Onherstelbare hersenschade
Vandaag lijden wereldwijd 37 miljoen mensen aan een neurodegeneratieve ziekte waarbij zenuwcellen in de hersenen of het ruggenmerg afsterven. Deze schade is bij de mens helaas niet te herstellen en bijgevolg definitief. Bovendien verlaagt de levenskwaliteit van de patiënt drastisch en is de ziekte vaak zelfs fataal. Zelfs ondanks intensief onderzoek is de wetenschap er nog niet in geslaagd om een oplossing te ontwikkelen voor deze ziekten. Maar een oplossing kan misschien wel gevonden worden door het gebruik van de zebravis, het onderzoeksmodel van mijn thesis. Deze vis is aan zijn opmars bezig als modelorganisme in de wetenschap aangezien er vele voordelen aan verbonden zijn. Zo is de zebravis gemakkelijk te onderhouden, kweekt het goed, en zijn er veel gelijkenissen tussen de mens en de zebravis qua genen en moleculaire organisatie. Daarenboven kan de zebravis dus wél schade aan hersencellen herstellen, iets wat de mens niet kan. De onderzoeksdoelstelling van deze thesis was dan ook om de onderliggende redenen van het succesvol zenuwherstel bij de zebravis te achterhalen.
De zebravis: van blind naar goedziend in twee maanden
De focus van deze studie lag dus bij hersenschade, maar de hersenen in zijn geheel zijn zeer complex en moeilijk te manipuleren. Daarom wordt wereldwijd het visueel systeem als model gebruikt voor de hersenen. Dit visueel systeem, dat beschouwd wordt als een deel van de hersenen, bestaat uit het netvlies binnenin het oog, de oogzenuw en de visuele gebieden van de hersenen. Zoals eerder vermeld kan de zebravis schade aan hersencellen wel herstellen, maar hoe weten we dit nu? Wel, tijdens mijn thesis gebruikten we als schademodel de optische zenuw crush. Hierbij wordt de oogzenuw van een verdoofde vis geplet, waarna de vis blind is. De connecties tussen het oog en de hersenen zijn immers beschadigd. Zeer opmerkelijk is dat na een tweetal maanden de oogzenuw hersteld is en de zebravis weer normaal kan zien. Dit is onmogelijk bij de mens!
Is inflammaging de reden voor een trager herstel van zenuwschade bij oude vissen?
Specifiek wilde ik tijdens mijn thesis onderzoeken wat de invloed van veroudering op het herstelproces van de oogzenuw is. Kunnen oude vissen minder goed schade aan de oogzenuw herstellen? Een zeer opvallend resultaat uit het onderzoek was dat deze hypothese inderdaad correct is. Na beschadiging groeit de oogzenuw in een oude zebravis trager terug naar de hersenen toe, in vergelijking met een volwassen vis.
Een uitgebreide literatuurstudie naar de eventuele reden voor dit vertraagd herstelproces richtte onze aandacht op inflammaging. Inflammaging omvat het fenomeen waarbij in het volledige lichaam van oude organismen een lichte vorm van ontsteking, ook wel inflammatie genoemd, ontstaat. Dit is reeds aangetoond in onder meer mensen en muizen. Verschillende studies suggereren bovendien dat inflammaging een invloed kan hebben op het herstelproces van zenuwcellen, wat zeer interessant is voor deze studie. Allereerst hebben we geverifieerd of inflammaging ook optreedt in de oude zebravis. Meer inflammatoire cellen bleken aanwezig te zijn in oude vissen in vergelijking met volwassen vissen, wat inderdaad duidde op inflammaging. Aangezien deze inflammatoire cellen belangrijk zijn voor het herstel van weefsels en cellen, zou de wijziging in de inflammatoire balans een reden kunnen zijn voor het vertraagde herstelproces van de oogzenuw bij oude vissen.
Inflammatie versnelt het herstelproces
Om de rol van inflammatie verder uit te zoeken, hebben we ervoor gezorgd dat meer inflammatoire cellen aanwezig waren in een volwassen zebravis. Hiervoor injecteerden we de vloeistof zymosan in het oog, wat een instroom van inflammatoire cellen uitlokt. Interessant was dat deze opregulatie van inflammatie ervoor zorgde dat de oogzenuw na schade sneller herstelt. Inflammatie zou dus een snel herstel stimuleren. Dit lijkt zeer tegenstrijdig met de vorige resultaten, namelijk dat in oude vissen schade aan de oogzenuw trager herstelt, terwijl er net meer inflammatoire cellen aanwezig zijn. Dit zou erop kunnen wijzen dat deze cellen gedurende het leven opstapelen in de vis, maar dat ze wel minder goed hun herstellende functie kunnen uitvoeren. Een oude vis bevat met andere woorden wel meer ‘herstelcellen’, maar deze functioneren minder goed.
Om deze laatste ondervindingen verder te ondersteunen, waren we zeer benieuwd of deze hypothese ook in de omgekeerde richting opgaat, namelijk een trager herstel van de oogzenuw wanneer we inflammatie gaan reduceren. Bij deze laatste experimenten van de thesis konden we echter nog geen effect aantonen, maar mits aanpassingen in de experimentele werkwijze, zou dit wel van toepassing kunnen zijn.
Samenvattend kunnen we stellen dat veroudering het herstel van de zebravisoogzenuw negatief beïnvloedt. Eventueel zou inflammaging hier een onderliggende oorzaak van kunnen zijn. Verder lijkt uit heel het onderzoek en de literatuurstudie naar voren te komen dat een korte inflammatoire respons na schade een belangrijke factor zou kunnen zijn voor een succesvol herstel. Deze hypothese zal verder getest worden. Hopelijk zal deze kennis bijdragen in de zoektocht naar een effectieve therapie voor het herstel van hersenschade bij mensen. Bewonderenswaardig toch wat de mens allemaal van deze kleine visjes kan leren ...
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