Bestrijding van wortelknobbelnematoden via defensie-elicitoren in tomaat
Know your roots
Aaltjes vormen voor de landbouw een probleem dat zowel letterlijk als figuurlijk bij de wortels aangepakt moet worden. Aaltjes zijn namelijk microscopisch kleine wormpjes die zich in plantenwortels nestelen en daar knobbels doen ontstaan die ze vervolgens als service flat gebruiken: ze voltooien er hun levenscyclus en snoepen hiervoor voedingstoffen van de plant af.
Aaltjes, de onzichtbare vijanden
Vanuit het wortelstelsel vertrekken bijna alle noodzakelijke voedingsstoffen naar de rest van de plant, dus als er iets mis is met de wortels, is de plant al snel verloren. De wortelknobbels die door de aaltjes veroorzaakt worden, verhinderen een goede opname van water en mineralen. Dit leidt tot zwakkere planten die gevoeliger zijn voor bijkomstige infecties en bovendien veel minder opbrengst (zoals vruchten) opleveren. Wat aaltjes extra vervelend maakt, is dat ze zowat alle planten kunnen infecteren zoals bananen, tarwe en tomaten. Aaltjes zorgen zo jaarlijks voor een wereldwijd verlies van vele miljarden euro’s. Helaas zijn er twee knelpunten die de bestrijding van aaltjes bemoeilijken. Ten eerste moeten telers ervan overtuigd geraken dat de problemen van hun gewas veroorzaakt worden door microscopische plantparasieten - aaltjes worden niet voor niets 'The Invisible Enemy' genoemd. Ten tweede is er het verbod op vele chemische bestrijdingsmiddelen. Methylbromide was bijvoorbeeld een zeer doeltreffend middel om aaltjes uit te roeien, het had alleen een niet te verwaarlozen nadeel: zelfs bij lage concentraties kan het ook dodelijk zijn voor mensen. Het is met andere woorden absoluut noodzakelijk dat er nieuwe strategieën voor de bestrijding van aaltjes ontwikkeld en toegepast worden. In deze masterproef werd daarom nagegaan of aaltjes bij de tomatenplant bestreden kunnen worden met methyljasmonaat.
Methyljasmonaat, een veelbelovend biologisch bestrijdingsmiddel
Methyljasmonaat is een vluchtig hormoon dat planten kunnen afscheiden om de verdedigingsmechanismen van hun plantenburen op te wekken. Methyljasmonaat wordt dus door planten gebruikt als een soort alarmsignaal om mekaar te waarschuwen voor aanvallen van herbivoren zoals insecten. In deze masterproef hebben we het verdedigingssysteem van tomatenplanten proberen te boosten door ze te bespuiten met een oplossing van methyljasmonaat en ze dan te infecteren met aaltjes. Volgens verschillende bronnen uit de wetenschappelijk literatuur zijn planten die besproeid worden met methyljasmonaat beter bestand tegen infecties door aaltjes. Vreemd genoeg kon onze onderzoeksgroep deze resultaten niet bevestigen. Vandaar dat het ons interessant leek om in deze masterproef na te gaan welke factoren de werking van methyljasmonaat op zo’n manier beïnvloeden dat de planten wel bestand worden tegen aaltjes. Helpt het bijvoorbeeld om de tomatenplanten meerdere keren met methyljasmonaat te bespuiten in plaats van één keer? Of is methyljasmonaat wél een goed bestrijdingsmiddel wanneer tomatenplanten met wat minder aaltjes te maken krijgen?
Methyljasmonaat, een mythe?
In een eerste experiment bespoten we de tomatenplanten wekelijks met methyljasmonaat om te kijken of ze bij deze behandelingsfrequentie opgewassen waren tegen een ziektedruk van 1000 aaltjes per plant. In een tweede experiment keken we of een eenmalige bespuiting met methyljasmonaat tomatenplanten kon beschermen tegen een contact met 100, 200, 350 of 1000 aaltjes per plant. Om na te gaan of de behandelingen werkten, keken we telkens enerzijds naar het effect van methyljasmonaat op de planten zelf (lengte en gewicht van de stengel, wortelgewicht en totaalgewicht van de plant) en anderzijds naar het effect op de aaltjes (met hoeveel konden ze de plant succesvol infecteren, hoeveel wortelknobbels veroorzaakten ze en hoeveel eitjes legden ze). Tegen alle verwachtingen in, toonden beide experimenten aan dat methyljasmonaat geen negatieve invloed had op de aaltjes en dat een wekelijkse bespuiting de planten zelfs ontvankelijker maakte voor meer aaltjes. Nochtans waren er wel indicaties dat methyljasmonaat zorgde voor een versterking van het verdedigingssysteem van de planten. We zagen namelijk dat planten die met methyljasmonaat besproeid werden, consequent een kortere stengel of lager stengelgewicht hadden dan planten die gewoon met water besproeid werden. Deze afname in groei wees erop dat de planten meer energie hadden gestoken in hun verdedigingssysteem waardoor er minder energie overbleef om te investeren in hun groei.
Aaltjes, de onklopbare vijanden?
Samengevat leek het er dus op dat het verdedigingssysteem van de planten wel degelijk een boost kreeg, ondanks het feit dat de aaltjes rustig hun gang bleven gaan. Eén andere onderzoeksgroep vond een gelijkaardig resultaat. Zij wisten hiervoor ook de verklaring te achterhalen: ze zagen namelijk dat de verdedigingsgenen die door methyljasmonaat méér tot expressie kwamen, gewoon terug uitgeschakeld werden bij een infectie met aaltjes. Dit vormt meteen ook een zeer aannemelijke reden voor het feit dat wij geen bestrijdingseffect van methyljasmonaat konden waarnemen. De vraag blijft dan natuurlijk: waarom zijn er tal van experimenten in de wetenschappelijke literatuur waarbij de onderzoekers aantonen dat methyljasmonaat een infectie van tomatenplanten door aaltjes wél kan verminderen? Na een vergelijkende studie bleek er één groot verschil te zijn tussen deze experimenten en ons onderzoek, namelijk het gebruikte tomatenras. Onze hypothese luidde daarom als volgt: methyljasmonaat kan sommige, maar niet alle tomatenrassen beter bestand maken tegen aaltjes. De logische volgende stap binnen dit onderzoek was dan uiteraard om onze experimentele set-up identiek te herhalen voor verschillende tomatenrassen. Inmiddels heeft onze onderzoeksgroep dit gedaan en de resultaten bevestigden onze hypothese: er zijn inderdaad andere tomatenrassen waarbij sproeien met methyljasmonaat wel een effect heeft.
Know your roots and your enemies
Wolven zijn al lang niet meer de grootste vijanden van de boeren, aaltjes zijn dit helaas wel. Want aaltjes lijken misschien een ‘ver-van-mijn-bed-show’, maar ook vele Belgische telers hebben hiermee te kampen. Ondanks veelbelovende literatuur, bleek uit deze masterproef duidelijk dat methyljasmonaat niet het wondermiddel is dat zo broodnodig is voor de bestrijding van aaltjes. Vandaar dat onderzoek naar andere milieuvriendelijke alternatieven absoluut dringend en noodzakelijk is. Want hoewel aaltjes bijzonder klein en onschuldig lijken, zijn ze echte wolven in schaapsvacht en daardoor niet te onderschatten landbouwvijanden.
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