Ecological functioning of a eutrophic, high-altitude shallow lake in Ecuador, Laguna Yahuarcocha

Pauline
Saelens
  • Pauline
    Saelens

Tropische meren gelegen in de bergen vormen een aparte categorie van tropische meren. Door de positie op de evenaar is er een kleine variatie in de seizoensgebonden temperatuur. De grote hoogte resulteert echter in een relatief lage temperatuur. Yahuarcocha is een ondiep tropisch meer gelegen op een hoge hoogte (2192 m) op de evenaar. In juni 2014 is er een enorme algenbloei opgetreden. Deze algenbloei kan het hele jaar aanhouden, in tegenstelling tot de meren in gematigde regio's, en heeft een negatief effect op de kwaliteit van het water. De primaire oorzaak van de algenbloei is de invloei van voedingsstoffen en hierdoor is restauratie van het meer aanbevolen. Het meer werd gedurende één jaar bemonsterd en een reeks van experimenten werden uitgevoerd. Wij evalueerden enkele belangrijke parameters van Yahuarcocha, met inbegrip van fysisch-chemische parameters (bijvoorbeeld zuurstof, voedingstoffen en hydrologie), biologische parameters (zoals plankton en aquatische vegetatie) en evaluatie van biomanipulatie als mogelijke restauratie strategie. Het doel van biomanipulatie is om de schadelijke algenbloeien te verwijderen via verschuivingen in voedselwebben bijvoorbeeld door roofdieren toe te voegen of te verwijderen. Wij kwamen tot de conclusie dat biomanipulatie niet kan worden toegepast in Yahuarcocha: in de eerste plaats omdat de aquatische vegetatie niet geschikt is als schuilplaats voor het plankton doordat er zich een groot aantal jonge vis bevindt tussen de vegetatie. Ten tweede, het plankton kan niet goed grazen op de algenbloei en ten derde, er zijn geen visetende vis soorten aanwezig in het meer. Voor de eerste stap in de management van Yahuarcocha zou de instroom van voedingsstoffen afkomstig van afvalwater en de landbouw moeten verlagen. De tweede stap is het verminderen van de voedingsstoffen in het water en het voorkomen van het vrijkomen van fosfor uit de sedimenten met behulp van baggerwerk.

Bibliografie

References

Aguilera, X., Lazzaro, X. & Coronel, J.S. 2013. Tropical high-altitude Andean lakes located above the tree line attenuate UV-A radiation more strongly than typical temperate alpine lakes. Photochemical & Photobiological Science 12:1649-1657.

Aguilera, E., Chiodini, G., Cioni, R., Guidi, M., Marini, L. & Raco, B. 2000. Water chemistry of Lake Quilotoa (Ecuador) and assessment of natural hazards. Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research 97:271-285.

Álvarez-Berríos, N.L., Parés-Ramos, I.K. & Aide, T.M. 2013. Contrasting patterns of urban expansion in Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia between 1992 and 2009. Ambio 42: 29-40.

AmphibiaWeb. 2015. Worldwide Amphibian Declines: How big is the problem, what are the causes and what can be done? Information on Amphibian Biodiversity and Conservation. Berkeley, California, U.S.A. http://amphibiaweb.org/ (accessed 3 April, 2015).

Ansari , A.A. & Gill, S.S. 2013. Eutrophication: Causes, Consequences and Control. Springer: p264.

Anderson, E.P., Marengo, J., Villalba, R., Halloy, S., Young, B., Cordero, D., Gast, F., Jaimes, E. & Ruiz, D. 2009. Consequences of climate change for ecosystems and ecosystem services in the tropical Andes.

Anderson, D.M., Kaoru, Y. & White, A.W. 2000. Estimated annual economic impacts from Harmful Algal Blooms (HABs) in the United States. Economic Impacts of HABs in the U.S. p97.

Arribére, M.A., Campbell, L.M., Rizzo, A.P., Arcagni, M., Revenga, J. & Guevara, S.R. 2010. Trace elements in plankton, benthic organisms, and forage fish of lake Moreno, Northern Patagonia, Argentina. Water Air Soil Pollution 212:167-182.

Auckland regional council. 2008, report, 218p.

Balseiro, E.G., Modenutti, B.E. & Queimaliños, C.P. 2001. Feeding of Boeckella gracilipes (Copepoda, Calanoida) on ciliates and phytoflagellates in an ultraoligotrophic  Andean lake. Journal of Plankton Research 23(8): 849-857.

Barko, J.W., Smart, R.M., Mc Farland, D.G. & Chen, R.L. 1988. Interrelationships between the growth of Hydrilla Verticillata (L.f.) Royle and sediment nutrient availability. Aquatic Botany 32: 205-216.

Beardall, J., Young, E. & Roberts, S. 2001. Approaches for determining phytoplankton nutrient limitation. Aquatic Sciences 63:44-69

Bednarska, A., Pietrzak, B. & Pijanowska, J. 2014. Effect of poor manageability and low nutritional value of cyanobacteria on Daphnia magna life history performance. Journal of Plankton Research:1-10.

Blanco, S., Romo, S., Villena, M-J. & Martínez, S. 2003. Fish communities and food web interactions in some shallow Mediterranean lakes. Hydrobiologia 506-509: 473-480.

Bloesh, J. 1994. Editorial: Sediment resuspension in lakes. Hydrobiologia 284: 1-3.

Blomme, J. 2014. General limnology and zooplankton ecology of two tropical high altitude lakes in Northern Ecuador: Mojanda & Yahuarcocha. Dissertation, 80p.

Boon, P.I., Bunn, S.E., Green, J.D. & Shiel, R.J. 1994. Consumption of cyanobacteria by freshwater zooplankton: Implications for the success of ‘top-down’ control of cyanobacterial blooms in Australia. Australian Journal of Marine & Freshwater Research 45: 875-887.

Bootsma, M.C., Barendregt, A. & van Alphen, J.C.A. 1999. Effectiveness of reducing external nutrient load entering a eutrophicated shallow lake ecosystems in the Naardermeer nature reserve, The Netherlands. Biological Conservation 90: 193-201.

Bouvy, M., Molica, R., De Oliveira, S., Marinho, M. & Beker, B. 1999. Dynamics of a toxic cyanobacterial bloom (Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii) in a shallow reservoir in the semi-arid region of northeast Brazil. Aquatic Microbial Ecology 20: 285-297.

Bowman, M.F., Chambers, P.A. & Schindler, D.W. 2005. Epilithic algal abundance in relation to anthropogenic changes in phosphorus bioavailability and limitation in mountain rivers. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 62: 174-184.

Bradley, R.S., Vuille, M., Diaz, H.F. & Vergara, W. 2006. Threats to water supplies in the tropical Andes. Science 312: 1755-1756.

Branco, C.W., Rocha, M.I.A., Pint, G.F.S., Gômara, G.A. & De Filippo, R. 2002. Limnological features of Funil Reservoir (R.J., Brazil) and indicator properties of rotifers and cladocerans of the zooplankton community. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management 7: 87-92.

Branco, C.W., Aguiaro, T., Esteves, F.A. & Carmaschi, E.P. 1997. Food sources of the teleost Eucinostomus Argenteus in two coastal lagoons of Brazil. Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment Journal 32:33-40.

Breukelaar, A.W., Lammens, E.H.R.R., Breteler, J.G.P.K. & Tátrai, I. 1994. Effects of benthivorous bream (Abramis brama) and carp (Cyprinus carpio) on sediment resuspension and concentrations of nutrients and chlorophyll a. Freshwater Biology 32: 113-121.

Briand, J.F., Robillot, C., Quiblier-Llobéras, C., Humbert, J.F., Couté, A. & Bernard, C. 2002. Environmental context of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) blooms in a shallow pond in France. Water Research 36: 3183-3192.

Briand, J.F., Leboulanger, C. Humbert, J-F., Bernard, C. & Dufour, P. 2004. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) invasion at mid-latitudes: Selection, wide physiological tolerance, of global warming? Journal of Phycology 40: 231-238.

Buytaert, W., Célleri, R., De Bièvre,  B., Cisneros, F., Wyseure, G., Deckers, J. & Hofstede, R. 2006. Human impact on the hydrology of the Andean páramos. Earth-Science Reviews 79: 53-72.

Burks, R.L., Jeppesen, E. & Lodge, D.M. 2001a. Pelagic prey and benthic predators: Impact of odonate predation on Daphnia. Journal of the North American Benthological Society 20(4): 615-628.

Burks, R.L., Jeppesen, E. & Lodge, D.M. 2001b. Littoral zone structures as Daphnia refugia against fish predators. Limnology & Oceanography 46(2): 230-237.

Cambray, J.A. Impact on indigenous species biodiversity caused by the globalisation of alien recreational freshwater fisheries. Hydrobiologia 500: 217-230.

Carmichael, W.W. 2001. Health effects of toxin-producing Cyanobacteria: “The CyanoHABs”. Human and Ecological Risk Assessment 7(5):1393-1407.

Carpenter, S.R., Kitchell, J.F. & Hodgson, J.R. 1985. Cascading trophic interactions and lake productivity. Bioscience 35:634-639

Carpenter, S.R., Caraco, N.F., Correll, D.L., Howarth, R.W., Sharpley, A.N. & Smith, V.H. 1998. Nonpoint pollution of surface waters with phosphorus and nitrogen. Ecological Applications 8: 559-568.

Carpenter, S.R. & Kitchell, J.F. 1996. The trophic cascade in lakes. Cambridge University Press. 397p.

Carpenter, S.R., Cole, J.J., Hodgson, J.R., Kitchell, J.F., Pace, M.L., Bade, D., Cottingham, K.L., Essington, T.E., Houser, F.N. & Schindler, D.E. 2001. Trophic cascades, nutrients and lake productivity: Whole lake experiments. Ecological Monographs 71(2):163-186.

Carpenter, S.R., Cole, J.J., Kitchell, J.F. & Pace, M.L. 2010. Trophic cascades in lakes: Lessons and prospects. Island Press, Washington D.C. p55-69.

Carpenter, S.R. & Lodge, D.M. 1986. Effects of submerged macrophytes on ecosystem processes. Aquatic Botany 26: 341-370.

Carey, C.C., Ibelings, B.W., Hoffmann, E.P., Hamilton, D.P. & Brookes, J.D. 2012. Eco-physiological adaptations that favour freshwater cyanobacteria in a changing climate. Water Research 46:1394-1407.

Cassallas, J.E. 2005. Limnological investigations in Lake San Pablo, a high mountain lake in Ecuador. Dissertation, p138.

Cassallas, J.E. & Gunkel, G. 2001. Algunos aspectos limnologicos de un lago altoandino: el lago San Pablo, Ecuador. Limnetica 20(2): 215-232.

Célleri, R. & Feyen, J. 2009. The hydrology of tropical Andean ecosystems: Importance, Knowledge status and perspectives. Mountain Research and Development 29(4): 350-355.

Costanza, R., d’Arge, R., De Groot, R., Farber, S., Grasso, M., Hannon, B., Limburg, K., Naeem, S., O’Neill, R.V., Paruele, J., Raskin, R.G., Sutton, P. & van den Belt, M. 1997. – The value of the world’s ecosystem services and natural capital. Nature 38: 253-260.

Chorus, I. & Batram, J. 1999. Toxic cyanobacteria in water: A guide to their public health consequences, monitoring and management. St Edmundsbury Press, Suffolk, p400.

Codd, G.A. 2000. Cyanobacterial toxins, the perception of water quality and the prioritization of eutrophication control. Ecological Engineering 16: 51-60.

Codd, G., Bell, S., Kaya, K., Ward, C., Beattie, K. & Metcalf, J. 1999. Cyanobacterial toxins, exposure routes and human health. European Journal of Phycology 34: 405-415.

Colinvaux, P.A., Miller, M.C., Liu, K.B., Steinitz-Kannan, M. & Frost, I. 1985. Discovery of permanent Amazon lakes and hydraulic disturbance in the upper Amazon Basin. Nature 13: 42-45.

Conley, D.J., Paerl, H.W., Howarth, R.W., Boesch, D.F., Seitzinger, S.P., Havens, K.E., Lancelot, C. & Likens, G.E. 2009. Controlling eutrophication: nitrogen and phosphorus. Science 323: 1014-1015.

Cooke, G.D., Lombardo, P. & Brant, C. 2001. Shallow and deep lakes determining successful management options. Lakeline 21: 42-46.

Cooke, G.D., Welch, E.B., Peterson, S. & Nichols, S.A. 2005. Restoration and management of lakes and reservoirs, Third Edition, CRC Press, 616p.

Correll, D. 1998. The role of phosphorus in the eutrophication of receiving waters: A review. Journal of Environmental Quality 27: 261-266.

Dahl, T.E. 2011. Status and Trends of Wetlands in the Conterminous United States 2004 to 2009. U.S. Department of the Interior, Fish and Wildlife Service, Washington D.C., 108 pp.

De Meester, L., Welder, L.J. & Tollrian, R. 1995. Alternative antipredator defences and genetic polymorphism in a pelagic predator-prey system. Nature 378: 483-485.

Declerck, S., De Meester, L., Podoor, N. & Conde-Porcuna, J.M. 1997. The relevance of size efficiency to biomanipulation theory: a field test under hypertrophic conditions. Hydrobiologia 360: 265-275.

Dodds, W.K., Bouska, W.W., Eitzmann, J.L., Pilger, T.J., Pitss, K.L., Riley, A.J., Schloesser, J.T. & Thornbrugh, D.J. 2009. Eutrophication of U.S. Freshwater: analysis of potential economic damages Environmental Science & Technology 43(1): 12-19.

Dokulil, M.T. & Teubner, K. 2000. Cyanobacterial dominance in lakes. Hydrobiologia 438: 1-12.

Dokulil, M.T. & Teubner, K. 2003. Eutrophication and restoration of shallow lakes – the concept of stable equilibria revisited. Hydrobiologia 506-509: 29-35.

Downing, J.A. & McCauley, E. 1992. The nitrogen: phosphorus relationship in lakes. Limnology & Oceanography 37(5): 936-945.

Dungeon, D., Arthington, A.H., Gessner, O.M., Kawabata, Z.I., Knowler, D.J., Lévêque, Naiman, R.J., Prieur-Richard A.H., Soto, D., Stiassny, L.J. & Sullivan, C. 2006. Freshwater biodiversity: importance, threats, status and conservation challenges. Biological Reviews 81:163-182.

Duraõna, G.D.G. 2005. Estudio de los sedimentos de la laguna de Limoncocha. Dissertation. p112.

Dyble, J., Tester, P.A. & Litaker, R.W. 2006. Effects of light intensity on cylindrospermopsin production in the cyanobacterial HAB species Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Afrikan Journal of Marine Science 28(2): 309-312.

Elser, J.J., Marzolf, E.R. & Goldman, C.R. 1990. Phosphorus and Nitrogen limitation of phytoplankton growth in the freshwaters of North America: A review and critique of experimental enrichments. Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47:1468-1477.

Elser, J.J., Matthews, E.S., Bracken, Cleland, E.E., Gruner, D.S., Harpole, S.W., Hillebrand, H., Ngai, J.T., Seabloom, E.W., Shurin, J.B. and Smith, J.E. 2007. Global analysis of nitrogen and phosphorus limitation of primary producers in freshwater, marine and terrestrial ecosystems. Ecology Letters 10: 1135-1142.

Erikson, R., Hooker, E., Mejia, M., Zelaya, A. & Vammen, K. 1998. Optimal conditions for primary production in a polymictic tropical lake. Hydrobiologia 382:1-16.

FAO. 2000. The State of World Fisheries and Aquaculture. Fisheries Department, Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations, Rome, Italy.

Funari, E. & Testai, E. 2008. Human healt risk assessment related to cyanotoxins exposure. Critical Reviews in Toxicology 38: 97-125.

Feniova, I., Dawidowicz, P., Gladyshev, M.I., Kostrezewska-Szlakowska, I., Rzepecki, M., Razlutskij, V., Sushchik, N.N., Majsak, N. & Dzialowski, A.R. 2015. Experimental effects of large-bodied Daphnia, fish and zebra mussels on cladoceran community and size structure. Journal of Plankton Research 0(0): 1-15.

Fernando, C.H. 1994. Zooplankton, fish and fisheries in tropical freshwater. Hydrobiologia 272: 105-123.

Ferrão-Filho, A.S., Azevedo, S.M.F.O. & DeMott, W.R. 2000. Effects of toxic and non-toxic cyanobacteria on the life history of tropical and temperate cladocerans. Freshwater Biology 45:1-19.

Feuchtmayr, H., Moran, R., Hatton, K., Connor, L., Heyes, T., Moss, B., Harvey, I. & Atkinson, D. 2009. Global warming and eutrophication: effects on water chemistry and autotrophic communities in experimental hypertrophic shallow lake mesocosms. Journal of Applied Ecology 46:713-723.

Figueredo, C.C., Giani, A. & Bird, D.F. 2007. Does allelopathy contribute to Cylindrospermpsis raciborskii (Cyanobacteria) bloom occurrence and geographic expansion? Journal of Phycology 43: 256-265.

Figueredo, C.C. & Giani, A. 2009. Phytoplankton community in the tropical lake of Lagoa Santa (Brazil): Conditions favoring a persistent bloom of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii. Limnologica 39: 264-272.

Fisher, T.R., Gustafson, A.B., Sellner, K., Lacouture, R., Haas, L.W., Wetzel, R.L., Magnien, R., Everitt, D., Michaels, B. & Karrh, R. 1999. Spatial and temporal variation of resource limitation in Chesapeake Bay. Marine Biology 133:763-778.

Foster, P. 2001. The potential negative impacts of global climate change on tropical montane cloud forests. Earth-Science Reviews 55: 73-106.

Gasith, A. & Hoyer, M.V. 1998. Structuring role of macrophytes in lakes: Changing influence along lake size and depth gradients. Ecological Studies: Analysis and Synsthesis 13: 381-392.

Gliwicz, M.Z. 1986. Predation and the evolution of vertical migration in zooplankton. Nature 320:746-748.

Gliwicz, M.Z. 1990. Why do cladocerans fail to control algal blooms? Hydrobiologia 200/201: 83-97.

Grafton, R.Q., Kompas, T. & Hilborn, R.W. 2007. Economics of Overexploitation Revisited. Science 318: 1601.

Gulati, R.D. & Van Donk, E. 2002. Lakes in the Netherlands, their origin, eutrophication, restoration. Hydrobiologia 478: 73-106.

Gulati, R.D., Lammens, E.H.R.R., Meijer, M.L. & van Donk, E. 1990. Biomanipulation – Tool for Water Management. Reprinted from Hydrobiologia 200/201, p612.

Gunkel, G. & Beulker, C. 2009. Limnology of the crater lake Cuicocha, Ecuador, a cold water tropical lake. Internatial Review of Hydrobiology 94:103-125.

Gunkel, G., Beulker, C. & Viteri, E. 2008. Hazards of volcanic lakes: analysis of Lakes Quilotoa and Cuicocha, Ecuador. Advances in Geosciences 14:29-33.

Gunkel, G. & Casallas, J. 2002. Limnology of an equatorial high mountain lake Lago San Pablo, Ecuador: The significance of deep diurnal mixing for lake productivity. Limnologica 32:33-43.

Gunkel, G. 2000. Limnology of an Equatorial high mountain lake in Ecuador, Lago San Pablo. Limnologica 30:113-120.

Gragnani, A., Scheffer, M. and Rinaldi, S. 1999. Top-down control of Cyanobacteria: a theoretical analysis. The American naturalist 153(1): 59-72.

Gross, E.M., Erhard, D. & Iványi, E. 2003. Allelopathic activity of Ceratophyllum demersum L. and Najas marina ssp. Intermedia (Wolfgang) Casper. Hydrobiologia 506/509: 583-589.

Häder, D.P., Kumar, H.D., Smith, R.C. & Worrest, R.C. 1998. Effects on aquatic ecosystems. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology Biology 46: 53-68.

Hall, S.R., Smith, V.H., Lytle, D.A. & Leibold, M.A. 2005. Constraints on primary producer N:P stoichiometry along N:P supply ratio gradients. Ecology 86(7):1894-1904

Hairston, N.G., Holtmeier, C.L., Lampert, W., Weider, L.J., Post, D.M., Fischer, J.M., Cáceres, C.E., Fox, J.A. & Gaedke, U. Natural selection for grazer resistance to toxic cyanobacteria: Evolution of phenotypic plasticity? Evolution 55(1):2203-2214.

Hansson, L.A., Gustafsson, S., Rengefors, K. & Bomark, L. 2007a. Cyanobacterial chemical warfare affects zooplankton community composition. Freshwater Biology 52: 1290-1301.

Hansson, L.A., Nicolle, A., Brodersen, J., Romare, P., Nilsson, P.A. & Brönmark, C. 2007b. Consequences of fish predation, migration, and juvenile ontogeny on zooplankton spring dynamics. Limnology and Oceanography 52(2):696-706.

Havens, K.E., Sharfstein, B., Brady, M.A., East, T.L., Harwell, M.C., Maki, R.P. & Rodusky, A.J. 2004. Recovery of submerged plants from high water stress in a large subtropical lake in Florida, USA. Aquatic Botany 78: 67-82.

Herrmann, 2002. Management conflicts in the Ambato river watershed, Tungurahua Province, Ecuador. Mountain Research and Development 22(4): 338-340.

Hilt, S., Gross, E.M., Hupfer, M., Morscheid, H., Mählmann, J., Melzer, A., Poltz, J., Sandrock, S., Scharf, E-M. Schneider, S. & van der Weyer, K. 2006. Limnologica 36:155-171.

Holland, D., Roberts, S. & Beardall, J. 2004. Assessment of the nutrient status of phytoplankton: a comparison between conventional bioassays and nutrient-induced fluorescence transients (NIFTs). Ecological Indicators 4:149-159.

Hubble, D.S. & Harper, D.M. 2000. Top-down biological controls on tropical lake productivity. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management 5:187-194.

Huszar, V.L.M., Caraco, N.F., Roland, F. & Cole, J. 2006. Nutrient-chlorophyll relationships in tropical-subtropical lakes: do temperate models fit? Biogeochemistry 79:239-250.

Isvánovics, V., Shafik, H.M., Présing, M. & Juhos, S.V. 2000. Growth and phosphate uptake kinetics of the cyanobacterium, Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Cyanophyceae) in throughflow cultures. Freshwater Biology 43: 257-275.

Jeppesen, E., Jensen, J.P., Søndergaard, M. & Lauridsen, T. 1997a. Top-down control in freshwater lakes: the role of nutrient state, submerged macrophytes and water depth. Hydrobiologia 342/343: 151-164.

Jeppesen, E., Søndergaard, M. & Christofferson, K. 1997b. The structuring role of submerged macrophytes in lakes, Springer. p427.

Jeppesen, E., Søndergaard, M., Kronvang, B., Jensen, J.P., Svenden, L.M. & Lauridsen, T.L. 1999. Lake and catchment management in Denmark. Hydrobiologia 395/396: 419-432.

Jeppesen, E., Jensen, J.P., Søndergaard, M., Lauridsen, T., & Landkildehuis, F. 2000. Trophic structure, species richness and biodiversity in Danish lakes: changes along a phosphorus gradient. Freshwater Biology 45:201-218.

Jeppesen, E. 2003. Climatic warming and regime shifts in lake food webs – some comments.  Limnology and Oceanography 48(3): 1346–1349

Jeppesen, E., Søndergaard, M., Mazzeo, N., Meerhoff, M., Branco, C., Huszar, V. & Scasso, F. 2005. Lake restoration and biomanipulation in temperate lakes: relevance for subtropical and tropical lakes. Restoration and Management of Tropical Eutrophic lakes: 341-359.

Jeppesen, E., Meerhoff, M., Jacobsen, B.A., Hansen, R.S., Søndergaard, M., Jensen, J.P., Lauridsen, T.L., Mazzeo, N. & Branco, C.W.C. 2007. Restoration of shallow lakes by nutrient control and biomanipulation – the successful strategy varies with lake size and climate. Hydrobiologia 581: 269-285.

Jeppesen, E., Moss, B., Bennion, H., Carvalho, L., DeMeester, L., Feuchtmayr, H., Friberg, N., Gessner, M.O., Hefting, M., Lauridsen, T.L., Liboriussen, L., Malmquist, H.J., May, L., Meerhoff, M., Olafsson, J.S., Soons, M.B. & Verhoeven, J.T.A. 2010. Interaction of climate change and eutrophication. Climate Change Impacts on Freshwater Ecosystems. p119 – 151.

Jeppesen, E., Kronvang, B., Olesen, J.E., Audet, J., Søndergaard, M., Hoffmann, C.C., Andersen, H.E., Lauridsen, T.L., Liboriussen, L., Larsen, S.E., Beklioglu, M., Meerhoff, M., Özen, A. & Özkan, K. 2011. Climate change effects on nitrogen loading from cultivated catchments in Europe: implications for nitrogen retention, ecological state of lakes and adaptation. Hydrobiologia 663: 1-21.

Josse, C., F. Cuesta, G. Navarro, V. Barrena, E. Cabrera, E. Chacón-Moreno, W. Ferreira, M. Peralvo, J. Saito and A. Tovar. 2009. Ecosistemas de los Andes del norte y centro. Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Perú y Venezuela. Lima: Secretaría General de la Comunidad Andina, Programa Regional ECOBONA-Intercooperation, CONDESANProyecto Páramo Andino, Programa BioAndes, EcoCiencia, NatureServe, IAvH, LTAUNALM, ICAE-ULA, CDC-UNALM, and RUMBOL SRL.

Jöhnk, K.D, Huisman, J., Sharples, J., Sommeijer, B., Visser, P.M. & Stroom, J.M. 2008. Summer heatwaves promote blooms of harmful cyanobacteria. Global Change Biology 14: 495-512.

Karl, D.M. 1999. A sea of change: Biogeochemical variability in the North Pacific Subtropical Gyre. Ecosystems 2:181-214.

Kehoe, M., O’Brien, K.R., Grinham, A. & Burford, M.A. 2015. Primary production of lake phytoplankton, dominated by the cyanobacterium Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii, in response to irradiance and temperature. Inland Waters 5: 93-100.

Kiersch, B., Mühleck, R. & Gunkel, G. 2004. Las macrófitas de algunos lagos alto-andinos del Ecuador y su bajo potential como bioindicatores de eutrofización. Revista de Biología Tropical 52(4)

Kirstensen, P., Søndergaard, M. & Jeppesen, E. 1992. Resuspension in a shallow eutrophic lake. Hydrobiologia 228: 101-109.

Klausmeier, C.A., Litchman, E., Daufresne, T. & Levin, S.A. 2004. Optimal nitrogen-to-phosphorus stoichiometry of phytoplankton. Nature 429: 171-174.

Köhler, J., Schmitt, M., Krumbeck, H., Kapfer, M., Litchman, E. and Neale, P.J. 2001. Effects of UV on carbon assimilation of phytoplankton in a mixed water column. Aquatic Sciences 63: 294-309.

Köhler, J., Hilt, S., Adrian, R., Nicklisch, A., Kozerski, P. & Walz, N. 2005. Long-term response of a shallow, moderately flushed lake to reduced external phosphorus and nitrogen loading. Freshwater Biology 20: 1639-1650.

Komárek, J. & J. Komárková, 2003. CyanoDB.cz – On–line database of cyanobacterial genera. Phenotype diversity of the cyanoprokaryotic genus Cylindrospermopsis (Nostocales); review 2002. Czech Phycology 3: 1–30

Kosten, S., Huszar, V.L.M., Bécares, E., Costa, L.S., van Donk, E., Hansson, L.A., Jeppesen, E., Kruk, C., Lacerot, G., Mazzeo, N., De Meester, L., Moss, B., Lürling, M., Nöges, T., Romo, S.A. & Scheffer, M. 2012a. Warmer climates boost cyanobacterial dominance in shallow lakes. Global Change Biology 18: 118-126.

Kosten, S., Vernooij, M., Van Nes, E.H., Sagrario, M.D.L., Clevers, J.G.P.W. & Scheffer, M. 2012b. Bimodal transparency as an indicator for alternative states in South American lakes. Freshwater Biology 57:1191-1201.

Krom, M.D., Kress, N., Brenner, S. & Gordon, L.I. 1991. Phosphorus limitation of primary productivity in the eastern Mediterranean Sea. Limnology & Oceanography 36(3): 424-432.

Lacerot, G., Kruk, C., Lürling, M. & Scheffer, M. 2013. The role of subtropical zooplankton as grazers of phytoplankton under different predation levels. Freshwater Biology 58: 494-503.

Lammens, E.H.R.R. & Hoogenboezem, W. 1991. Diets and feeding behaviour. Cyprinid fishes:systematics, biology and exploitation. Chapman and Hall, pp. 353–376.

Lauridsen, T.L., Pedersen, L.J., Jeppesen, E. & Søndergaar, M. 1996. The importance of macrophyte bed size for cladoceran composition and horizontal migration in a shallow lake. Journal of Plankton Research 18(12): 2283-2294.

Lauridsen, T.L. & Lodge, D.M. 1996. Avoidance by Daphnia magna of fish and macrophytes: Chemical cues and predator-mediated use of macrophyte habitat. Limnology and Oceanography 41(4): 794-798.

Lauridsen, T.L., Jeppesen, E., Mitchell, S.F., Lodge, D.M. & Burks, R.L. 1999. Diel variation in horizontal distribution of Daphnia and CerioDaphnia in oligotrophic and mesotrophic lakes with constrasting fish densities. Hydrobiologia 408/409: 241-250.

Landsberg, J.H. 2010. The effects of harmful algal blooms on aquatic organisms. Reviews in Fisheries Science 10(2): 113-390.

Lazzaro, X. 1987. A review of planktivorous fishes: Their evolution, feeding behaviours, selectivities, and impacts. Hydrobiologia 146:97-167.

Lean, D.R.S. & Pick, F.R. 1981. Photosynthetic response of lake plankton to nutrient enrichment: A test for nutrient limitation. Limnology and Oceanography 26(6):1001-1019.

Leech, D.M. & Williamson, C.E. 2000. Is tolerance to UV radiation in zooplankton related to body size, taxon or lake transparency? Ecological society of America 10(5):1530-1540.

Lemmens, P. 2014. Fish and the management of shallow lakes, Doctoral Dissertation, p200.

Lemoalle, J. 1981. Photosynthetic production and phytoplankton in the euphotic zone of some African and temperate lakes. International Review of Hydrobiology 14(1):31-37.

Lewis, W.M. 1996. Tropical lakes: How latitude makes a difference. Perspectives in Tropical Limnology: 43-64.

Lewis, W.M. 2000. Basis for the protection and management of tropical lakes. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management 5:35-48.

Lewis, W.M. 2002. Causes for the high frequency of nitrogen limitation in tropical lakes. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie 28: 210-213.

Lewis, W.M. & Levine, S.N. 1984. The light response of nitrogen fixation in Lake Valencia, Venezuela. Limnology and Oceanography 29(4): 894-900.

Li, E-H., Li, W., Wang, X-L., Xue, H-P. and Xiao, F. 2010. Experiment of emergent macrophytes growing in contaminated sludge: impact for sediment purification and lake restoration. Ecological Engineering 36: 427-434.

Loverde-Oliviera, S.M., Huszar, V.L.M., Mazzeo, N. & Scheffer, M. 2009. Hydrology-Driven Regime Shifts in a Shallow Tropical Lake. Ecosystems 12: 807-819.

Lundberg, G., Kottelat, M., Smith, G.R., Stiassny, M.L.J. & Gill, A.C. 2000. So many fishes, so little time: an overview of recent ichthyological discovery in continental waters. Annals of the Missouri Botanical Gardens 87: 26-62.

Mahowald, N., Jickells, T.D., Baker, A.R., Artaxo, P., Benitez-Nelson, C.R., Bergametti, G., Bond, T.C., Chen, Y., Cohen, D.D., Herut, B., Kubilay, N., Losno, R., Luo, C., Maenhaut, W., McGee, K.A., Okin, G.S., Siefert, R.L. & Tsukuda, S. 2008. Global distribution of atmospheric phosphorus sources, concentrations and deposition rates, and anthropogenic impacts. Global Biogeochemical Cycles 22: 1-19.

Mandonx, T. 2014. Trophic status and phytoplankton ecology of two lakes in northern Ecuador: Yahuarcocha & Mojanda. Dissertation, 86p.

Maridueña, A. Chalén, N., Coello, D., Cajas, J., Elías, E., Solís-Coello, P. and Aguilar, F. 2011. Mortandad de peces en la laguna de Yahuarcocha, Cantón Ibarra, Provincia de Imbabura. Bolitín Especial 02(1): 1-128.

McConnell W.J., Sweeney S.P. & Mulley B., 2004. Physical and social access to land: spatio- temporal patterns of agricultural expansion in Madagascar. Agriculture Ecosystems & En- vironment 101: 171-184.

McGregor, G.B. & Fabbro, L.D. 2000. Dominance of Cylindrospermopsis raciborksii (Nostocales, Cyanoprokaryota) in Queensland tropical and subtropical reservoirs: Implications for monitoring and management. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and Management 5: 195-205.

McKinnon, J.S. & Taylor, E.B. 2012. Species chocked and blended. Nature 482: 313-314.

Meerhoff, M., Mazzeo, N., Moss, B. & Rodríguez-Gallego, L. 2003. The structuring role of free-floating versus submerged plants in a subtropical shallow lake. Aquatic Ecology 37: 377-391.

Meerhoff, M., Fosalba, C., Bruzzone, C., Mazzeo, N., Noordoven, W. & Jeppesen, E. 2006. An experimental study of habitat choice by Daphnia: Plants singal danger more than refuge in subtropical lakes. Freshwater Biology 51: 1320-1330.

Meerhoff, M. 2006. The structuring role of macrophytes on trophic dynamics in shallow lakes under a climate-warming scenario. p158.

Meerhoff, M., Iglesias, C., Teiceira De Mello, F., Clemente, J.M., Jensen, E., Lauridsen, T.L. & Jeppesen, E. 2007a. Effects of habitat complexity on community structure and predator avoidance behaviour of littoral zooplankton in temperate versus subtropical shallow lakes. Freshwater Biology 52: 1009-1021.

Meerhoff, M., Clemente, J.M., Teixeira-de-Mello, F., Iglesias, C., Pedersen, A.R. & Jeppesen, E. 2007b. Can warm climate-related structure of littoral predator assemblies weaken the clear water state in shallow lakes? Global Change Biology 13:1888-1897.

Meschiatti, A.J., Arcifa, M.S. & Fenerich-Verani, N. 2000. Fish communities associated with macrophytes in Brazilian foodplain lakes. Environmental Biology of Fishes 58:133-143.

Meijer, M.L., Jeppesen, E., van Donk, E., Moss, B., Scheffer, M., Lammens, E., van Nes, E., van Berkum, J.A., de Jong, G.J., Faafeng, B.A. & Jensen, J.P. 1994. Long-term responses to fish-stock reduction in small shallow lakes: interpretation of five-year results of four biomanipulation cases in The Netherlands and Denmark. Hydrobiologia 275/276: 457-466.

Meijer, M.L., De Haan, M.W., Breukelaar, A.W. & Buiteveld, H. 1990. Is reduction of the benthivorous fish an important cause of high transparency following biomanipulation in shallow lakes? Hydrobiologia 200/201: 303-315.

Melack, J.M. 1979. Temporal variability of phytoplankton in tropical lakes. Oecologia 44:1-7.

Messerli, B. 2004. Mountains of the world – Water towers for the 21st century. Ambio: 29-34.

Netten, J.J.C., Arts, G.H.P., Gylstra, R., Van Nes, E.H., Scheffer, M. & Roijackers, R.M.M. 2010. Effect of temperature and nutrients on the competition between free-floating Salvinia natans and submerged Elodea nuttallii in mesocosms. Fundamental and Applied Limnology 177(2): 125-132.

Miller, S.A. & Crowl, T.A. 2006. Effects of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) on macrophytes and invertebrate communities in a shallow lake. Freshwater Biology 51:85-94.

Ministerio del Ambiente. 2014. Protege Ecuador, La responsabilidad es de todos. http://www.ambiente.gob.ec/

Moss, B. 2007. The art and science of lake restoration. Hydrobiologia 581:15-24.

Moss, B., Kosten, S., Meerhoff, M., Battarbee, R.W., Jeppesen, E., Mazzeo, N., Havens, K., Lacerot, G., Liu, Z., De Meester, L., Paerl, H. & Scheffer, M. 2011. Allied attack: climate change and eutrophication. Inland Waters 1: 101-105.

Mühlhauser, H.A., Hrepic, N., Mladinic, P. Montecino, V. & Cabrera, S. 1995. Water quality and limnological features of a high altitude Andean lake, Chungará, in northern Chile. Revista Chilena de Historia Natural 68:341-349.

North, R.L., Winter, J.G. & Dillon, P.J. 2013. Nutrient indicators of agricultural impacts in the tributaries of a large lake. Inland waters 3:221-234.

Northcote, T.G., Arcifa, M.S. & Munro, K.A. 1990. An experimental study of the effects of fish zooplanktivory on the phytoplankton of a Brazilian reservoir. Hydrobiologia 194:31-45.

NRA. 1990. Toxic bue-green algae. Water Quality Series No. 2. London: National Rivers Authority.

Olvera-Ramírez, R., Centeno-Ramos, C. and Martínez-Jerónimo, F. 2010. Toxic effects of Pseudanabaena tenuis (Cyanobacteria) on the cladocerans Daphnia magna and CerioDaphnia dubia. Hidrobiológica 20(3): 203-212.

Padisák, J. 1997. Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii (Woloszynska) Seenayya et Subba Raju, an expanding, highly adaptive cyanobacterium: worldwide distribution and review of its ecology. Archiv für Hydrobiologie Supplement 107(4): 563-593.

Padisák, J. & Reynolds, C. S. 2003. Shallow lakes: the absolute, the relative, the functional and the pragmatic. Hydrobiologia 506-509: 1-11.

Paerl, H.W. & Huisman, J. .2008. Blooms like it hot. Science 320: 57.

Paerl, H.W. & Huisman, J. 2009. Climate change: a catalyst for global expansion of harmful cyanobacterial blooms. Environmental Microbiology Reports 1(1): 27-37.

Panosso, R. and Lürling, M. 2010. Daphnia magna feeding on Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii: the role of food composition, filament length and body size. Journal of Plankton Research 32(10): 1393-1404.

Peñuelas, J., Sardans, J., Rivas-Ubach, A. & Janssens, I.A. 2012. The human-induced imbalance between C,N and P in Earth’s life system. Global Change Biology 18:3-6.

Peñuelas, J., Poulter, B., Sardans, J., Ciais, P., van der Velde, M., Bopp, L., Boucher, O., Godderis, Y., Hinsinger, P., Llusia, J., Nardin, E., Vicca, S., Obersteiner, M. & Janssens, I.A. 2013. Human-induced nitrogen-phosphorus imbalances alter natural and managed ecosystems across the globe. Nature 4: 1-10.

Peterson, G.D., Beard JR. T.D., Beisner, B.E., Bennett, E.M., Carpenter, S.R., Cumming, G.S., Dent, C.L. & Havlicek, T.D. 2003. Assessing future ecosystem services: a case study of the Northern Highlands Lake District, Wisconsin. Conservation Ecology 7(3): 1.

Persson, L. & Eklöv, P. 1995. Prey refuges affecting interactions between piscivorous perch and juvenile perch and roach. Ecology 76(1): 70-81.

Pitois, S., Jackson M.H. & Wood, B.J.B. 2010. Problems associated with the presence of cyanobacteria in recreational and drinking waters. International journal of environmental health research 10: 203-218.

Pieczynska, E. 1993. Detritus and nutrient dynamics in the shore zone of lakes: a review. Hydrobiologia 251: 49-58.

Poikane, S., Portielje, R., van den Berg, M., Phillips, G., Brucet, S., Carvalho, L., Mischke, U., Ott, I., Soszka, H. & Van Wichelen, J. 2014. Defining ecologically relevant water quality targets for lakes in Europe. Journal of Applied Ecology 51:592-602.

Potthoff, A.J., Herwig, B.R., Hanson, M.A., Zimmer, K.D., Butler, M.G., Reed, J.R., Parsons, B.G. & Ward, M.C. 2008. Cascading food-web effects of piscivore introductions in shallow lakes. Journal of Applied Ecology 45:1170-1179.

Queimaliños, C.P., Modenutti, B.E. & Balseiro, E.G. 1998. Phytoplankton responses to experimental enhancement of grazing pressure and nutrient recycling in a small Andean lake. Freshwater Biology 40:41-49.

Quirós, R. 1998. Fish effects on trophic relationships in the pelagic zone of lakes. Hydrobiologia 361:101-111.

Rao, W., Ning, J., Zhong, P., Jeppesen, E. and Liu, Z. Size-dependent feeding of omnivorous Nile tilapia in a macrophytes-dominated lake: implications for lake management. Hydrobiologia 749: 125-134.

Reddy, M.V. 2005. Restoration and Management of Tropical Eutrophic Lakes. Science Publishers, Inc., USA. p31.

Reynolds C.S. 2006. The Ecology of Phytoplankton. Cambridge University Press, New York 552p.

Reynolds, C. 2010. Toxic blue-green algae: the problem in perspective. Freshwater Forum 1(1): 29-38.

Romare, P. & Hansson, L.A. 2003. A behavioral cascade: Top-predator induced behavioral shifts in planktivorous fish and zooplankton. Limnology and Oceaography 48(5): 1956 – 1964.

Rondel, C., Arfi, R., Corbin, D. Le Bihan, F., Ndour, E.H. & Lazzaro, A. 2008. A cyanobacterial bloom prevents fish trophic cascades. Freshwater Biology 53(4): 637-651.

Roozen, F.C.J.M., Lürling, M., Vlek, H., Van Der Pouw Kraan, E.A.J., Ibelings, B.W. & Scheffer, M. 2007. Resuspension of algal cells by benthivorous fish boosts phytoplankton biomassa and alters community structure in shallow lakes. Freshwater Biology 52:977-987.

 

 

Rowe, D.K. 2007. Exotic fish introductions and the decline of water clarity in small North Island, New Zealand lakes: a multi-species problem. Hydrobiologia 583: 345- 358.

Sachse, R., Petzoldt, T., Blumstock, M., Moreira, S., Pätzig, M., Rücker, J., Janse, J.H., Mooij, W.M. & Hilt, S. 2014. Extending one-dimensional models for deep lakes to stimulate the impact of submerged macrophytes on water quality. Environmental Modelling & Software 61: 410-423.

Saha, S. & Jana, B.B. 1998. Control of bloom in a tropical lake: grazing efficiency of some herbivorous fishes. Journal of Fish Biology 53: 12-24.

Sala, O.E., Chapin, F.S., Armesto, J.J., Berlow, E., Bloomfield, J., Dirzo, R., Huber-Sanwald, E., Huenneke, L.F., Jackson, R.B., Kinzig, A., Leemans, R., Lodge, D.M., Mooney, H.A., Oesterheld, M., Poff, N.L., Sykes, M.T., Walker, B.H., Walker, M. & Wall, D.H. 2000. Global biodiversity scenarios for the year 2100. Science 287: 1770-1774.

Sarnelle, O., Cooper, S.D., Wiseman, S. & Mavuti, K.M. 1998. The relationship between nutrients and trophic-level biomass in turbid tropical ponds. Freshwater Biology 40: 65-75.

Scasso, F., Mazzeo, N., Gorga, J., Kruk, C., Lacerot, G., Clemente, J., Fabián, D. & Bonilla, S. 2001. Limnological changes in a sub-tropical shallow hypertrophic lake during its restoration: two years of a whole-lake experiment. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 11: 31-44.

Schallenberg, M. & Burns, C.W. 2004. Effects of sediment resuspension on phytoplankton production: teasing apart the influences of light, nutrients and algal entrainment. Freshwater Biology 49: 143-159.

Scheffer, M. 2001. Alternative attractors of shallow lakes. The scientific world 1: 254-263.

Scheffer, M. 2004. Ecology of shallow lakes. Chapman and Hall, London, 377p.

Scheffer, M. & Carpenter, S.R. 2003. Catastrophic regime shifts in ecosystems: linking theory to observation. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18(12):648-656.

Scheffer, M., Hosper S. H., Meijer M.L., Moss B. & Jeppesen E. 1993. Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology & Evolution 8: 275–279.

Scheffer, M., Rinaldi, S, Gragnani, A., Mur, R.L. and Van Nes, E.H. 1997. On the dominance of filamentous cyanobacteria in shallow, turbid lakes. Ecology 78(1): 272-282.

Scheffer, M., Carpenter, S., Foley, J.A., Folke, C. & Walker, B. 2001. Catastrophic shifts in ecosystems. Nature 413: 591-596.

Scheffer, M., Portielje, R. & Zambrano, L. 2003. Fish facilitate wave resuspension of sediment. Limnology & Oceanography 48(5): 1920-1926.

Schindler, D.W. 1977. Evolution of Phosphorus Limitation in Lakes. Science 195:260- 262.

Schriver, P., Bøgestrand, J., Jeppesen, E. & Søndergaard, M. 1995. Impact of submerged macrophytes on fish-zooplankton-phytoplankton interactions: large-scale enclosure experiments in a shallow eutrophic lake. Freshwater Biology 33: 255-270.

Sinha, R., Pearson, L.A., Davis, T.W., Burford, M.A., Orr, P.T. & Neilan, B.A. 2012. Increased incidence of Cylindrospermopsis raciborskii in temperate zones – Is climate change responsible? Water Research 46: 1408-1419.

Smith, V.H. 2003. Eutrophication of freshwater and coastal marine ecosystems. Environmental Science & Pollution Research 10 (2): 126-139.

Smith, V.H. & Schindler, D.W. 2009. Eutrophication science: where do we go from here? Trends in Ecology and Evolution 24(4): 201-207.

Søndergaard, M., Jeppesen, E., Jensen, J.P. & Lauridsen, T. 2000. Lake restoration in Denmark. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research and management 5: 151- 159.

Søndergaard, M., Jensen, J.P. & Jeppesen, E. 2003. Role of sediment and internal loading of phosphorus in shallow lakes. Hydrobiologia 506-509: 135-145.

Sperling, E.V. 1997. The process of biomass formation as the key point in the restoration of tropical eutrophic lakes. Hydrobiologia 342/343: 351-354.

Stansfield, J.H., Perrow, M.R., Tench, L.D., Jowitt, A.J.D & Taylor, A.A.L. 1997. Submerged marcrophytes as refuge for grazing Cladocera against fish predation: observations on seasonal changes in relation to macrophyte cover and predation pressure. Hydrobiologia 342/343:229-240.

Steinitz-Kannan, M. 1997. The lakes in Andean protected areas of Ecuador. The George Wright Forum 14(3):33-43.

Steinitz-Kannan, M., Colinvaux, P.A. & Kannan, R. 1983. Limnological studies in Ecuador: A survey of chemica land physical properties of Ecuadorian Lakes. Archiv für Hydrobiologie Supplement 65(1): 61-105.

Strayer, D.L. & Dudgeon, D. 2010. Freshwater biodiversity conservation: recent progress and future challenges. Journal of the North American Benthological Society  29(1): 344-358.

St. Pierre, J.I. & Kovalenko, K.E. 2014. Effect of habitat complexity attributes on species richness. Ecosphere 5(2): 1-10.

Sunaga, T. & Verani, J. 1991. The fish communities of the lakes in Rio Doce Valley, Northeast Brazil. Verhandlungen des Internationalen Verein Limnologie 24:2563-2566.

Teixeira de Mello, F., Meerhoff, M., Pekcan-Hekim, Z. & Jeppesen, E. 2009. Substantial differences in littoral fish community structure and dynamics in subtropical and temperate shallow lakes. Freshwater Biology 54: 1202-1215.

Toerien, D.F. & Cavari, B. 1982. Effect of temperature on heterotrophic glucose uptake, mineralization and turnover rates in lake sediments. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 43(1):1-5.

Townsend, A.R., Howarth, R.W., Bazzaz, F.A., Booth, M.S., Cleveland, C.C., Collinge, S.K., Dobson, A.P., Epstein, P.R., Holland, E.A., Keeney, D.R., Mallin, M.A., Roger, C.A., Wayne, P. & Wolfe, A.H. 2003. Human health effects of changing N cycle. Frontiers in Ecology and the Environment 1(5): 240-246.

Thompson, L.G., Mosley-Thompson, E., & Henderson, K.A. 2000. Ice-core palaeoclimate records in tropical South America since the last glacial maximum. Journal of Quaternary Science 15 (4): 377-394.

Trijillo, C. A., Cruz Góngora, F. E., and Flores Valencia, D. B. 2011. Estudio del potencial ecoturistico e Historico-Cultural de la Laguna de Yahuarcocha, Canton Ibarra, Provincia de Imbabura. Dissertation, p141.

Urrutia-Cordero, P., Ekvall, M.K. & Hansson, L-A. 2015. Responses of cyanobacteria to herbivorous zooplankton across predator regimes: who mows the bloom? Freshwater Biology 60: 960-972.

Van Donk, E. & van de Bund, W.J. 2002. Impact of submerged macrophytes including charophytes on phyto- and zooplankton communities: allelopathy versus other mechanisms. Aquatic Botany 72: 261-274.

Van Liere, L. & Gulati, R.D. 1992. Restoration and Recovery of Shallow Eutrophic Lake Ecosystems in The Netherlands. Reprinted from Hydrobiologia 233, p293.

Van der Molen, D.T. & Boers, P.C.M. 1994. Influence of internal loading on phosphorus concentration in shallow lakes before and after reduction of the external loading. Hydrobiologia 275/276:379-389.

Vitrousek, P.M. & Howarth, R.W. 1991. Nitrogen limitation on land and in the sea: How can it occur? Biogeochemistry 13:87-115.

Vuille, M., Francou, B., Wagnon, P., Juen, I., Kaser, G., Mark, B.G. & Bradley, R.S. 2008. Climate change and tropical Andean glaciers: Past, present and future. Earth-Science Reviews 89: 79-95.

Welch, E.B. & Lindell, T. 1992. Ecological effects of wastewater: applied limnology and pollution effects. E & FN Spon, London, New York, p425.

Wetzel, R.G. 2001. Limnology: Lake and river ecosystems, Third Edition. Academic Press, 1006p.

Wium-Andersen, S., Anthoni, U., Christophersen, C. & Houen, G. 1982. Allelopathic effects on phytoplankton by substances isolated from aquatic macrophytes (Charales). OIKOS 39: 187-190.

Worldbank. 2009. Ecuador: Country note on climate change aspects in agriculture. 11p.

Zambrano, L., Scheffer, M. & Martinez-Ramos, M. 2001. Catastrophic response of lakes to benthivorous fish introduction. OIKOS 94:344-350.

Zapata-Anzola, A.M. Rivera-Rondón, C.A. & Donato-Rondón, J.C. 2006. Dynamics of photosynthetic pigments in an Andean lake in Colombia. Lakes & Reservoirs: Research & Management 11(1): 29-38.

Zhang, X., Xie, P., Chen, F., Li, S. & Qin, J. Driving forces shaping phytoplankton assemblages in two subtropical plateau lakes with contrasting trophic status. Freshwater Biology 52:1463-1475.

Download scriptie (1.87 MB)
Universiteit of Hogeschool
KU Leuven
Thesis jaar
2015