A Critical Discourse Analysis of reports on UKIP in a selection of British newspapers

Maïté Muller
Persbericht

Kranten, zijn ze wel zo objectief?

Kranten, zijn ze wel zo objectief?

Op 23 juni 2016 besliste het Verenigd Koninkrijk om uit de Europese Unie te stappen. De rechtse politieke partij UKIP, de UK Independence Party, en de partijleider, Nigel Farage, ijverden al enkele jaren voor het referendum en de zogenaamde Brexit. Nigel Farage en zijn partij verschijnen dan ook al jaren in menig Britse kranten, niet alleen vanwege hun controversiële politieke standpunten maar ook vanwege het racistische imago van de partij en hun excentrieke partijleider. De meerderheid van de Britten heeft een duidelijke mening over de partij, voor of tegen, en de Britse kranten hebben dat ongetwijfeld ook. Laat de Britse pers die mening doorschemeren in haar artikels? Respecteert ze het begrip ‘journalistieke objectiviteit’ wel? En hoe zit het met andere partijen, de zogenaamde ‘mainstream’ partijen, rapporteert de pers hierover wel objectief?

Journalistieke objectiviteit wordt meestal onderzocht om discriminatie, vooroordelen en ongelijkheid tegenover etnische minderheden aan het licht te brengen. Die objectiviteit kan echter ook onderzocht worden tegenover een politieke partij die zelf bij momenten een extreem rechts discours hanteert. Want ook tijdens het rapporteren over dergelijke partij mogen lezers verwachten dat de pers objectief blijft. Wie een nieuwsartikel leest in de krant, op papier of digitaal, gaat ervan uit dat dat artikel geschreven is vanuit een objectief standpunt en dat louter de feiten worden gepresenteerd. Wat de lezer vaak niet weet is dat het artikel wel degelijk subjectieve elementen bevat. Auteurs van krantenartikelen introduceren hun mening echter vaak onbewust, het gebeurt haast automatisch. Daarom gebeurt het ook subtiel en valt het de lezer niet echt op dat die mening geprojecteerd wordt op hem of haar.

Bij de Britse geschreven pers kan men er enigszins vanuit gaan dat nieuwsartikelen niet altijd objectief zijn aangezien de Britten er het bekende onderscheid maken tussen de zogenaamde ‘linkse’ en ‘rechtse’ pers en ook tussen de ‘kwaliteitspers’ en de ‘tabloids’ of roddelpers. Daarnaast zijn er tal van onderzoeken die elke Britse krant linken aan een bepaalde partij, de partij waar ze zogenaamd het meeste steun aan betuigen. Er stellen zich dus enkele vergelijkende vragen in het onderzoek naar de objectiviteit van de Britse pers tegenover UKIP. Over wie zijn de kranten het meest objectief, UKIP of een van de ‘mainstream’ partijen? Zijn er verschillen in objectiviteit tussen artikelen van de zogenaamde ‘linkse’ en ‘rechtse’ pers? En tussen artikelen van de ‘kwaliteitspers’ en de ‘tabloids’? En zijn er verschillen in objectiviteit tussen artikelen over Nigel Farage en UKIP? Die laatste vergelijking wordt gemaakt omdat Britse kranten in het algemeen positiever lijken te rapporteren over Nigel Farage, de ‘man van het volk’, dan over UKIP, veeleer gerelateerd aan schandalen en racistische partijleden.

Die vergelijkende vragen worden beantwoord aan de hand van een kritische discours analyse, een redelijk jonge en complexe onderzoeksmethode aangezien heel wat onderzoekers er hun eigen theorie op toepassen. Elke onderzoeker selecteert namelijk enkele aspecten die relevant zijn voor diens onderzoek om ze vervolgens kritisch te analyseren. De volgende aspecten werden gekozen om de objectiviteit in Britse nieuwsartikelen tegenover UKIP te testen: nominalisaties, citaten, krantenkoppen, foto’s en stereotypen.

De nominalisaties verwijzen naar hoe kranten refereren naar een politieke partij, diens leider en alles en iedereen wat daar mee gelinkt kan worden. Zo refereert de ene krant naar de partij als racistisch, homofoob en vrouwonvriendelijk en de andere als een groeiende partij met goede perspectieven voor de komende verkiezingen. Maar de verschillen kunnen ook kleiner of subtieler zijn door simpelweg te kiezen als auteur voor ‘Farage zijn Duitse vrouw’ in plaats van gewoonweg ‘zijn vrouw’. Door het adjectief ‘Duitse’ toe te voegen verschuift de nadruk meteen op de nationaliteit van de vrouw van de partijleider, wat in strijd zou kunnen zijn met het sterke anti-immigratie standpunt van UKIP. Het kan dus onrechtstreeks gezien worden als een aanval op de geloofwaardigheid van Nigel Farage.

Zo kunnen ook de citaten die een auteur vermeldt in het nieuwsartikel heel wat prijsgeven over diens persoonlijke mening, bijvoorbeeld als hij enkel leden van de oppositie citeert of net helemaal niet. En niet alleen de inhoud maar ook de lengte van citaten kan van belang zijn. Zo kan een auteur wel een schijnbaar evenwicht creëren door zowel leden van UKIP als leden van de oppositiepartij te citeren, maar hij kan ook meer of minder ruimte geven aan de oppositie naargelang zijn persoonlijke mening.

Krantenkoppen kunnen op hun beurt positief of negatief refereren naar een politieke partij. De woordkeuze van een krantenkop kan meteen de toon zetten voor de rest van het artikel. Diezelfde labels, positief of negatief, kunnen worden overgedragen aan stereotypen. Hoewel stereotypen meestal als negatief worden ervaren zijn ze toch vatbaar voor interpretatie. Zo vermeldt de Britse pers vaak Nigel Farage zijn liefde voor een glas bier of zijn regelmatige aanwezigheid in de ‘pub’. De ene auteur kan dit vermelden om Farage af te schilderen als een minder serieus politicus, terwijl de andere dit kan gebruiken om aan te tonen dat Farage een man van het volk is. Diezelfde interpretatie geldt voor de foto’s, die overigens meer zeggen dan duizend woorden:

Nigel Farage David Cameron

Left: The Daily Mail, June 9th 2014, Nigel Farage (UKIP), right: The Daily Mail, May 27th, 2014, David Cameron (The Conservative Party).

De resultaten van het onderzoek bevestigen dat Britse kranten wel degelijk een mening hebben over UKIP, maar ook dat hetzelfde geldt voor de ‘mainstream’ partijen. Ze zijn dus niet noodzakelijk neutraler tegenover de ‘mainstream’ partijen dan tegenover UKIP. Er heerst echter wel een verschil in de houding tegenover UKIP tussen de ‘linkse’ en ‘rechtse’ pers, en ook tussen de ‘kwaliteitspers’ en de ‘tabloids’. Die verschillen blijken soms echter eerder klein te zijn en niet zo opvallend als in eerste instantie zou worden aangenomen. Tot slot lijkt de pers gunstiger te rapporteren over Nigel Farage dan over UKIP, maar ook hier moet er rekening gehouden worden met de interpretatie van de lezer en de bedoelingen van de auteur.

Auteurs van krantenartikelen kunnen dus wel degelijk hun politieke mening laten doorschemeren, vaker onbewust dan bewust, maar voor de krantenlezers onder ons: een gewaarschuwd man is er twee waard.

Bibliografie

5 BIBLIOGRAPHY
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5.2 Primary sources
Articles from the Daily Mail:

DMa1 - Chapman, J., Chorley, M., Gayle, D. (2014, April 30). So, Nigel Farage, whose job is
your German wife taking? Ukip leader is confronted over controversial posters by a question that hits close to home. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2610639/Nigel-Farage-job-German…
DMa2 - Duell, M. (2014, April 27). Ukip surges into lead in European election contest: Poll
gives Nigel Farage's party 31% support after bruising week of controversies. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2614326/Ukip-surges-lead-Europe…
DMa3 - McTague, T. (2014, April 30). Ukip on course to win more than HALF of votes in
some areas despite 1 in 3 voters saying Farage's party is racist. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2616981/Ukip-course-win-HALF-vo…
DMa4 - Associated Press. (2014, May 19). British Euroskeptics say: We're not racist. The
Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/wires/ap/article-2632781/British-Euroskeptic…
DMa5 - Chorley, M. (2014, May 21). I would do a deal with the devil to get an EU vote,
Farage says as he reveals plan to paper over 'cracks' in Ukip's one-man band. The
Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2634925/I-deal-devil-EU-vote-Fa…
DMa6 - Chapman, J., Groves, J., Stevens, J. (2014, May 22). Ukip closing in on victory: Poll
puts Farage seven points ahead on day of crucial EU vote. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2635609/Ukip-closing-victory-Po…
DMa7 - Walters, S. (2014, May 26). Now I will destroy the Tory party': In a crowing
interview, Nigel Farage reveals he will quit politics... once he's got the UK out of the EU. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2638377/Now-I-destroy-Tory-part…
DMa8 - Adams, G. (2014, May 26). 'It looks like we've won a great victory,' said Farage.
'Right then, where's the bar?'. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from
http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2639233/It-looks-like-weve-won-…
DMa9 - Roden, A. (2014, May 27). Now I'll stop Scotland splitting from the UK,' vows
Farage as he says he will take on Alex Salmond over independence after Euro election triumph. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2640457/After-European-election…
DMa10 - Donnelley, P. (2014, May 31). Most of Ukip's four million plus supporters intend to
vote for them again in general election, poll reveals. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2644659/Ukip-wont-just-vanish-M…
DMa11 - McTague, T. (2014, June 1). Farage's plan for Britain: Tax free minimum wage, a
grammar school in every town and help for the rich. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2645262/Farages-plan-Britain-Ta…
DMa12 - Chorley, M. (2014, June 9). 'Britain isn't Britain without Farage with a pint in one
hand and a mystery woman in the other': Gordon Brown mocks UKIP leader. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2653052/Britain-isnt-Britain-wi…
DMa13 - Stevens, J. (2014, June 12). Nigel Farage facing £20,000 fine as election watchdog
probes failure to declare £200,000 worth of donations to party since 2001. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2656482/Nigel-Farage-facing-20-…
DMa14 - Steere, T., Cohen, T., & Stevans, J. (2014, May 31). Ukip's voters will still back the
party at the general election, casting doubt on Tory claims that supporters were 'lending' their votes to Nigel Farage. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2644441/Ukips-voters-party-gene…
DMa15 - Cohen, T. (2014, May 21). We could have joint Tory-Ukip candidates in 2015, says
Farage: Leader says some eurosceptics would be open to the idea. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2635644/We-joint-Tory-Ukip-cand…
CDMa1 - Chorley, M. (2014, May 11). Cameron will call for Britain to LEAVE the European
Union if he fails in bid to claw powers back from Brussels. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2625356/Cameron-says-I-EU-elect…
CDMa2 - Chapman, J. (2014, June 30). Liars, turncoats and cowards! Top Tories blast
European allies but PM gets a boost in the polls. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2675842/Liars-turncoats-cowards…
CDMa3 - Martin, D. (2014, May 27). Brussels is too big and too bossy, Cameron tells EU
leaders (including Kinnock's daughter-in-law). The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2640795/Europe-big-bossy-interf…
CDMa4 - Martin, D. (2014, June 7). Newark win is blueprint for beating Ukip, boast Tories:
David Cameron told to stick to 'optimistic' message after by-election win. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2651218/Newark-win-blueprint-be…
CDMa5 - Martin, D., & Chapman, J. (2014, May 23). Cameron under pressure to strike deal
with Ukip as jubilant Farage boasts he's heading for Euro triumph. The Daily Mail. Retrieved from http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2637767/Cameron-pressure-strike…

Articles from the Daily Mirror:
DMi1 - Burrows, B. (2014, April 2). Nigel Farage: Nine things you DIDN'T know about the
much-talked about UKIP leader. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/nigel-farage-profile-nine-things-3…
DMi2 - Mudie, K. (2014, April 5). Nigel Farage fails to turn TV debate victory over Nick
Clegg into votes. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/nigel-farage-ukip-leader-fails-337…
DMi3 - Smith, M. (2014, April 12). Watch Nigel Farage squirm under questioning about his
£2m expenses on Have I Got News For You?. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/video-watch-nigel-farage-squirm-34…
DMi4 - Eady, P. (2014, April 15). UKIP's Nigel Farage could face expenses probe after
receiving EU cash to pay for office he uses RENT-FREE. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/ukips-nigel-farage-could-face-3414…
DMi5 - McTague, T. (2014, April 16). Nigel Farage defends EU handouts: UKIP leader says
he'll spend how he likes. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/nigel-farage-defends-eu-handouts-3417783
DMi6 - Norris, M. (2014, April 21). Nigel Farage slammed over new UKIP anti-immigration
poster campaign branded 'racist' by critics. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/nigel-farage-defends-alarming-new-…
DMi7 - Smith, R. (2014, May 1). EU chicken! Nigel Farage chickens out when the Mirror
ruffles his feathers. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/eu-chicken-nigel-farage-chickens-3…
DMi8 - Glaze, B. (2014, May 17). The truth about UKIP: Racist jibes, anti-gay rants,
derogatory remarks about women and anti-foreign propaganda. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/truth-ukip-racist-jibes-anti-gay-3…
DMi9 - Bond, A. (2014, May 20). Nigel Farage news round up: Today's top stories on the
controversial politician. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/nigel-farage-news-round-up-3577867
DMi10 - Bond, A. (2014, May 20). UKIP European election news round up: 4 top stories
from today's campaign trail. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/ukip-european-election-news-round-…
DMi11 - Beattie, J. (2014, May 20). Nearly 38% of voters UNAWARE European elections
take place on Thursday. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/nearly-38-voters-unaware-european-…
DMi12 - Beattie, J. (2014, May 20). UKIP is still on course to win European elections despite
disastrous week for Nigel Farage. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/ukip-still-course-win-european-357…
DMi13 - Beattie, J. (2014, May 26). Nick Clegg 'clinging on' to Liberal Democrat leadership
following UKIP European election triumph. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/nick-clegg-clinging-on-liberal-361…
LDMi1 - Moss, V., & Glaze, B. (2014, May 25). Ed Miliband 'on course to be Prime Minister'
after big gains in marginal seats, says poll. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/ed-miliband-on-course-prime-3604910
LDMi2 - Robson, S. (2014, May 18). Labour will raise minimum wage: Ed Miliband's pledge
to 'significantly' boost pay. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/labour-raise-minimum-wage-ed-35674…
LDMi3 - Lyons, J. (2014, May 6). Mirror Election Poll: Ed Miliband is just a single point
ahead of the Tories. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/general-election-2015--ed-3505658
LDMi4 - Routledge, P. (2014, May 24). Labour to toughen up on UKIP after surpassing
expectations in local elections. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/labour-toughen-up-ukip-after-35982…
LDMi5 - Lyons, J. (2014, June 19). Top Ed Miliband adviser defects to Lib Dems after
describing Labour leader as ''really weak''. The Daily Mirror. Retrieved from http://www.mirror.co.uk/news/uk-news/top-ed-miliband-adviser-defects-37…

Articles from the Daily Telegraph:

DT1 - Ross, T. (2014, April 19). European elections: Conservatives face poll humiliation as
one in three Tory voters defects to Ukip. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/10776305/European…
DT2 - Nigel Farage launches Ukip European election campaign in Sheffield. (2014, April 22).
In the Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/10779971/Nigel-Farage-lau…
DT3 - Holehouse, M. (2014, April 23). Nigel Farage takes his message to the country. The
Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/10782059/Nigel-Farage-tak…
DT4 - Waterfield, B. (2014, April 24). EU elections: German Eurosceptics snub 'ridiculous'
Ukip. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/eu/10784826/EU-electio…
DT5 - Hope, C. (2014, May 16). Ukip might lose Euro elections because of mistaken identity,
says Nigel Farage. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/10836886/Ukip-might-lose-…
DT6 - Ford, R., & Warren, I. (2014, May 26). Ukip has torn up the map. The Daily Telegraph.
Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/10857198/Ukip-has-torn-up…
DT7 - Dominiczak, P. (2014, May 29). Nigel Farage: David Cameron will 'fall at first hurdle'
in bid to reform EU. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/nigel-farage/10861542/Nigel-Fa…
DT8 - Kirkup, J. (2014, May 30). Ukip vote in European elections no flash in pan according
to new poll. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/10866335/Ukip-vote-in-Eur…
DT9 - Graham, G. (2014, May 21). Nigel Farage: People will not vote for 'one man band'
Ukip in a general election. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/nigel-farage/10846511/Nigel-Fa…
DT10 - Kirkup, J., & Swinford, S. (2014, May 25). Ukip storms European elections. The
Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/10855972/Ukip-storms-Euro…
DT11 - Graham. G. (2014, May 13). British Asian Ukip youth leader quits 'racist' and
'terrifying' Ukip. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/10828481/British-Asian-Uk…
DT12 - Fifield, N., & Agencies. (2014, June 7). UKIP demands more seats in House of Lords.
The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/10883287/UKIP-demands-more-sea…

DT13 - Agencies. (2014, May 26). Ukip is on its way to Westminster, claims Farage. The
Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/ukip/10856680/Ukip-is-on-its-w…
CDT1 - Ross, T. (2014, April 12). Tories face coming third behind Ukip in Euro poll. The
Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/10762889/Tories-f…
CDT2 - Ross, T. (2014, May 10). David Cameron tells Eurosceptics: trust me I get it. The
Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/10822553/David-C…

CDT3 - Dominiczak, P. (2014, May 12). Tories gain their first opinion poll lead for two years.
The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/conservative/10826277/Tories-g…
CDT4 - Graham, G. (2014, May 26). David Cameron: Nigel Farage wants to 'destroy' the
Conservatives. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/10856133/David-C…
CDT5 - Kirkup, J., & Swinford, S. (2014, May 21). Trust me, no need to vote Ukip, says
David Cameron. The Daily Telegraph. Retrieved from http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/politics/david-cameron/10848066/Trust-m…

Articles from the Guardian:

G1 - Wintour, P. (2014, April 10). Ukip is the party with most reasons to be cheerful ahead of
European elections. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/10/ukip-party-most-reasons…
G2 - Mason, R. (2014, April 16). Nigel Farage rejects 'outrageous' EU expenses allegations.
The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/15/nigel-farage-rejects-ou…
G3 - Sparrow, A. (2014, April 22). Nigel Farage defends Ukip's election campaign after
critics call ads racist. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/21/nigel-farage-ukip-elect…
G4 - Wintour, P., & Collier, H. (2014, April 22). Nigel Farage launches Ukip campaign amid
criticism of 'racist' rhetoric. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/22/nigel-farage-ukip-europ…
G5 - Sparrow, A. (2014, April 27). Ukip likely to come out top in European elections, warn
Hain and Tebbit. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/27/ukip-likely-win-europea…
G6 - Wintour, P., Watt, N., & Carrell, S. (2014, April 28). Ukip condemned by cross-party
group for running 'racist' campaign. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/28/ukip-european-election-…
G7 - Watt, N., & Wintour, P. (2014, April 30). Ukip soars to top of polls despite Farage
ducking byelection battle. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/30/ukip-nigel-farage-top-p…
G8 - Wintour, P. (2014, May 14). Ukip poll finds fans of Farage more likely to feel alienated
and angry. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/14/ukip-poll-fans-farage-m…
G9 - Mason, R. (2014, May 21). Nigel Farage says Ukip will 'win' in European elections. The
Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/21/nigel-farage-ukip-victo…
G10 - Addley, E. (2014, May 25). Nigel Farage keeps low profile before European election
results. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/25/nigel-farage-keeps-low-…
G11 - Addley, E. (2014, May 26). Nigel Farage all smiles as he revels in Ukip's European
election success. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/26/nigel-farage-arrives-at…
G12 - Mason, R. (2014, June 1). Nigel Farage lays out Ukip plans for schools and taxes. The
Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/01/nigel-farage-ukip-schoo…
G13 - Wintour, P. (2014, June 24). Nigel Farage wants to give voters a greater voice by
extending referendums. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/jun/24/nigel-farage-ukip-voter…
G14 - Gil, N. (2014, June 24). Nigel Farage condemns 'massive profiteering' in outsourced
services. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/public-leaders-network/2014/jun/24/nigel-far…
LDG1 - Mason, R. (2014, April 14). Nick Clegg aims to stay on as Lib Dem leader through
next parliament. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/14/nick-clegg-lib-dem-lead…
LDG2 - Wintour, P. (2014, April 24). Clegg launches Lib Dems as pro-EU anti-Ukip party for
European elections. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/apr/24/nick-clegg-lib-dems-ant…
LDG3 - Mason, R. (2014, May 15). Nick Clegg rejects call to quit if Lib Dems wiped out in
European elections. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/15/nick-clegg-lib-dems-eur…
LDG4 - Wintour, P. (2014, May 18). Nigel Farage's mask is slipping, revealing his nasty
views, says Clegg. The Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/18/nigel-farage-mask-slipp…
LDG5 - Watt, N. (2014, May 26). Nick Clegg: now is not the time for me to resign. The
Guardian. Retrieved from http://www.theguardian.com/politics/2014/may/26/nick-clegg-now-not-time…

Universiteit of Hogeschool
Master of Arts in de Meertalige Communicatie: Nederlands, Engels, Spaans
Publicatiejaar
2016
Promotor(en)
David Chan
Kernwoorden
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