Overbemesting van planten kan leiden tot slechtere voedselkwaliteit voor bestuivers

Eva
Hulsmans
  • Tobias
    Ceulemans

Zo’n 90% van alle wilde planten en meer dan twee derde van de landbouwgewassen hangen af van bestuivers voor de productie van hun zaden en vruchten. De meeste bestuivers zijn insecten, waarvan de belangrijkste groep bijen zijn. Er zijn ongeveer 30.000 soorten bijen, waaronder de welgekende honingbij, naast andere sociale of solitaire bijen en hommels, die allemaal afhankelijk zijn van pollen en nectar als enige voedselbron. Ondanks hun belangrijke rol gaan bijen wereldwijd achteruit waarbij een afname van bijenpopulaties intussen is vastgesteld op elk continent. Er zijn verschillende mogelijke oorzaken voor deze achteruitgang. Ten eerste kunnen competitie met invasieve soorten en een grote variëteit aan ziektes en parasieten inheemse bestuivers bedreigen. Ook de klimaatsverandering kan ervoor zorgen dat de interactie tussen plant en bestuiver verstoord wordt. Tot slot kan de grootschalige landgebruiksverandering van de afgelopen decennia, waarbij grote stukken semi-natuurlijk land naar een intensief landbouwlandschap worden omgevormd, een grote impact hebben. Dit zorgt er namelijk voor dat diversiteit aan plantensoorten achteruitgaat en dat er minder en kleinere stukjes habitat voor de bijen en hun voedselplanten overblijven. Dit alles leidt ertoe dat er minder voedsel en nestgelegenheid is voor de bijen. Door het sterk toegenomen gebruik van pesticiden en meststoffen in de landbouw sinds de Industriële Revolutie, zijn de overgebleven stukjes habitat dan ook nog eens van mindere habitatkwaliteit. Deze hebben immers niet alleen rechtstreeks toxische effecten op de bestuivers, maar kunnen ook de planten beïnvloeden die de voedselbron zijn van bijen. Bemesting van planten kan er namelijk voor zorgen dat de samenstelling van nectar en pollen, waarvan bijen zo afhankelijk zijn, verandert. Zulke samenstellingsveranderingen, voornamelijk van suikers en aminozuren, kunnen op hun beurt een effect hebben op het bloembezoek door bestuivers. Aangezien nectar en pollen de enige voedselbron van bijen zijn, kunnen veranderingen in hun samenstelling mogelijk ook een invloed hebben op de voedselkwaliteit voor deze bestuivers. In deze studie onderzochten wij het effect van een veranderde voedselsamenstelling na bemesting op Aardhommelkolonies. We vonden dat hommels die zich voeden met nectar en pollen van bemeste planten meer dode larven en minder levende werksters in hun nesten hadden. Bij de chemische analyse van de nectar en pollen zagen we dat hun suiker– en aminozuursamenstelling inderdaad veranderd was. In de pollen, wat de grootste bron is van aminozuren voor bijen, vonden we minder van de belangrijke aminozuren glycine en arginine. Daarbovenop vonden we minder glucose in de nectar, de voornaamste suikerbron van bijen. Glucose is een van de suikers die verkozen wordt door Aardhommels. Wij vermoeden dat een verminderd aandeel van deze suiker en de aangehaalde aminozuren in de voedselbronnen van deze hommels leidde tot de slechtere toestand van zijn kolonies. Deze resultaten zijn een van de eerste aanwijzingen dat bestuivers negatief beïnvloed worden door veranderingen in voedselkwaliteit na overbemesting. Dit kan belangrijke gevolgen hebben voor het behoud van bestuivers in een omgeving waar overbemesting alom aanwezig is.

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
KU Leuven
Thesis jaar
2016
Promotor(en)
Olivier Honnay