Reports 2012

PHA, Bay of Bengal Maritime Boundary Arbitration between Bangladesh and India, Bangladesh/India, Annex VII VN- Zeerechtverdrag, aanhangig sinds 8 oktober 2009

PHA, The Republic of Mauritius v. The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, Mauritius/VK, Annex VII V- Zeerechtverdrag, aanhangig sinds 10 december 2010

6.      Overige (alfabetisch)

ASEAN, “ASEAN-CHINA Dialogue Relations”, http://www.asean.org/news/item/asean-china-dialogue-relations

CNOOC (China’s staatsoliebedrijf), “CNOOC and Petroleum Brunei Sign Agreement on Setting up Joint Venture”, 14 oktober 2013, http://en.cnooc.com.cn/data/html/news/2013-10-14/english/346339.html

Encyclopædia Britannica, "Strait of Malakka.", Encyclopædia Britannica Online Academic Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/359411/Strait-of-Malacca

Encyclopædia Britannica, “Deng Xiaoping”, Encyclopaedia Britannica Online Academic Edition, Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 2014, http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/157645/Deng-Xiaoping

European Union External Action, “The EU - ASEAN relationship in twenty facts and figures”, http://eeas.europa.eu/asean/docs/key_facts_figures_eu_asean_en.pdf

Global Security, “South China Sea oil shipping lanes”, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/spratly-ship.htm

Global Security, “South China Sea oil and natural gas”, http://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/war/spratly-oil.htm

ONGC (India’s staatsoliebedrijf) , http://www.ongcvidesh.com

Department of Energy, Republic of the Philippines, http://www.doe.gov.ph/fossil-fuels/oil-gas

The world Bank, Data, GDP growth (annual %), http://data.worldbank.org/indicator/NY.GDP.MKTP.KD.ZG

UNEP RSP, “East Asian Seas Action Plan”, United Nations Environmental Programme, Regional Seas Programme, http://www.unep.org/regionalseas/Programmes/unpro/eastasian/

UN Treaty Collection, “Definition of key terms used in the UN Treaty Collection”, https://treaties.un.org/pages/Overview.aspx?path=overview/definition/page1_en.xml#declarations

U.S. Department of State, “U.S. Relations with the Philippines”, Bureau of East Asian and Pacific Affairs Fact Sheet, 31 januari 2014, http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2794.htm

Vietnamese Ambassade in België, “VN-China basic principles on settlement of sea issues, Agreement on basic principles guiding the settlement of sea-related issues” Peking, 11 oktober 2011, http://www.vietnamembassy.be/en/nr070521165843/nr070521170351/news_object_view?newsPath=/vnemb.vn/tin_hddn/ns131016150347

Universiteit of Hogeschool
Rechten
Publicatiejaar
2014
Kernwoorden
Share this on: