Testing of the antifungal activity of oleylphosphocholine on Candida albicans planktonic cells and biofilms developed in vitro and in vivo in a subcutaneous biofilm model

jurgen wuyts
Persbericht

Testing of the antifungal activity of oleylphosphocholine on Candida albicans planktonic cells and biofilms developed in vitro and in vivo in a subcutaneous biofilm model

Wapenwedloop: de mens versus het minuscule

We worden steeds ouder, maar voor hoe lang nog? Voor de Tweede Wereldoorlog waren antibiotica nog niet ontdekt. In die tijd lag de levensverwachting rond de 50 jaar. Toen na Tweede Wereldoorlog penicilline ontdekt en verspreid werd, steeg de levensverwachting snel. Niet lang daarna werden al de eerste resistente bacteriën ontdekt waardoor onze lange levensverwachting nu in het gedrang komt. .

Resistentiemechanismen van bacteriën en schimmels

Maar wat betekent resistentie nu eigenlijk? Wel, bacteriën en schimmels kunnen antibiotica onschadelijk maken. Zo kunnen ze bijvoorbeeld de antibiotica uit de cel pompen of de concentratie van het eiwit waarop het antibiotica werkt verhogen. Hierdoor zijn de bacteriën in staat te overleven en verliezen de antibiotica hun werking. De gevolgen hiervan zijn rampzalig. Een banale infectie kan plots levensbedreigend worden. Erger nog, sommige bacteriën hebben mechanismen om meerdere antibiotica te omzeilen. Hierdoor hebben ze zelfs een voordeel tegenover andere bacteriën. Deze zogenaamde ‘ziekenhuisbacterie’ is nu al verantwoordelijk voor duizenden doden op jaarbasis.

Antibiotica als redmiddel

De ontwikkeling van nieuwe antibiotica is duur en neemt veel tijd in beslag. Ze brengen weinig op in vergelijking met medicijnen tegen chronische ziektes en zijn vaak gebaseerd op bestaande antibiotica. Hierdoor worden bacteriën en schimmels sneller resistent. Grote farmaceutische bedrijven zijn dan ook minder geneigd nieuwe antibiotica te ontwikkelen. Dit vormt een serieuze bedreiging voor de gezondheidszorg. Toch is het noodzakelijk continu nieuwe antibiotica te ontwikkelen om de resistentiemechanismen te omzeilen. Alleen zo kunnen we ook in de toekomst de strijd aangaan met bacteriën en schimmels.

Schimmels vormen biofilms

Candida albicans is een schimmel die iedereen met zich meedraagt zonder veel problemen, maar kan levensbedreigend worden onder de juiste omstandigheden. Deze schimmel vormt vooral een ernstig gevaar bij mensen met een verzwakt immuunsysteem. Verder staat deze schimmel bekend om een biofilm te vormen op implantaten zoals katheters of pacemakers. Deze biofilm is bijna niet uit te roeien met conventionele antibiotica en bijgevolg dient een geïnfecteerd implantaat steeds verwijderd te worden.

Oleylphosphocholine: een nieuw antischimmelmiddel?

Tijdens mijn thesis heb ik het potentieel van oleylphosphocholine (OIPC) onderzocht als nieuw antischimmelmiddel. OIPC is een stof die eerder ontwikkeld werd als antikankermiddel, maar bleek achteraf niet te werken in mensen. Het potentieel van deze stof werd getest tegen de schimmel Candida albicans. Biofilmen werden gevormd op catheters. Hier werden verschillende concentraties OIPC aan toegevoegd. Hieruit bleek dat OIPC een heel goede antischimmelactiviteit heeft. Om na te gaan of dit ook het geval zou kunnen zijn in mensen werd OIPC eerst getest op muizen. Geïnfecteerde katheters werden ingeplant in muizen en gedurende 7 dagen werd OIPC toegediend. Hier was het antischimmelmiddel echter minder effectief.

De toekomst gegarandeerd?

Het ontwikkelen van nieuwe antibiotica verloopt moeizaam en vele potentiële kandidaten falen tijdens de ontwikkeling. Daarom is het noodzakelijk dat iedereen verantwoord omgaat met antibiotica. Zo neem je best geen antibiotica in bij virale infecties, ze werken toch niet tegen virussen. Bij je volgende verkoudheid neem je dus best geen antibiotica in. Het buitenspel zetten van resistente bacteriën is een harde strijd, maar een strijd die desalniettemin gevochten zal moeten worden om onze levensverwachting in te toekomst te garanderen. 

Bibliografie

References

Articles

Adler-Moore J & Proffitt R (2002) AmBisome: liposomal formulation, structure, mechanism of action and pre-clinical experience. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 49: 21-30

Alem M, Oteef M, Flowers T & Douglas L (2006) Production of Tyrosol by Candida albicans Biofilms and Its Role in Quorum Sensing and Biofilm Development. Eukaryotic Cell 5: 1770-1779

Al-Fattani M (2006) Biofilm matrix of Candida albicans and Candida tropicalis: chemical composition and role in drug resistance. Journal of Medical Microbiology 55: 999-1008

Arndt D, Zeisig R, Fichtner I, Teppke A & Fahr A (1999) Pharmacokinetics of sterically stabilized hexadecylphosphocholine liposomes versus conventional liposomes and free hexadecylphosphocholine in tumor-free and human breast carcinoma bearing mice. Breast Cancer Res Treat 58: 71-80

Bailly G & Douglas L (1999) Candida biofilms and their susceptibility to antifungal agents. Methods Enzymol 310: 644-56

Balashov S, Park S & Perlin D (2006) Assessing Resistance to the Echinocandin Antifungal Drug Caspofungin in Candida albicans by Profiling Mutations in FKS1. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50: 2058-2063

Bekersky I, Fielding R, Dressler D, Lee J, Buell D & Walsh T (2002) Plasma Protein Binding of Amphotericin B and Pharmacokinetics of Bound versus Unbound Amphotericin B after Administration of Intravenous Liposomal Amphotericin B (AmBisome) and Amphotericin B Deoxycholate. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 46: 834-840

Ben-Ami R, Garcia-Effron G, Lewis R, Gamarra S, Leventakos K, Perlin D & Kontoyiannis D (2011) Fitness and Virulence Costs of Candida albicans FKS1 Hot Spot Mutations Associated With Echinocandin Resistance. Journal of Infectious Diseases 204: 626-635

Benz F, Knuesel F, Nuesch J, Treichler H, Voser W & Nyfeler R (1985) Echinocandin B, a new polypeptide antibiotic from Aspergillus nidulans var. echinulatus: isolation and components. Helv Chim Acta 57: 2459-2477

Betts R, Nucci M, Talwar D, Gareca M, Queiroz-Telles F, Bedimo R, Herbrecht R, Ruiz-Palacios G, Young J, Baddley J, Strohmaier K, Tucker K, Taylor A & Kartsonis N (2009) A multicenter, double-blind trial of a high-dose caspofungin treatment regimen versus a standard caspofungin treatment regimen for adult patients with invasive candidiasis.. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48: 1676-1684

Bink A, Kucharíková S, Neirinck B, Vleugels J, Van Dijck P, Cammue B & Thevissen K (2012) The Nonsteroidal Antiinflammatory Drug Diclofenac Potentiates the In Vivo Activity of Caspofungin Against Candida albicans Biofilms. Journal of Infectious Diseases 206: 1790-1797

Borecká-Melkusová, S, Moran G, Sullivan D, Kucharíková S, Chorvát Jr D, and Bujdáková H  (2009) The expression of genes involved in the ergosterol biosynthesis pathway in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis biofilms exposed to fluconazole. Mycoses 52: 118-128

Calderone R & Fonzi W (2001) Virulence factors of Candida albicans Trends in microbiology 7: 327-335

Cannon R, Lamping E, Holmes A, Niimi K, Tanabe K, Niimi M & Monk B (2007) Candida albicans drug resistance another way to cope with stress. Microbiology 153: 3211-3217

Chaffin W, López-Ribot J, Casanova M & Martinez J (1998) Cell wall and secreted proteins of Candida albicans: identification, function, and expression. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 62: 130-180

Chandra J, Kuhn D, Mukherjee P, Hoyer L, McCormick T & Ghannoum M (2001) Biofilm Formation by the Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans: Development, Architecture, and Drug Resistance. Journal of Bacteriology 183: 5385-5394

Charlier C (2006) Fluconazole for the management of invasive candidiasis: where do we stand after 15 years?. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 57: 384-410

Chen S, Wright L, Golding J & Sorrell T (2000) Purification and characterization of secretory phospholipase B, lysophospholipase and lysophospholipase/transacylase from a virulent strain of the pathogenic fungus Cryptococcus neoformans. Biochem. J. 347: 431

Chibana H (2000) Fine-Resolution Physical Mapping of Genomic Diversity in Candida albicans. Genome Research 10: 1865-1877

Cojean S, Houzé S, Haouchine D, Huteau F, Lariven S, Hubert V, Michard F, Bories C, Pratlong F, Le Bras J, Loiseau P & Matheron S (2012) Leishmania Resistance to Miltefosine Associated with Genetic Marker. Emerg. Infect. Dis. 18: 704-706

Cox G, McDade H, Chen S, Tucker S, Gottfredsson M, Wright L, Sorrell T, Leidich S, Casadevall A, Ghannoum M & Perfect J (2001) Extracellular phospholipase activity is a virulence factor for Cryptococcus neoformans. Molecular Microbiology 39: 166-175

Crump J & Collignon P (2000) Intravascular catheter-associated infections. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 19: 1-8

Daneshmend T & Warnock D (1983) Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Systemic Antifungal Drugs. Clinical Pharmacokinetics 8: 17-42

Davis D (2009) How human pathogenic fungi sense and adapt to pH: the link to virulence. Current Opinion in Microbiology 12: 365-370

De Wet N, Cuentas A, Suleiman J, Baraldi E, Krantz E, Della Negra M & Diekmann-Berndt H (2004) A Randomized, Double-Blind, Parallel-Group, Dose-Response Study of Micafungin Compared with Fluconazole for the Treatment of Esophageal Candidiasis in HIV-Positive Patients. Clinical Infectious Diseases 39: 842-849

Dorlo T, Balasegaram M, Beijnen J & de Vries P (2012) Miltefosine: a review of its pharmacology and therapeutic efficacy in the treatment of leishmaniasis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 67: 2576-2597

Dummer R, Krasovec M, Röger J, Sindermann H & Burg G (1993) Topical administration of hexadecylphosphocholine in patients with cutaneous lymphomas: Results of a phase I/II study. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 29: 963-970

Falagas M, Roussos N & Vardakas K (2010) Relative frequency of albicans and the various non-albicans Candida spp among candidemia isolates from inpatients in various parts of the world: a systematic review. International Journal of Infectious Diseases 14: e954-e966

Fera M, La Camera E & De Sarro A (2009) New triazoles and echinocandins: mode of action, in vitro activity and mechanisms of resistance. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 7: 981-998

Fidel P (2015) Candida glabrata: a review of epidemiology, pathogenesis, and clinical disease. Clin. Microbiol. Rev 12: 80-96

Finkel J & Mitchell A (2010) Genetic control of Candida albicans biofilm development. Nat Rev Micro 9: 109-118

Fleischhacker M, Radecke C, Schulz B & Ruhnke M (2007) Paradoxical growth effects of the echinocandins caspofungin and micafungin, but not of anidulafungin, on clinical isolates of Candida albicans and C. dubliniensis. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 27: 127-131

Fortin A, Hendrickx S, Yardley V, Cos P, Jansen H & Maes L (2012) Efficacy and tolerability of oleylphosphocholine (OlPC) in a laboratory model of visceral leishmaniasis. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 67: 2707-2712

Fujie A (2007) Discovery of micafungin (FK463): A novel antifungal drug derived from a natural product lead. Pure and Applied Chemistry 79:

Garcia-Effron G, Park S & Perlin D (2008) Correlating Echinocandin MIC and Kinetic Inhibition of fks1 Mutant Glucan Synthases for Candida albicans: Implications for Interpretive Breakpoints. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 53: 112-122

Geilen C, Haase R, Buchner K, Wieder T, Hucho F & Reutter W (1991) The phospholipid analogue, hexadecylphosphocholine, inhibits protein kinase C in vitro and antagonises phorbol ester-stimulated cell proliferation. European Journal of Cancer and Clinical Oncology 27: 1650-1653

Geilen C, Haase A, Weider T, Arndt D, Zeisig R & Reutter W (1994) Phospholipid analogues: side chain- and polar head group-dependent effects on phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis. J. Lipid Res 35: 625-632

Gillum A, Tsay E & Kirsch D (1984) Isolation of the Candida albicans gene for orotidine-5?-phosphate decarboxylase by complementation of S. cerevisiae ura3 and E. coli pyrF mutations. MGG Molecular & General Genetics 198: 179-182

Gow N, van de Veerdonk F, Brown A & Netea M (2011) Candida albicans morphogenesis and host defence: discriminating invasion from colonization. Nat Rev Micro

Haase R, Wieder T, Geilen C & Reutter W (1991) The phospholipid analogue hexadecylphosphocholine inhibits phosphatidylcholine biosynthesis in Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. FEBS Letters 288: 129-132

Hajjeh R, Sofair A, Harrison L, Lyon G, Arthington-Skaggs B, Mirza S, Phelan M, Morgan J, Lee-Yang W, Ciblak M, Benjamin L, Thomson Sanza L, Huie S, Yeo S, Brandt M & Warnock D (2004) Incidence of Bloodstream Infections Due to Candida Species and In Vitro Susceptibilities of Isolates Collected from 1998 to 2000 in a Population-Based Active Surveillance Program. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 42: 1519-1527

Han Y (1998) A vaccine and monoclonal antibodies that enhance mouse resistance to Candida albicans vaginal infection. Infect. Immun 66: 5771-5776

Hao B, Cheng S, Clancy C, & Nguyen, M (2013). Caspofungin Kills Candida albicans by Causing both Cellular Apoptosis and Necrosis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy. 57(1): 326–332

Harriott M & Noverr M (2011) Importance of Candida-bacterial polymicrobial biofilms in disease. Trends in Microbiology 19: 557-563

Hickman M, Zeng G, Forche A, Hirakawa M, Abbey D, Harrison B, Wang Y, Su C, Bennett R, Wang Y & Berman J (2013) The ‘obligate diploid’ Candida albicans forms mating-competent haploids. Nature 494: 55-59

Hidron A, Edwards J, Patel J, Horan T, Sievert D, Pollock D & Fridkin S (2008) NHSN Annual Update: Antimicrobial-Resistant Pathogens Associated With Healthcare-Associated Infections: Annual Summary of Data Reported to the National Healthcare Safety Network at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 29: 996-1011

Horn D, Neofytos D, Anaissie E, Fishman J, Steinbach W, Olyaei A, Marr K, Pfaller M, Chang C & Webster K (2009) Epidemiology and Outcomes of Candidemia in 2019 Patients: Data from the Prospective Antifungal Therapy Alliance Registry. Clinical Infectious Diseases 48: 1695-1703

Jones T, Federspiel N, Chibana H, Dungan J, Kalman S, Magee B, Newport G, Thorstenson Y, Agabian N, Magee P, Davis R & Scherer S (2004) The diploid genome sequence of Candida albicans. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 101: 7329-7334

Kam A & Xu J (2002) Diversity of commensal yeasts within and among healthy hosts. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 43: 19-28

Katragkou A, Chatzimoschou A, Simitsopoulou M, Dalakiouridou M, Diza-Mataftsi E, Tsantali C & Roilides E (2007) Differential Activities of Newer Antifungal Agents against Candida albicans and Candida parapsilosis Biofilms. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 52: 357-360

Kelly S, Lamb D & Kelly D (1997) Sterol 22-desaturase, cytochrome P45061, possesses activity in xenobiotic metabolism. FEBS Letters 412: 233-235

Keren I, Kaldalu N, Spoering A, Wang Y & Lewis K (2004) Persister cells and tolerance to antimicrobials. FEMS Microbiology Letters 230: 13-18

Killick-Kendrick R (1990) Phlebotomine vectors of the leishmaniases: a review. Medical and Veterinary Entomology 4: 1-24

Kleinberg M (2006) What is the current and future status of conventional amphotericin B?. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 27: 12-16

Kong E, Kucharikova S, Van Dijck P, Peters B, Shirtliff M & Jabra-Rizk M (2014) Clinical Implications of Oral Candidiasis: Host Tissue Damage and Disseminated Bacterial Disease. Infection and Immunity

Kucharíková S, Tournu H, Holtappels M, Van Dijck P & Lagrou K (2010) In Vivo Efficacy of Anidulafungin against Mature Candida albicans Biofilms in a Novel Rat Model of Catheter-Associated Candidiasis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 54: 4474-4475

Kucharíková S, Tournu H, Lagrou K, Van Dijck P & Bujdakova H (2011) Detailed comparison of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata biofilms under different conditions and their susceptibility to caspofungin and anidulafungin. Journal of Medical Microbiology 60: 1261-1269

Kucharíková S, Sharma N, Spriet I, Maertens J, Van Dijck P & Lagrou K (2013) Activities of Systemically Administered Echinocandins against In Vivo Mature Candida albicans Biofilms Developed in a Rat Subcutaneous Model. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 57: 2365-2368

Kuhn D, Balkis M, Chandra J, Mukherjee P & Ghannoum M (2003) Uses and Limitations of the XTT Assay in Studies of Candida Growth and Metabolism. Journal of Clinical Microbiology 41: 506-508

Lamb D (1997) Characterization of Saccharomyces cerevisiae CYP61, Sterol Delta 22-Desaturase, and Inhibition by Azole Antifungal Agents. Journal of Biological Chemistry 272: 9986-9988

Lamb D, Kelly D & Kelly S (1999) Molecular aspects of azole antifungal action and resistance. Drug Resistance Updates 2: 390-402

Lamfon H (2004) Susceptibility of Candida albicans biofilms grown in a constant depth film fermentor to chlorhexidine, fluconazole and miconazole: a longitudinal study. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 53: 383-385

Lemke A, Kiderlen A & Kayser O (2005) Amphotericin B. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 53: 383-5

Lemos J, Costa C, Araújo C, Souza L & Silva M (2009) Susceptibility testing of Candida albicans isolated from oropharyngeal mucosa of HIV+ patients to fluconazole, amphotericin B and Caspofungin: killing kinetics of caspofungin and amphotericin B against fluconazole resistant and susceptible isolates. Brazilian Journal of Microbiology 40: 163-169

Li F & Palecek S (2003) EAP1, a Candida albicans Gene Involved in Binding Human Epithelial Cells. Eukaryotic Cell 2: 1266-1273

Liu Y & Filler S (2010) Candida albicans Als3, a Multifunctional Adhesin and Invasin. Eukaryotic Cell 10: 168-173

Löffler J, Einsele H, Hebart H, Schumacher U, Hrastnik C & Daum G (2000) Phospholipid and sterol analysis of plasma membranes of azole-resistant Candida albicans strains. FEMS Microbiology Letters 185: 59-63

Lux H, Heise N, Klenner T, Hart D & Opperdoes F (2000) Ether lipid metabolism, GPI anchor biosynthesis, and signal transduction were putative targets for anti-leishmanial alkyl phospholipid analogues. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology 111: 1-14

Marchial P, Koymans L & Willemsens S (1999) Contribution of mutations in the cytochrome P450 14 ademethylase (Erg11p, Cyp51p) to azole resistance in Candida albicans. Microbiology 145: 2701-2713

Martins M, Henriques M, Azeredo J, Rocha S, Coimbra M & Oliveira R (2007) Morphogenesis Control in Candida albicans and Candida dubliniensis through Signaling Molecules Produced by Planktonic and Biofilm Cells. Eukaryotic Cell 6: 2429-2436

Mateo M, Maynard L, Vischer C, Bianciardi P & Miró G (2009) Comparative study on the short term efficacy and adverse effects of miltefosine and meglumine antimoniate in dogs with natural leishmaniosis. Parasitology Research 105: 155-162

Mavor A, Thewes S & Hube B (2005) Systemic Fungal Infections Caused by Candida Species: Epidemiology, Infection Process and Virulence Attributes. Current Drug Targets 6: 863-874

Mayer F, Wilson D & Hube B (2013) Candida albicans pathogenicity mechanisms. Virulence 4: 119-128

Menez C, Buyse M, Besnard M, Farinotti R, Loiseau P & Barratt G (2006) Interaction between Miltefosine and Amphotericin B: Consequences for Their Activities towards Intestinal Epithelial Cells and Leishmania donovani Promastigotes In Vitro. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50: 3793-3800

Mesa-Arango A, Trevijano-Contador N, Roman E, Sanchez-Fresneda R, Casas C, Herrero E, Arguelles J, Pla J, Cuenca-Estrella M & Zaragoza O (2014) The Production of Reactive Oxygen Species Is a Universal Action Mechanism of Amphotericin B against Pathogenic Yeasts and Contributes to the Fungicidal Effect of This Drug. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 58: 6627-6638

Meyer S, Ahearn D & Yarrow D (1984) The genus Candida. Berkhout: 585-844

Mikulska M, Calandra T, Sanguinetti M, Poulain D & Viscoli C (2010) The use of mannan antigen and anti-mannan antibodies in the diagnosis of invasive candidiasis: recommendations from the Third European Conference on Infections in Leukemia. Critical Care 14: R222

Morgan J, Meltzer M, Plikaytis B, Sofair A, Huie-White S, Wilcox S, Harrison L, Seaberg E, Hajjeh R & Teutsch S (2005) Excess mortality, hospital stay, and cost due to candidemia: a case-control study using data from population-based candidemia surveillance. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 26: 540-547

Naglik J, Challacombe S & Hube B (2003) Candida albicans Secreted Aspartyl Proteinases in Virulence and Pathogenesis. Microbiology and Molecular Biology Reviews 67: 400-428

Neoh C, Slavin M, Chen S, Stewart K & Kong D (2014) Echinocandins in the treatment of candidaemia and invasive candidiasis: clinical and economic perspectives. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents 43: 207-214

Niimi M (2004) Regulated overexpression of CDR1 in Candida albicans confers multidrug resistance. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 54: 999-1006

Niwa T, Yokota Y, Tokunaga A, Yamato Y, Kagayama A, Fujiwara T, Hatakeyama J, Anezaki M, Ohtsuka Y & Takagi A (2004) Tissue Distribution after Intravenous Dosing of Micafungin, an Antifungal Drug, to Rats. Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin 27: 1154-1156

Nobile C, Andes D, Nett J, Smith F, Yue F, Phan Q, Edwards J, Filler S & Mitchell A (2006) Critical Role of Bcr1-Dependent Adhesins in C. albicans Biofilm Formation In Vitro and In Vivo. PLoS Pathogens 2: e63

Nobile C, Schneider H, Nett J, Sheppard D, Filler S, Andes D & Mitchell A (2008) Complementary Adhesin Function in C. albicans Biofilm Formation. Current Biology 18: 1017-1024

Nobile C, Nett J, Hernday A, Homann O, Deneault J, Nantel A, Andes D, Johnson A & Mitchell A (2009) Biofilm Matrix Regulation by Candida albicans Zap1. PLoS Biol 7: e1000133

Noverr M, Cox G, Perfect J & Huffnagle G (2003) Role of PLB1 in Pulmonary Inflammation and Cryptococcal Eicosanoid Production. Infection and Immunity 71: 1538-1547

Nucci M, Anaissie E, Betts R, Dupont B, Wu C, Buell D, Kovanda L & Lortholary O (2010) Early Removal of Central Venous Catheter in Patients with Candidemia Does Not Improve Outcome: Analysis of 842 Patients from 2 Randomized Clinical Trials. Clinical Infectious Diseases 51: 295-303

Odds F (1987) Candida infections: an overview. Crit Rev Microbiol 15: 1-5

Ostrosky-Zeichner L, Casadevall A, Galgiani J, Odds F & Rex J (2010) An insight into the antifungal pipeline: selected new molecules and beyond. Nat Rev Drug Discov 9: 719-727

Palacios D, Anderson T & Burke M (2007) A Post-PKS Oxidation of the Amphotericin B Skeleton Predicted to be Critical for Channel Formation Is Not Required for Potent Antifungal Activity. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129: 13804-13805

Paramythiotou E, Frantzeskaki F, Flevari A, Armaganidis A & Dimopoulos G (2014) Invasive Fungal Infections in the ICU: How to Approach, How to Treat. Molecules 19: 1085-1119

Paulussen C, Boulet G, Bosschaerts T, Cos P, Fortin A & Maes L (2015) Efficacy of oleylphosphocholine (OlPC) in vitro and in a mouse model of invasive aspergillosis. Mycoses 58: 127-132

Peters B, Zhu J, Fidel P, Scheper M, Hackett W, El Shaye S & Jabra-Rizk M (2010) Protection of the oral mucosa by salivary histatin-5 against Candida albicans in an ex vivo murine model of oral infection. FEMS Yeast Research: no-no

Pfaller M, Jones R, Messer S, Edmond M & Wenzel R (1998) National Surveillance of Nosocomial Blood Stream Infection Due to Species of Candida Other than Candida albicans: Frequency of Occurrence and Antifungal Susceptibility in the SCOPE Program. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Disease 30: 121-129

Pfaller M (1996) Nosocomial Candidiasis: Emerging Species, Reservoirs, and Modes of Transmission. Clinical Infectious Diseases 22: S89-S94

Pfaller M, Diekema D, Messer S, Hollis R & Jones R (2003) In Vitro Activities of Caspofungin Compared with Those of Fluconazole and Itraconazole against 3,959 Clinical Isolates of Candida spp., Including 157 Fluconazole-Resistant Isolates. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 47: 1068-1071

Pfaller M & Diekema D (2007) Epidemiology of Invasive Candidiasis: a Persistent Public Health Problem. Clinical Microbiology Reviews 20: 133-163

Pierce C, Srinivasan A, Uppuluri P, Ramasubramanian A & López -Ribot J (2013) Antifungal therapy with an emphasis on biofilms. Current Opinion in Pharmacology 13: 726-730

Proffitt R, Satorius A, Chiang S, Sullivan L & Adler-Moore J (1991) Pharmacology and toxicology of a liposomal formulation of amphotericin B (AmBisome) in rodents. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 28: 49-61

Puri S & Edgerton M (2014) How Does It Kill?: Understanding the Candidacidal Mechanism of Salivary Histatin 5. Eukaryotic Cell 13: 958-964

Raad I (1998) Intravascular-catheter-related infections. The Lancet 351: 893-898

Ramage G, Saville S, Wickes B & Lopez-Ribot J (2002) Inhibition of Candida albicans Biofilm Formation by Farnesol, a Quorum-Sensing Molecule. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68: 5459-5463

Ramage G, Martínez J & López-Ribot J (2006) Candida biofilms on implanted biomaterials: a clinically significant problem. FEMS Yeast Research 6: 979-986

Richardson K, Brammer K, Marriott M & Troke P (1985) Activity of UK-49,858, a bis-triazole derivative, against experimental infections with Candida albicans and Trichophyton mentagrophytes. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 27: 832-835

Řičicová M, Kucharíková S, Tournu H, Hendrix J, Bujdákova H, Van Eldere J, Lagrou K & Van Dijck P (2009) Candida albicans biofilm formation in a new in vivo rat model. Microbiology 156: 909-919

Saghrouni F, Ben Abdeljelil J, Boukadida J & Ben Said M (2013) Molecular methods for strain typing of Candida albicans : a review. J Appl Microbiol 114: 1559-1574

Sague C & Jarvis W (1993) Secular Trends in the Epidemiology of Nosocomial Fungal Infections in the United States, 1980-1990. Journal of Infectious Diseases 167: 1247-1251

Sahni N, Yi S, Daniels K, Srikantha T, Pujol C & Soll D (2009) Genes Selectively Up-Regulated by Pheromone in White Cells Are Involved in Biofilm Formation in Candida albicans. PLoS Pathogens 5: e1000601

Scherf H, Schuler B, Berger M & Schmähl D (1987) Therapeutic activity of ET-18-OCH3 and hexadecylphosphocholine against mammary tumors in BD-VI rats. Lipids 22: 927-929

Schinabeck M, Long L, Hossain M, Chandra J, Mukherjee P, Mohamed S & Ghannoum M (2004) Rabbit Model of Candida albicans Biofilm Infection: Liposomal Amphotericin B Antifungal Lock Therapy. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48: 1727-1732

Schwartz R, Giacobbe R, Bland J & Monaghan R (1989) A new antifungal agent. J. Antibiot 42: 163-167

Seifert K, Duchene M, Wernsdorfer W, Kollaritsch H, Scheiner O, Wiedermann G, Hottkowitz T & Eibl H (2001) Effects of Miltefosine and Other Alkylphosphocholines on Human Intestinal Parasite Entamoeba histolytica. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 45: 1505-1510

Selmecki A, Forche A & Berman J (2010) Genomic Plasticity of the Human Fungal Pathogen Candida albicans. Eukaryotic Cell 9: 991-1008

Sindermann H, Croft S, Engel K, Bommer W, Eibl H, Unger C & Engel J (2003) Miltefosine (Impavido): the first oral treatment against leishmaniasis. Medical Microbiology and Immunology 193: 173-180

Sobottka S, Berger M & Eibl H (1993) Structure-activity relationships of four anti-cancer alkylphosphocholine derivatives In Vitro and In Vivo. International Journal of Cancer 53: 418-425

Soll D, Lockhart S & Zhao R (2003) Relationship between Switching and Mating in Candida albicans. Eukaryotic Cell 2: 390-397

Soto J & Soto P (2006) Miltefosine: oral treatment of leishmaniasis. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 4: 177-185

Steinbach W, Roilides E, Berman D, Hoffman J, Groll A, Bin-Hussain I, Palazzi D, Castagnola E, Halasa N, Velegraki A, Dvorak C, Charkabarti A, Sung L, Danziger-Isakov L, Lachenauer C, Arrieta A, Knapp K, Abzug M, Ziebold C & Lehrnbecher T et al (2012) Results From a Prospective, International, Epidemiologic Study of Invasive Candidiasis in Children and Neonates. The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal 31: 1252-1257

Stevens D, Espiritu M & Parmar R (2004) Paradoxical Effect of Caspofungin: Reduced Activity against Candida albicans at High Drug Concentrations. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 48: 3407-3411

Sucher A, Chahine E & Balcer H (2009) Echinocandins: The Newest Class of Antifungals. Annals of Pharmacotherapy 43: 1647-1657

Sun J, Solis N, Phan Q, Bajwa J, Kashleva H, Thompson A, Liu Y, Dongari-Bagtzoglou A, Edgerton M & Filler S (2010) Host Cell Invasion and Virulence Mediated by Candida albicans Ssa1. PLoS Pathogens 6: e1001181

Sundar S, Jha T, Thakur C, Engel J, Sindermann H, Fischer C, Junge K, Bryceson A & Berman J (2002) Oral Miltefosine for Indian Visceral Leishmaniasis. New England Journal of Medicine 347: 1739-1746

Sundstrom P, Balish E & Allen C (2002) Essential Role of the Candida albicans Transglutaminase Substrate, Hyphal Wall Protein 1, in Lethal Oroesophageal Candidiasis in Immunodeficient Mice. The Journal of Infectious Diseases 185: 521-530

Thaler A, Hottkowitz T & Eibl H (2000) Separation and quantification of alkylphosphocholines by reversed phase high performance liquid chromatography. Chemistry and Physics of Lipids 107: 131-139

Tobudic S, Kratzer C, Lassnigg A & Presterl E (2011) Antifungal susceptibility of Candida albicans in biofilms. Mycoses 55: 199-204

Torrado J, Espada R, Ballesteros M & Torrado-santigago S (2008) Amphotericin B formulations and drug targeting. Journal of pharmaceutical sciences 97: 2405-25

Uppuluri P, Chaturvedi A, Srinivasan A, Banerjee M, Ramasubramaniam A, Köhler J, Kadosh D & Lopez-Ribot J (2010) Dispersion as an Important Step in the Candida albicans Biofilm Developmental Cycle. PLoS Pathogens 6: e1000828

Van Blitterswijk W & Verheij M (2008) Anticancer Alkylphospholipids: Mechanisms of Action, Cellular Sensitivity and Resistance, and Clinical Prospects. Current Pharmaceutical Design 14: 2061-2074

Vande Velde G, Kucharíková S, Schrevens S, Himmelreich U & Van Dijck P (2013) Towards non-invasive monitoring of pathogen-host interactions during Candida albicans biofilm formation using in vivo bioluminescence. Cell Microbiol 16: 115-130

Vanstraelen K, Lagrou K, Maertens J, Wauters J, Willems L & Spriet I (2013) The Eagle-like effect of echinocandins: what’s in a name?. Expert Review of Anti-infective Therapy 11: 1179-1191

Veerareddy P & Vobalaboina V (2004) Lipid-based formulations of amphotericin B. Drugs of Today 40: 133

Vila T, Ishida K, de Souza W, Prousis K, Calogeropoulou T & Rozental S (2012) Effect of alkylphospholipids on Candida albicans biofilm formation and maturation. Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy 68: 113-125

Viudes A, Peman J, Canton E, Ubeda P, López -Ribot J & Gobernado M (2002) Candidemia at a tertiary-care hospital: epidemiology, treatment, clinical outcome and risk factors for death. Eur J Clin Microbiol Infect Dis 21:

Wächtler B, Wilson D, Haedicke K, Dalle F & Hube B (2011) From Attachment to Damage: Defined Genes of Candida albicans Mediate Adhesion, Invasion and Damage during Interaction with Oral Epithelial Cells. PLoS ONE 6: e17046

Walker L, Munro C, de Bruijn I, Lenardon M, McKinnon A & Gow N (2008) Stimulation of Chitin Synthesis Rescues Candida albicans from Echinocandins. PLoS Pathogens 4: e1000040

Widmer F, Wright L, Obando D, Handke R, Ganendren R, Ellis D & Sorrell T (2006) Hexadecylphosphocholine (Miltefosine) Has Broad-Spectrum Fungicidal Activity and Is Efficacious in a Mouse Model of Cryptococcosis. Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 50: 414-421

Wiederhold N & Lewis R (2003) The echinocandin antifungals: an overview of the pharmacology, spectrum and clinical efficacy. Expert Opin. Investig. Drugs 12: 1313-1333

Wingard J, Kubilis P, Lee L, Yee G, White M, Louise W, Bowden R, Anaissie E, Hiemenz J & Lister J (1999) Clinical Significance of Nephrotoxicity in Patients Treated with Amphotericin B for Suspected or Proven Aspergillosis. Clinical Infectious Diseases 29: 1402-1407

Zaoutis T (2010) Candidemia in children. Cur. Med. Res. Opin 26: 1761-1768

Zheng X, Wang Y & Wang Y (2004) Hgc1, a novel hypha-specific G1 cyclin-related protein regulates Candida albicans hyphal morphogenesis. The EMBO Journal 23: 1845-1856

 

Websites

http://labeling.pfizer.com/ShowLabeling.aspx?id=566

http://www.medchemexpress.com/miltefosine.htmL

http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/Taxonomy/Browser/wwwtax.cgi?mode=Info&id=5476&lvl=3&lin=f&keep=1&srchmode=1&unlock

http://www.pfizer.com/files/products/uspi_fluconazole.pdf

https://www.ambisome.com/MOA.aspx

https://www.merck.com/product/usa/pi_circulars/c/cancidas/cancidas_pi.pdf

 

 

 

 

Universiteit of Hogeschool
biochemie & biotechnologie
Publicatiejaar
2015
Kernwoorden
Share this on: