De aard van het beestje: speelt persoonlijkheid een rol bij de predatorgeïnduceerde stressrespons?
De aard van het beestje: persoonlijkheid bij insecten
Dierlijke persoonlijkheid
Doorheen de geschiedenis werden dieren gezien als wezens die in de meeste opzichten primitiever zijn dan de mens. Er werd zelfs getwijfeld of ze pijn kunnen voelen en of ze emoties bezitten, laat staan dat ze een persoonlijkheid zouden hebben. De laatste 20 jaar wordt echter alsmaar duidelijker dat dieren wel degelijk een persoonlijkheid kunnen hebben en is er meer en meer belangstelling voor dergelijk persoonlijkheidsonderzoek. Het bestaan van dierlijke persoonlijkheid, ook 'gedragssyndromen' genoemd, betekent dat net zoals bij menselijke persoonlijkheid, een dier zijn eigen, individuele gedrag heeft. Dit gedrag blijft dan ook onveranderd doorheen de tijd en overheen verschillende situaties.
Invloed van stoerheid op het lichaam
Zoals iemand zowel tijdens een feestje als in familiale kring een verlegen persoon kan zijn, kan ook een dier schuw zijn zowel in aanwezigheid als in afwezigheid van een roofdier. Andere dieren zijn dan weer stoerder in beide gevallen. Een stoerheidsyndroom houdt dus in dat er in een diersoort of populatie individuen zijn die iets schuwer zijn, en andere die stoerder zijn. De theorie is dat persoonlijkheid (en gedrag in het algemeen) samenhangt met zenuw- en hormonale activiteit in het lichaam (fysiologie). In aanwezigheid van een roofdier gaat het lichaam zich in een staat van stress bevinden. Schuwe dieren zouden een verschillende stressreactie ondergaan dan stoere. Hier is echter nog niet veel over geweten, vooral niet bij insecten. Alsmaar vaker onderstrepen wetenschappers het belang van dierlijke persoonlijkheid, omdat het invloed uitoefent op ieder ecologisch of medisch onderzoek dat op dieren wordt uitgevoerd.
Het karakter van waterjufferlarven
In dit thesisproject werd het stoerheidsyndroom in twee soorten van waterjufferlarven onderzocht: de Watersnuffel (Enallagma cyathigerum) en het Lantaarntje (Ischnura elegans). Dit werd gedaan door specifiek hun antiroofdier gedrag te bekijken: zijn ze eerder schuw en gaan ze zich dus lang stilhouden, of zijn ze stoer en blijven ze actief naar eten zoeken ook in aanwezigheid van een roofdier? Daarbij werden de groei van de larven en hun zwemsnelheid onderzocht, om de invloed van persoonlijkheid op deze factoren eveneens in rekening te brengen. Bovendien werd de link tussen het stoerheidsyndroom en de onderliggende lichamelijke processen van de larven blootgelegd. Suikergehalte, eiwitgehalte en vetgehalte werden gebruikt om de fysiologische stressreactie te bekijken.
Stoere Lantaarntjes en schuwe Watersnuffels
Dit onderzoek kon het bestaan van een stoerheidsyndroom bij twee soorten waterjufferlarven bevestigen. Het Lantaarntje bleek veel stoerder dan de Watersnuffel, zowel in aanwezigheid van predatordreiging, als in afwezigheid ervan. Bovendien groeien Lantaarntjes sneller en worden ze dus sneller volwassen. Op die manier kunnen ze zich sneller voortplanten, voordat het roofdier hen opmerkt en opeet. Bovendien is er een verband tussen stoerheid en de fysiologie, want de schuwere soort reageert lichamelijk gezien anders op stress dan de stoerdere soort. Ook binnen de soorten blijkt dat de individuen ieder hun eigen karakter hebben. Kortom, er zijn dus inderdaad persoonlijkheidsverschillen tussen individuen en soorten, zelfs bij insecten. Uit het onderzoek blijkt dat persoonlijkheid bij dieren zeker niet te verwaarlozen is en in rekening moet gebracht worden in allerhande onderzoeken op dieren.
Primitief?
Het is duidelijk dat zelfs bij insecten persoonlijkheid bestaat en een invloed uitoefent op hun lichaam en leven. Het negeren van dierlijke persoonlijkheid bij ogenschijnlijk primitieve dieren als insecten kan in ecologisch onderzoek onvolledigheden opleveren en zo heel wat verwarring teweeg brengen. Onder andere in natuurbehoud is het van belang rekening te houden met persoonlijkheid, aangezien het een kenmerk is dat een grote invloed uitoefent op de natuurlijke gemeenschap. Mede hierom is het aan te raden te leren uit de geschiedenis en dieren in hun wezen niet te onderschatten, anders gaat er een schat aan informatie verloren.
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