LGBTIQ-rights are human rights: Een toetsing van de Russische antipropagandawetgeving aan het Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens

Justine De Kerf
Persbericht

LGBTIQ-rights are human rights: Een toetsing van de Russische antipropagandawetgeving aan het Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens

 

Op 29 juni 2013 zette de Russische president Poetin zijn beslissende handtekening onder een nieuwe federale wet waardoor het verboden werd om in het bijzijn van minderjarigen “niet-traditionele relaties” te propageren. Kinderen zouden zowaar het idee kunnen krijgen dat dergelijke relaties sociaal gelijkwaardig zijn aan traditionele relaties. De nieuwe Russische wetgeving kreeg van de internationale media al snel de naam “antihomowet” of “antipropagandawet”. Het was duidelijk dat men zich niet liet misleiden door de bewoording van de wet: “niet-traditioneel” is een catch-all bepaling die iedereen omsluit die buiten de lijnen kleurt van het dominante binaire gendermodel en het heteronormatieve maatschappijbeeld.

De hele LGBT-gemeenschap wordt hierdoor geviseerd. Het is nu van Moskou tot Vladivostok bij  wet verboden om zich positief uit te laten over lesbiennes, gays, biseksuelen of transgenders in het bijzijn van kinderen. Niet alleen LGBT-activisten worden zo belemmerd in het voeren van acties, ook leerkrachten die jongeren informatie verschaffen over “niet-traditionele” relaties lopen het risico ontslagen en gearresteerd te worden. De broodnodige ontwikkeling van LGBT-rechten in Rusland wordt afgeremd terwijl het homo- en transfoob geweld alsmaar toeneemt.  De Russische overheid onderschrijft met het enkele bestaan van deze wetgeving de discriminatie op basis van seksuele oriëntatie en genderidentiteit  en legitimeert sociale uitsluiting en stigmatisering van LGBT’s.

De Verenigde Naties en verschillende NGO’s waaronder ILGA en Amnesty International veroordeelden de wet en stelden zich vragen over de waarde die in Rusland  aan geratificeerde mensenrechtenverdragen wordt toegekend. Rusland is sinds 1996 immers een lidstaat van de Raad van Europa en formeel heeft het Europees Verdrag voor de Rechten van de Mens (EVRM) directe werking. Het Europees Hof voor de Rechten van de Mens heeft als taak toe te zien op de minimumstandaard van de mensenrechtenbescherming in Europa, waarbij het de lidstaten steeds vrij staat om meer bescherming te bieden.

De antipropagandawetgeving is niets minder dan een wettelijk verankering van de status van LGBT’s als tweederangsburgers en zou anno 2015 geen enkele kans mogen maken om een toetsing door het Hof aan het EVRM te doorstaan. Een gedetailleerde analyse van de relevante rechtspraak van dit Hof wijst echter uit dat de huidige minimumstandaarden niet voldoende zijn. Het erkennen van LGBT rechten onder het Verdrag was en is nog steeds een moeizaam proces. Slechts met mondjesmaat werd het toepassingsgebied van het Verdrag ten aanzien van LGBT’s uitgebreid. De federale antipropagandawet zal naar alle waarschijnlijkheid wel veroordeeld worden als zijnde in strijd met de vrijheid van meningsuiting en vereniging (artikel 10 en 11 van het EVRM). Dit is nochtans niet voldoende. De rechtspraak onder artikel 8 (recht op eerbiediging van privé- familie- en gezinsleven) en artikel 12 (recht te huwen) moet zich ook verder ontwikkelen om volledig inclusief te werken ten aanzien van de LGBT-gemeenschap. Bovendien wijst de toename van verbaal en fysiek geweld jegens LGBT’s op de noodzaak tot uitbreiding van het toepassingsgebied van artikel 3 EVRM, het folterverbod.

Manieren om deze minimumstandaard omhoog te krijgen worden gevonden in enerzijds het verlaten van de theorie van de “margin of appreciation”: kort gesteld verstaat men onder dit begrip de ‘manoeuvreerruimte’ die de lidstaten toebedeeld krijgen in het nakomen van haar verdragsverplichtingen. De tijd is echter gekomen dat het Hof autonoom beslist over de inhoud en draagwijdte van de verdragsrechten. Een geloofwaardig mensenrechtenhof laat zich niet dicteren wie wel en wie geen bescherming verdient. Anderzijds is de huidige manier van toetsing door het Hof aan artikel 14 EVRM (discriminatieverbod) niet voldoende om de structurele ongelijkheid en discriminatie van LGBT’s aan te pakken. Structurele ongelijkheid van LGBT’s wordt veroorzaakt door en manifesteert zich in de vorm van stereotypen, meer bepaald genderstereotypen. Het Hof moet dan ook meer aandacht besteden aan het erkennen, benoemen en bestrijden van deze (gender)stereotypen

Tot op heden blijft het gebruik van de "margin of aprreciation" en de wijze van toetsing aan artikel 14 EVRM ongewijzigd. De onvoorspelbaarheid die hiermee gepaard gaat raakt aan de geloofwaardigheid van het Hof terwijl ze dit in confrontatie met de antipropagandawetgeving zeer hard nodig heeft. Doordat President Poetin erin geslaagd is het LGBT-debat onlosmakelijk te verbinden met de traditionele Russische waarden is het een delicate zaak om zich tegen het Russische beleid af te zetten zonder bij de bevolking de indruk te wekken ingegeven te zijn door russofobie. Geloofwaardigheid in haar engagement om iedereen, ongeacht geaardheid of genderidenteit, de bescherming van het verdrag te bieden is noodzakelijk.

In een mensenrechtendebat is geen plaats voor stereotypering, cultureel relativisme noch manoeuvreerruimte: Gelijkwaardigheid is een concept zonder marge.

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EIUC –Summer School LGBTI Rights 27 juni-6 juli 2013

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Rechten en Notariaat
Publicatiejaar
2015
Kernwoorden
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