“It is knowne in England that our nation hathe bene begged for in sermons, and this is divulged there in pulpites to shewe in what state the King of Spaine’s English pentioners do live here, as also what a great punishment of misery is now laid uppon us because we are enemyes to them and their gospell. And the matter is lyke shortly to be amplyfied in bookes and ballets. God relieve us and amend them.”
In een brief uit 1593 uitte Richard Verstegan, een zestiende-eeuwer met een inlichtingennetwerk dat de eenentwintigste eeuw niet onwaardig was, zijn ongenoegen over de beklagenswaardige situatie waarin Engelse katholieke ballingen verzeild geraakt waren in de Nederlanden. Op de vlucht voor het bewind van de protestantse koningin Elizabeth I hadden ze huis en have achtergelaten en zich de woede van het thuisfront op de hals gehaald. In Leuven, Brussel, Gent, Antwerpen en talloze andere steden in de Zuidelijke Nederlanden bevonden zich duizenden Engelse vluchtelingen, wiens enige bron van inkomsten een karig, sporadisch uitbetaald Spaans pensioen was.
Uiterst merkwaardig is dat er tegelijkertijd een omgekeerde stroom van mobiliteit was. Duizenden protestanten uit de Noordelijke en vooral Zuidelijke Nederlanden vluchtten naar Engeland om te ontsnappen aan de bloederige represailles van de Hertog van Alva’s Bloedraad en, later, de veldslagen in het kader van de Tachtigjarige Oorlog. Enkele tienduizenden Vlamingen en Brabanders streken neer langs de Zuid-Oost Engelse kust.
In elk hoofdstuk worden enkele samenhangende vragen gesteld. Achtereenvolgens behandelen deze hoofdstukken de beweegredenen, samenstelling, diversiteit en ontvangst, de loyaliteit, correspondentie, overlevingsstrategieën en de geografische spreiding van de vluchtelingen.
Deze hoge mate van verspreiding had ook gevolgen voor het moreel van de vluchtelingen. De Engelse ballingen stonden zo over gans Europa bekend als een rumoerige bende ruziemakers die, als het zo maar even kon, hun collega vluchtelingen het liefst naar huis gestuurd zagen wanneer die een andere politieke mening toegedaan waren. De Nederlandse vluchtelingenkerken in Londen en Norwich hadden het dan weer ontzettend moeilijk om ketterij uit hun overbevolkte middens te weren. Wanneer iemand schuldig bevonden werd onorthodoxe geloofsartikelen te cultiveren kreeg die een enkeltje richting thuisland. De bannelingen gingen met andere woorden hun eigen mensen gaan verbannen.
Een opvallend verschil was de mate van welvaart onder de vluchtelingen. “Sir Thomas Marckenfeild died this last week in Bruxelles in very extreeme want, in a most miserable poore cotage” schreef diezelfde Richard Verstegan over een medebroeder in ballingschap. Echter, waar de verpauperde Engelsen in armzalige toestanden trachtten te roeien met de riemen die ze hadden, was het met de Nederlandse vluchtelingen een stuk beter gesteld. Lakenhandelaar Paul Trion zijn fortuin werd bijvoorbeeld op ongeveer £60.000 geschat. Omgerekend naar vandaag kon hij over maar liefst 20 miljoen Britse ponden beschikken.
De oorzaak voor deze uiteenlopende maten van welvaart schuilt ten dele in de sociale samenstelling van beide groepen. Ballingen uit Engeland waren veelal figuren uit de lagere, Engelse landadel, een klasse die gewoonlijk rentenierde op de inkomsten uit haar landbezit. Eenmaal gevlucht werden hun renten in beslag genomen door de Engelse overheid. Zodoende kwamen ze in de Nederlanden terecht zonder geld en zonder enige beroepservaring. Vluchtelingen uit de Nederlanden stelden het daarentegen een stuk beter. Vooral de fel gegeerde Vlaamse wevers – in het bezit van zestiende-eeuwse spitstechnologie – deden het bijzonder goed in de Engelse steden.
Anderzijds doet ook de tendens tot radicalisering onder de zestiende-eeuwse vluchtelingen aan bepaalde actuele fenomenen denken. Hoewel men de nodige kanttekening moet maken dat hun radicalisering zich veelal na de vlucht naar het buitenland voltrok, terwijl die vandaag eerder voor vertrek plaatsvindt. In ballingschap werden de veelal diepgelovige Engelse katholieken en Nederlandse protestanten een helpende hand toegestoken door respectievelijk de jezuïeten en de calvinistische vreemdelingenkerken, allebei organen die ervan beschuldigd werden terroristische acties op te zetten aan het thuisfront. Zo werden vanuit Sandwich de Vlaamse watergeuzen op gewelddadige rooftochten gestuurd in de Nederlanden, terwijl de Engelse jezuïeten menige moordaanslagen op koningin Elizabeth beraamden.
Bibliography
The following is not a complete bibliography of works appertaining to the history of English Catholic exiles in the Southern Netherlands and Netherlandish Protestant exiles in England during the second half of the sixteenth century. Listed instead are only the works that were cited throughout this treatise, except for the bibliographies of course.
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