Licht gevoelige osmotisch druk voor membraan-gebaseerde scheidingsprocessen

Jason Pascal-Claes
Persbericht

Ontzilting van zeewater met zonne-energie

De combinatie van nanotechnologie, geavanceerde membranen en zonne-energie heeft het potentieel om drinkbaar water te kunnen produceren uit zeewater.

door Jason Pascal-Claes (Faculteit bio-ingenieurswetenschapen, KU Leuven)

Bevolkingsexplosie en globale opwarming

Volgens de Verenigde Naties zal onze globale populatie 9 miljard bereiken tegen 2075, meer dan een verdubbeling t.o.v. de 4 miljard mensen die we in 1975 telden. Naast een uitbreidende bevolking zorgt ook de toenemende welvaart in groeilanden zoals India en China voor een steeds hogere consumptie. De landbouwgrond, energie, en het water die nodig zijn om deze consumptie te voeden zullen daarom beter benut moeten worden. Efficiënter met slinkende voorraden omgaan zal ook conflicten – zoals er nu al in o.a. het Midden-Oosten zijn - vermijden.

Vooral het acuut tekort aan water is problematisch, zoals op dit moment al duidelijk merkbaar is in verscheidene landen in o.a. Noord-Afrika en de Sahel. De opwarming van de aarde zal deze tendens enkel versnellen de komende jaren. In kwetsbare regio’s zoals het zuiden van Spanje en Californië zal de jaarlijkse hoeveelheid neerslag nog verminderen en zullen langere droogteperiodes nefast zijn voor zowel landbouw als drinkwatervoorraden.

Het potentieel van zeewater

Slechts 3% van al het water op aarde is zoet, de rest is zeewater. Indien dit zout water omgezet zou kunnen worden naar zoet water door ontziltingstechnologie, kunnen we deze quasi oneindige watervoorraad aanspreken om bijvoorbeeld in droge gebieden aan de kust landbouwgrond te irrigeren. Op die manier is er ook een kans dat klimaatvluchtelingen kunnen worden vermeden, met name door lokale gemeenschappen minder afhankelijk te maken van geïmporteerd voedsel en water.

Ontzilten: een kostelijke zaak

Ontziltingstechnologie bestaat al op grote schaal, vooral in de vorm van omgekeerde osmose (reverse osmosis). Hierbij wordt zeewater onder zeer hoge druk door een dunne ‘filter’ (een membraan) gepompt. Dit membraan houdt het zout tegen, terwijl het water erdoor passeert. Aan één kant van het membraan blijft er zout achter en aan de andere kant drinkbaar water. Werken met deze hoge druk heeft als nadeel dat dit veel - dure - energie vereist. De hoge energiekost zorgt ervoor dat deze ‘reverse osmosis’-technologie vooral wordt toegepast in rijke oliestaten zoals Qatar en Saudi-Arabië, waar andere vormen van drinkwaterbereiding niet haalbaar zijn en energie zeer goedkoop is.

Tabula rasa

In water opgeloste stoffen kunnen het water rond zich vasthouden als een spons, en elke stof heeft een verschillende aantrekkingskracht voor watermoleculen. Dit wil zeggen dat wanneer er een grotere aantrekkingskracht is tussen water en een stof, water eerder zal vastgehouden door deze stof dan door andere opgeloste stoffen waarmee er een lagere aantrekkingskracht is.

Deze kennis leidt ons naar de eerste stap van voorwaartse osmose (forward osmosis): het water in zeewater wordt doorheen een membraan getrokken door een andere stof die een hogere affiniteit voor water heeft, ook wel hogere hydrofiliciteit genoemd. Deze stof trekt het water dus aan als een spons, tot deze helemaal verzadigd is. Dit is een volledig andere aanpak dan de klassieke ontziltingsmethode die zoals gezegd hoge druk vereist.

De volgende uitdaging is dat het water dan nog gebonden is met de spons. Er wordt dus gezocht naar een stof die initieel een grote (hoge hydrofiliciteit) en daarna een lage aantrekking heeft op water (lagere hydrofiliciteit).

Eureka

Tijdens dit thesisonderzoek is aangetoond dat speciale nanopartikels van 25 nanometer groot (1 nanometer is 1 miljardste van een meter, dus met het blote oog onzichtbaar kleine deeltjes) een hogere hydrofiliciteit vertonen nadat er zonlicht op heeft ingestraald. Deze nanopartikels vormen dus een hele goede spons. Na een tijdje zijn de nanopartikels verzadigd en door ze uit het zonlicht te plaatsen verlaagt hun hydrofiliciteit weer. Beter nog, de nanopartikels vertonen dan meer affiniteit voor elkaar dan voor water, waardoor ze allemaal samenklitten en naar de bodem zakken, zoals wijndroesem in een karaf bezinkt. Hierdoor blijft het zuivere water over en kan men de nanopartikels, die op de bodem achter blijven, daarna recycleren. De zonne-energie wordt dus gebruikt om water efficiënt door het membraan te trekken met lichtgevoelige nanopartikels. Als dit effect uitgewerkt is, kunnen de nanopartikels efficiënt bezinken en krijgen we zoet water. Dit hele proces werkt zonder hoge druk en dus zonder de bijhorende energiekosten. Het volledige proces is schematisch samengevat in de onderstaande figuur.

Image removed.

Voorwaartse osmose: eerst wordt het water vanuit zeewater door het membraan getrokken door de hydrofiele nanopartikels (NP) in water die dienen als spons, het zout blijft achter. Vervolgens bezinken de NP in een donkere sedimentatietank en krijgen we zuiver water

Voorwaartse osmose: eerst wordt het water vanuit zeewater door het membraan getrokken door de hydrofiele nanopartikels (NP) in water die dienen als spons, het zout blijft achter. Vervolgens bezinken de NP in een donkere sedimentatietank en krijgen we zuiver water.

Toekomstdroom: energie opwekken uit ontzilting

Door de lagere energiekosten is het ontzilten van water via voorwaartse osmose tot 72% goedkoper dan via omgekeerde osmose. Sterker nog, het is mogelijk om zelfs hernieuwbare “blauwe” energie te halen uit het proces. In de eerste stap waarbij het water door de nanopartikels door het membraan wordt getrokken, vergroot het volume aan de kant van de nanopartikels. Als deze kant wordt aangesloten op een turbine, moet het mogelijk zijn hier elektriciteit uit te halen. Het vermogen dat eruit geproduceerd zou kunnen worden is indrukwekkend: 1 kubieke meter water produceren zou namelijk voldoende zijn om een LED lamp van 10 watt 42 uur te laten branden. De combinatie van membranen met nanopartikels en zonlicht zou dus niet alleen zeewater kunnen ontzilten maar ook hernieuwbare energie kunnen opwekken.

Conclusie

Nanopartikels die dienen als sponzen kunnen zeewater door een membraan trekken onder invloed van de zon terwijl het zout achterblijft. Zonder het zonlicht kunnen de nanopartikels het water niet meer vasthouden en bezinken ze door sedimentatie. Hierdoor wordt er drinkbaar water geproduceerd en kunnen de nanopartikels gerecycleerd worden. Doordat er bovendien geen hoge drukken gebruikt worden is dit proces minstens 72% goedkoper dan conventionele technologieën. In de toekomst zal het zelfs mogelijk zijn om uit de kracht waarmee de nanopartikels water door het membraan trekken elektriciteit op te wekken en zo op een volledig energie-neutrale en goedkope wijze water te ontzilten.

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Master of Science in the bio-science engineering: catalytic chemistry
Publicatiejaar
2016
Promotor(en)
Ivo Vankelecom
Kernwoorden
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