Parasympathetic activity in endurance athletes with and without asthma and healthy controls: a cross-sectional study

Dinastry Pramadita
Zakiudin
  • Dinastry Pramadita
    Zakiudin
  • Julie
    Stang
  • Trine
    Stensrud

Zal de training beïnvloeden uw astma?

Astma is een van de meest voorkomende chronische aandoening van de longen. Het onderbreekt je ademhaling door vernauwing van de luchtwegen, zoals wanneer u uw sport doen. Dus zou je liever stoppen om te trainen als je astma hebt? Wacht even. De feiten uit eerdere studies bleek eigenlijk trainen kan helpen uw symptomen als je astma. Het is echter ook interessant dat sommige atleten ervaren astmatische symptomen wanneer ze trainen, terwijl ze niet hadden voordat ze trainen.

Zou het te wijten zijn aan het feit dat ze trainen heel hard? Er kan verschil mechanisme gebeurt zijn. Dat is wat we willen zien in de studie. Een van de voorgestelde mechanisme is er een verandering in het autonome zenuwstelsel, een onvrijwillige systeem dat uw lichaam te reguleren. Er zijn twee soorten van het autonome zenuwstelsel, sympathische en parasympathische zenuwstelsel. Sympathische zenuwstelsel werkt in een stressvolle conditie, het verhogen van uw bloeddruk zuurstof door middel van adrenaline, zodat je klaar om te "vechten of vluchten" zijn. Parasympathicus heeft het tegenovergestelde. Parasympathicus speelt ook de rol wanneer uw luchtwegen smal als wat er gebeurd is in astma.

In Noorwegen, astma prevalentie is hoog in de atleten in de wintersport en duursporten. Wanneer atleten trainen zo hard, ze duwen hun sympathische zenuwstelsel, en we vermoeden dat er een vergoeding van het andere systeem. Daarom willen we zien of dat waar is. Wij controleren gezonde atleten, astmatische sporters en niet-sporters uit elite langlaufers en zwemmers. We onderzoeken hoe hun parasympathicus activiteit met pupillometrie en hartslagvariabiliteit te testen.

Dan wat we vonden was er inderdaad een verschil. Parasympathicus is toegenomen in astmatische atleten in vergelijking met gezonde atleten. Maar we zijn nog steeds niet zeker of het is de absolute voorwaarde omdat we niet verschillen in parasympathische activiteit tussen astmatische sporters en niet-sporters, die als taak hebben om de controles te zijn vond. We kunnen niet zeggen zeker de parasympatische activiteit heeft een rol in astma. Maar we vermoeden dat dit gebeurde omdat de niet-sporters groepskenmerken zijn bijna net zo actief als de groep andere atleten. In Noorwegen, de studenten zijn vooral actief in termen van het hebben van regelmatige lichaamsbeweging. Er zou invloed van hun vorige oefening geschiedenis hun parasympathische activiteit. Dus, we moeten nog steeds om het onderzoek voort te vinden als parasympathische activiteit heeft een duidelijke rol bij atleten, door het vinden van een betere vertegenwoordiger controle. Interessante van de studie was de verhoogde activiteit wordt gevonden in de groepen die dagelijks trainen met 2-3 uur looptijd per sessie training. Zou dat het volume van de opleiding te veel om uw parasympathicus verstoren? We moeten volgen dat ook.

Dinastry Pramadita Zakiudin

MSc Erasmus Mundus Master in Adapted Physical Activity (EMMAPA)

KU Leuven – Norwegian School in Sport Sciences

 

Bibliografie

1. Boulet, L-P. Asthma in the elite athletes. In: Akdis, CA.; Agache I., editors. Global Atlas of  Asthma. European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: 2013. p.65-67.2. Nystad W, Harris J, Borgen JS. Asthma and wheezing among Norwegian elite athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2000;32(2):266-70.3. Asthma and the elite athlete: Summary of the International Olympic Committee's Consensus Conference, Lausanne, Switzerland, January 22-24, 2008. Fitch, Kenneth D. et al. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology , Volume 122 , Issue 2 , 254-60.e74. Helenius I, Rytilä P, Sarna S, Lumme A, Helenius M, Remes V, et al. Effect of continuing or finishing high-level sports on airway inflammation, bronchial hyperresponsiveness, and asthma: A 5-year prospective follow-up study of 42 highly trained swimmers. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 2002;109(6):962-8.5. Sue-Chu M, Karjalainen E, -M, Laitinen A, Larsson L, Laitinen L, A, Bjermer L, Placebo-Controlled Study of Inhaled Budesonide on Indices of Airway Inflammation in Bronchoalveolar Lavage Fluid and Bronchial Biopsies in Cross-Country Skiers. Respiration 2000;67:417-256. Helenius IJ, Tikkanen HO, Haahtela T. Association between type of training and risk of asthma in elite athletes. Thorax 1997;52(2):157-60.7. Couto M, Silva D, Santos P,et al. Exploratory study comparing dysautonomia between asthmatic and non-asthmatic elite swimmers. Rev Port Pneumol. 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.rppneu.2014.05.0048. Carlsen K-H. Mechanisms of asthma developement in elite athletes. Breathe 2012; 8(4): 279-84.9. Moreira A, Delgado L, Carlsen KH. Exercise-induced asthma: why is it so frequent in Olympic athletes? Expert Rev. Resp. Med. 2011;5:1-3.10. Capão-Filipe  J,  Falcão-Reis  F,  Castro-Correia  J,  Barros  H. Assessment of autonomic function in high level athletes by pupillometry. Auton Neurosci. 2003;104:66---72 11. Stang J, Couto M, Carlsen K-H, Stensrud T. Increased bronchial parasympathetic tone in elite cross-country and biathlon skiers: a randomised crossover study. Br J Sports Med 2015;49:56-61.12. Virchow J-C. What is asthma. In: Akdis, CA.; Agache I., editors. In: Akdis, CA.; Agache I., editors. Global Atlas of Asthma. European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology: 2013. p.2-3.13. Dickinson JW, Whyte GP, McConnell, et al. Impact of changes in the IOC-MC asthma criteria: a British perspective. Thorax 2005;60:629-32.14. Juniper EF, Cockcroft DW, Hargreave FE, editors. Histamine and methacholine inhalation tests: tidal breathing method. Laboratory procedure and standardization. Lund: Canadian Thoracic Society, 1991.15. Cockcroft DW. Airway responsiveness. In: Barnes PJ, editor. Asthma. Philadelphia (PA): Lippincott-Raven, 1997: 1253-5.16. Langdeau JB, Boulet LP. Prevalence and mechanisms of development of asthma and airway hyperresponsiveness in athletes. Sports Med 2001; 31 (8):217. Carlsen KH, Oseid S, Odden H, et al. The response to heavy swimming exercise in children with and without bronchial asthma. In: Morehouse CA, ed. Children and Exercise XIII. Champaign, Illinois: Human Kinetic Publishers 1989;351-60.18. Larrson K, Ohlsen P, Larsson L, et al. High prevalence of asthma in cross country skiers. BMJ 1993;307:1326-9.19. Heir T, Oseid S. Self-reported asthma and exercise-induced asthma symptoms in high-level competitive cross-country skiers. Scand J Med Sci Sports 1994;4:128-33.20. Sue-Chu M, Karjalainen EM, Altraja A, et al. Lymphoid aggregates in endobronchial biopsies from young elite cross-country skiers. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 1998; 158: 597-601.21. Helenius IJ, Tikkanen HO, Sarna S, et al. Asthma and increased bronchial responsiveness in elite athletes: atopy and sport event as risk factors. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1998; 101: 646-52.22. Langdeau JB, Turcotte H, Bowie DM et al. Airway hyperresponsiveness in elite athletes. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2000; 161: 1479-84.23. Helenius IJ, Rytila P, Meso T, et al. Respiratory symptoms, bronchial responsiveess, and cellular characteristics of induced sputum in elite swimmers. Allergy 1998; 53:346-5224. Potts J. Factors associated with respiratory problems in swimmers. Sports Med 1996; 21: 256-61.25. Zwick H, Popp W, Budik G, et al. Increased sensitization to aeroallergens in competitive swimmers. Lung 1990; 168: 111-5.26. Larsson K, Ohlsen P, Larsson L, et al. High prevalence of asthma in cross country skiers. BMJ 1993; 307: 1326-9.27. Chapter 60 The autonomic nervous system and the adrenal medulla. In: Guyton AC.; Hall JE., editors. Textbook of Medical Physiology:2006. p.748-752.28. Scott GD, Fryer AD. Role of parasympathetic nerves and muscarinic receptors in allergy and asthma. Chem Immunol Allergy. 2012; 98: 48-69.29. Widdicombe, JH. Neuroanatomy of the airways. In: Pawankar, R.; Holgate, ST.; Rosenwasser, LJ., editors. Allergy Frontiers: Classification and Pathomechanisms. Springer; Tokyo: 2009. p. 459-468.30. Nadel JA, Barnes PJ. Autonomic regulation of the airways. Annu Rev Med. 1984; 35:451–467. 31. Damera G, Jiang M, Zhao H, Fogle HW, Jester WF, Freire J, Panettieri RA Jr. Aclidinium bromide abrogates allergen-induced hyperresponsiveness and reduces eosinophilia in murine model of airway inflammation. Eur J Pharmacol. 2010; 649:349–353. 32. Balogh G, Dimitrov-Szokodi D, Husveti A. Lung denervation in the therapy of intractable bronchial asthma. J Thorac Surg. 1957; 33:166–184. 33. Rios JD, Forde K, Diebold Y, Lightman J, Zieske JD, Dartt DA. Development of conjunctival goblet cells and their neuroreceptor subtype expression. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 2000;41:2127–2137. 34. Rios JD, Zoukhri D, Rawe IM, Hodges RR, Zieske JD, Dartt DA. Immunolocalization of muscarinic and VIP receptor subtypes and their role in stimulating goblet cell secretion. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci. 1999; 40:1102–1111. 35. Dartt DA, McCarthy DM, Mercer HJ, Kessler TL, Chung EH, Zieske JD. Localization of nerves adjacent to goblet cells in rat conjunctiva. Curr Eye Res. 1995; 14:993–1000.36. Gibbons CH, Cheshire WP, Fife TD. Autonomic testing. American Academy of Neurology. Accessed 9 May 2015. Downloaded from:  from https://www.aan.com/uploadedFiles/Website_Library_Assets/Documents/3.Pr…. Larkin KT. Psychophysiological assessment. In: Hersen, M, editor. Clinician’s handbook of adult behavioral assessment. Elsevier Inc: 2006. p.16738. Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology the North American Society of Pacing Electrophysiology. Heart rate variability. Circulation 1996; 93: 1043-1065.39. Feeman R. Evaluation of parasympathetic nervous system function. Accessed 27 April 2015. Downloaded from http://www.uptodate.com/contents/evaluation-of-parasympathetic-nervous-…. Araújo CG, Nóbrega ACL, Castro CLB. Vagal activity: effect of age, sex and physical pattern. Braz J Med Biol Res 1989;22:909-11. 41. Araújo, CG, Ricardo, DR, Almeida, MB Intra and interdays reliability of the 4-second exercise test.Rev Bras Med Esporte2003;9,299-303.42. Nobrega AC, Castro CL, Araujo CG. Relative roles of the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems in the 4-s exercise test. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1990;23(12):1259-62.43. Araujo CG, Castro CL, Nobrega AC. Heart rate responses to deep breathing and 4-seconds of exercise before and after pharmacological blockade with atropine and propranolol. Clin Auton. Res. 1992; 2(1): 35-40.44. Araujo CG, Castro CL, Franca JF, et al. 4-second exercise test: reference values for ages 18-81 years. Arq Bras Cardiol. 2015 Mar 27.45. Dundaroz R, Turkbay T, Erdem U, et al: Pupillometric assessment of autonomic nervous system in children with functional enuresis. Int Urol Nephrol 2009; 41: 231-235.46. Loewenfeld IE, 1999. The light reflex. In: Loewenfeld IE (Ed.), The Pupil: Anatomy, Physiology, and Clinical Applications. Butterworth-Heinemann, Boston, pp.83-273.47. Smith SA, Smith SE, 1990. The quantitative estimation of pupillary dilatation in Horner’s syndrome. In: Huber, A. (Ed.), Simpathicus und Auge. Enke, Stuttgart, pp. 152-165.48. Neuroptics 2011. Interpreting the information from the pupillometer.49. Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, et al. Exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: Part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA2LEN. Allergy 2008; 63: 387-403. 50. Quanjer PH, Tammeling GJ, Cotes JE, Pedersen OF, Peslin R, Yernault JC. Lung volumes and forced ventilatory flows. Report Working Party Standardization of Lung Function Tests, European Community for Steel and Coal. Official Statement of the European Respiratory Society. Eur Respir J Suppl 1993;16(5):40.51. Stanojevic S, Wade A, Stocks J, et al. Reference ranges for spirometry across all ages. A new approach. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2008; 177: 253-260.52. Vanderlei LCM, Silva RA, Pastre CM, Azevedo FM, Godoy MF. Comparison of the Polar S810i monitor and the ECG for the analysis of heart rate variability in the time and frequency domains. Braz J Med Biol Res 2008;41:854-9. 53. Bonini M, Braido F, Baiardini I, Del Giacco S, Gramiccioni C, Manara M, et al. AQUA: Allergy Questionnaire for Athletes. Development and validation. Medicine and science in sports and exercise. 2009;41(5):1034-41.54. Ellis CJK. The pupillary light reflex in normal subjects. British Journal of Ophtalmology, 1981, 65, 754-75955. Loewenfeld I. In: Whitcomb MA, ed. Recent Developments in Vision Research. Washington: National Research Council Publication, 1996: no. 1272: 17-105.56. Aubert AE, Ramaekers D, Collier B et al. Comparison of the effect of different types of exercise on short-term heart rate variability. Med Biol Eng Comput 1999; 37: 568-957. Dixon EM, Kamath MV, McCartney N, et al. Neural regulation of heart rate variability in endurance athletes and sedentary controls. Cardiovasc Res 1992; 26 (7): 713-9.58. Furlan R, Piazza S, Dell’Orto S, et al, Early and late effects of exercise and athletic training on neural mechanisms controlling heart rate. Cardiovasc Res 1993; 27 (3): 482-8.59. Migliaro ER, Contreras P, Bech S, et al, Relative influence of age, resting heart rate and sedentary life style in short-term analysis of heart rate variability. Braz J Med Biol Res 2001; 34 (4): 493-500.60. Melanson EL. Resting heart rate variability in men varying in habitual physical activity. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000; 32 (11): 1894-901.61. Reiling MJ, Seals DR. Respiratory sinus arrhytmia and carotid baroreflex control of heart rate in endurance athletes and untrained controls. Clin Physiol 1988; 8 (5): 511-962. Grøtvedt L. Helseprofil for Oslo, Voksne (PDF). Folkehelseinstituttet 2002.63. Australian Government Australian Sports Comission. Swimming. Accessed 24 May 2015, Downloaded from http://www.ausport.gov.au/ais/nutrition/factsheets/sports/swimming 64. Kristiansen E, Abrahamsen FE, Stensrud T. Stress-related breathing problems: an issue for elite swimmers. 2012. J. Swimming Research, Vol XX.65. Bougalt V, Turmel J, St-Laurent MB et al. Asthma, airway inflammation and epithelial damage in swimmers and cold-air athletes. Eur Respir J 2009; 33: 740-746. 66. Kleiger RE, Miller JP, Bigger JT Jr, et al. Decreased heart rate variability and its association with increased mortality after acute myocardial infarction. Am K Cardiol. 1987;59(4): 256-62.67. La Rovere MT, Bigger JT Jr, Marcus FI, et al. Baroreflex sensitivity and heart-rate variability in prediction of total cardiac mortality after myocardial infarction. ATRAMI (Autonomic Tone and Reflexes After Myocardial Infarction) Investigators. Lancet. 1998; 351(9101):478-84.68. Ricardo DR, de Almeida MB, Franklin BA, et al. Initial and final exercise heart rate transients: influence of gender, aerobic fitness, and clinical status. Chest. 2005; 127 (1): 318-27.69. De Paiva VC, Santana KR, Silva BM, et al. Comparison of assessment methods of cardiac vagal modulation. Arq Bras Cardiol 2011;97(6):493-501.70. Kaltsatou, A., E. Kouidi, D. Fotiou, and P. Deligiannis. The use of pupillometry in the assessment of cardiac autonomic function in elite different type trained athletes. Eur J Appl Physiol 111:2079-2087, 2011.71. Stang J, Couto M, Stensrud T, et al. Comparing test procedures of parasympathetic activity targeting different organs. Medicine in Science in Sports and Exercise. 2015 (submitted paper)72. Ozsutcu M, Ozkaya E, Demir A, et al. Pupillometry assessment of autonomic nervous system in children with allergic rhinitis. Med Princ Pract 2013;22;444-448.73. Lan M-Y, Lee G-S, Shio A-S, et al. Heart rate variability analysis in patients with allergic rhinitis. The Scientific World Journal 2013;1-4.74. Goldsmith RL. Bigger Jr JT, Steinman RC, et al. Comparison of 24-hour parasympathetic activity in endurance-trained and un-trained young men. J Am Coll Cardiol 1992; 20 (3): 552-8.75. Cochrane LM, Clark CJ. Benefits and problems of a physical training programme for asthmatic patients. Thorax 1990; 45: 345-51.76. Chandratilleke MG, Carson KV, Picot J, Brinn MP, Esterman AJ, Smith BJ. Physical training for asthma. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2012, Issue 5. 77. Yataco AR, Fleisher LA, Katzel LI. Heart rate variability and cardiovascular fitness in senior athletes. Am J Cardiol. 1997;80:1389-1391.78. Bonini M, Lapucci G, Petrelli G, et al. Predictive value of allergy and pulmonary function tests for the diagnosis of asthma in elite athletes. Allergy. 2007;62:1166-70.79. Vedala S, Paul N, Mane AB. Differences in pulmonary function test among the athletic and sedentary population. National Journal of Physiology, Pharmacy & Pharmacology. 2013; 3 (2): 118-123.80. Peter R, Sood S, Dhawan A. A comparative evaluation of pulmonary functions in athletes, yogis, and sedentary individuals. International Journal of Basic and Applied Physiology. 2013; 2 (1): 127-13181. Vaithiyanadane V, Sugapriya G, Saravanan A, et al. Pulmonary function test in swimmers and non-swimmers a comparative study. Int J Biol Med Res. 2012; 3 (2): 1735-1738.82. Schwartz LB, Delgado L, Craig T, et al. Exercise-induced hypersensitivity syndromes in recreational and competitive athletes: a PRACTALL consensus report (what the general practitioner should know about sports and allergy). Allergy 2008;63: 953-961.83. Carlsen KH, Anderson SD, Bjermer L, et al. Exercise-induced asthma, respiratory and allergic disorders in elite athletes: epidemiology, mechanisms and diagnosis: Part I of the report from the Joint Task Force of the European Respiratory Society (ERS) and the European Academy of Allergy and Clinical Immunology (EAACI) in cooperation with GA2LEN. Allergy 2008; 63: 387-403. 84. Teixeira RN, Mendes FAR, Martins MA, et al. AQUA© as predictor of allergy in elite marathon runners. World Allergy Organization Journal 2014, 7:7 

Download scriptie (1.78 MB)
Universiteit of Hogeschool
KU Leuven
Thesis jaar
2015
Thema('s)
Kernwoorden