Molecular and functional analyses of lectins in gastrointestinal and vaginal Lactobacillus species
LECTINES: HET NIEUWE WAPEN VAN PROBIOTICA
Suikers zijn niet louter de brandstoffen waar wij energie uit halen om te overleven. Elk levend wezen –van bacterie tot zoogdier- gebruikt suikers voor communicatie en interacties. Nu blijkt dat probiotica, goede bacteriën, dit systeem gebruiken om ziekteverwekkende bacteriën en schimmels te slim af te zijn.
Wie is er nu niet geïnteresseerd in suikers, hét basisingrediënt voor alles wat lekker is? Voor een chemicus die suikers als moleculen bestudeert, zijn ze nog interessanter! Suikers vormen namelijk een groep moleculen met een enorme diversiteit. Ook al bestaat er een beperkt aantal enkelvoudige suikers (monosachariden), deze kunnen op oneindig veel manieren aan elkaar geschakeld worden tot lange, vertakte ketens (polysachariden). Levende wezens maken hier handig gebruik van. Hoe weet namelijk het griepvirus dat hij bij onze luchtwegen beland is, zijn doelwit voor infectie? Of hoe weten cellen van ons immuunsysteem dat ze een gevaarlijke bacterie aanvallen? De suikers op de buitenkant van virussen, bacteriën en cellen vormen een code die aangeeft om welke soort het gaat en door andere organismen herkend kan worden. Zo kunnen al onze verschillende lichaamscellen in harmonie samenwerken en worden gevaarlijke indringers herkend.
Lectines ontrafelen de suikercode
Hoe herkennen cellen dan elkaars suikers? Hiervoor dragen cellen eiwitten die heel nauwkeurig verschillende soorten suikers van elkaar kunnen onderscheiden. Deze eiwitten noemen we “lectines” naar het Latijnse “legere”, wat “lezen” betekent. Doordat lectines rechtstreeks kunnen binden aan suikers aanwezig op cellen, bacteriën en virussen, hebben ze allerlei functies. Zo gebruiken ziekteverwekkers zoals Salmonella en Escherichia coli lectines om zich aan de darmwand vast te hechten, een belangrijke eerste stap voor infectie. Een groep waarvan lectines nog heel weinig bestudeerd zijn, zijn goedaardige bacteriën of probiotica.
We zijn nooit alleen: microbiota
Miljarden bacteriën koloniseren ons lichaam op onze huid, in onze luchtwegen, darmen en urogenitaal stelsel. Deze enorme groep ongevaarlijke organismen noemen we de microbiota. Ze zorgen voor de ontwikkeling van ons immuunsysteem, de afbraak van complexe polysachariden en de aanmaak van vitaminen. Omdat deze bacteriën zo belangrijk zijn voor onze gezondheid, kwam het idee om onze microbiota een handje op weg te helpen door het bewust toevoegen van bepaalde bacteriën aan ons dieet. Zo ontstonden “probiotica”, bacteriën die het welzijn bevorderen wanneer ze in gepaste hoeveelheid worden ingenomen.
Probiotica: het grote mysterie
Probiotica kunnen ons immuunsysteem aanwakkeren, onze darmbarrière versterken en direct andere (gevaarlijke) bacteriën tegenhouden. Inmiddels kan je in de winkel veel yoghurtjes vinden met goede bacteriën. Twee wereldwijd veel gebruikte probiotica zijn Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG en Lactobacillus rhamnosus GR-1, afgekort LGG en LGR-1. LGG is een probioticum voor de darm en kan helpen tegen bijvoorbeeld diarree. Anderzijds is LGR-1 een probioticum voor de vagina dat kan helpen bij vaginale infecties. Jammer genoeg zijn weinig van alle goede effecten van probiotica heel duidelijk in mensen aangetoond en werkt het niet bij iedereen. Wetenschappers begrijpen nog niet helemaal hoe probiotica deze effecten uitoefenen. Maar als we echt zouden begrijpen hoe ze werken, kunnen we bepaalde probiotica mogelijk inzetten tegen allerlei nare ziektes.
Lectines van probiotica op de kaart gezet
Kunnen lectines de vragen die we hebben over probiotica oplossen? Bezitten bekende probiotica als LGG en LGR-1 überhaupt lectines? Nu hebben wij ontdekt dat deze beide bacteriën, net zoals in haast alle levende wezens, inderdaad eiwitten hebben die aan suikers kunnen binden! Maar wat doen deze lactobacillen met hun lectines? Ten eerste hebben we gekeken of de lectines van LGG en LGR-1 kunnen binden aan micro-organismen die ook in de darm of vagina leven. Inderdaad, lectines blijken zich onder andere te hechten aan de schimmel Candida albicans, een veel voorkomende veroorzaker van vaginale infecties. Het is dus heel goed mogelijk dat probiotica lectines gebruiken om direct contact te maken met andere micro-organismen. Zo zouden ze bijvoorbeeld kunnen voorkomen dat gevaarlijke bacteriën of schimmels zich vasthechten in de darm of vagina. Voor Candida hebben we al aanwijzingen dat dit het geval is.
Een tweede eigenschap van de lectines van LGG en LGR-1 is nog meer baanbrekend. Veel bacteriën komen in de natuur voor als een meercellige gemeenschap genaamd biofilm. Dit is een slijmerige laag gehecht aan een oppervlak, waarin bacteriën dicht op elkaar leven. Ze ontstaan gemakkelijk op implantaten, katheters, industriële installaties… Het probleem is dat de bacteriën als gemeenschap beter bestand zijn tegen antibiotica, waardoor biofilms moeilijk te verwijderen zijn. Nu is aangetoond dat de lectines van LGG en LGR-1 biofilms voorkomen van zowel Salmonella Typhimurium, als Escherichia coli. Hoe de lectines de biofilms tegenhouden, is nog niet bekend.
De ontdekte lectines van LGG en LGR-1 geven niet alleen nieuwe argumenten in het omstreden debat rond probiotica. Tegelijk vormen ze voor ons een nieuwe strategie die bacteriën gebruiken om met elkaar te wedijveren. Hopelijk kunnen we deze strategie in de toekomst ook zelf gebruiken in de strijd tegen biofilms.
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