Battling Homesickness on Mars: the relationship between relatedness, well-being, performance and displacement in a Mars simulation study.
Houston, are we there yet? Heimwee op Mars
Vier maanden voor zijn gepland vertrek naar het internationale ruimtestation (ISS), vroeg de Russische kosmonaut Yuri Malenchko zijn verloofde Ekaterina ‘Kate’ Dmitrieva ten huwelijk. Hun bruiloft stond gepland in augustus, na Yuri’s terugkeer naar de aarde. Eenmaal aan boord van het ISS werd de bemanning echter geïnformeerd dat de missie verlengd zou worden tot eind oktober. Het koppel besloot hun huwelijk niet uit te stellen, en op 10 augustus 2003, trouwden Yuri en Kate via satellietcommunicatie. Hij ongeveer 400 km boven Nieuw-Zeeland met een strikje bovenop zijn ruimtepak, zij in Texas in een wit kleed, vergezeld van een levensgrote foto van de kosmonaut. Het jonge echtpaar deed hun geloften via videolink, deden zelf hun trouwring om en verzegelden hun huwelijk met een blaaskusje.
Dit onwaarschijnlijke verhaal en vele andere beruchte anekdotes uit de ruimtevaart vallen onder de verantwoordelijkheid van NASA’s Astronaut Family Support Office. Een instelling die er hoofdzakelijk op toeziet dat er geen missiedoelen in het gedrang kunnen komen omwille van familiale problemen of verminderde persoonlijke relaties tijdens langdurige ruimtemissies. Weldra zullen zij voor een nieuwe, ongekende uitdaging staan.
Bemande, interplanetaire reizen zullen binnenkort niet meer tot sciencefiction behoren en astronauten zullen langer dan ooit weg zijn van huis. Want de mensheid gaat naar Mars.
Mars is altijd al een populaire bestemming geweest in fictie literatuur. In 2015 bijvoorbeeld werd The Martian verfilmd, naar de bestseller van Andy Weir. Een boek dat opent met de volgende drie zinnen: “I’m pretty much fucked. That’s my considered opinion. Fucked.” Een bestseller van formaat, maar hoe voorkomen we dit, en hoe maken we het leven op Mars wél dragelijk?
Life on Mars. Een tweede ‘space race’ lijkt nabij, met grote beloftes en sterke prestaties van o.a. NASA, SpaceX, China, India en zelfs Google. Mooi, maar hoewel ze onze buurplaneet is, is Mars nog steeds ongelooflijk ver van ons verwijderd. De afstand tussen de aarde en Mars fluctueert naargelang de posities van beide planeten en bedraagt tussen 55 en 400 miljoen kilometer. 400 miljoen kilometer, dat is zo onwaarschijnlijk ver dat radiogolven (die aan lichtsnelheid reizen!) er ongeveer 24 minuten over doen waardoor er communicatievertraging ontstaat. Dat betekent: geen directe communicatie met hun collega’s op aarde (mission support), geen telefoongesprekken met vrienden en familie en al zeker geen Skypehuwelijken. Neen, de astronauten onderweg naar Mars zullen gedurende één tot drie jaar met niemand anders live interactie hebben dan met hun medebemanningsleden. Niemand in de geschiedenis van de mensheid zal ooit zo ver weg van huis geweest zijn als zij. Bovendien zullen deze astronauten ook lange tijd samenwerken en samenleven in een erg krap ruimteschip. Recent onderzoek schrijft 25m³ leefbare ruimte per astronaut voor, dit gedurende meerdere jaren, voor zowel kantoorruimte, labo’s, slaapkamers, keuken, etc. Het probleem van sociale isolatie is dus tweedelig: door het gebrek aan contact met vrienden en familie en het beperkt aantal gesprekspartners, vormt niet alleen eenzaamheid, maar ook conflict en irritatie een risico voor de missie.
Under the dome. Deze thesis onderzoekt de psychologische problemen die samen gaan met zulke langdurige ruimtemissies. We bestudeerden zes “astronauten” die zich vrijwillig opgaven om deel te nemen aan een experiment van NASA. Een jaar lang woonden zij geïsoleerd van alle beschaving aan de voet van een verlaten vulkaan. Hier leefden en werkten ze zoals astronauten dat op Mars zouden doen, inclusief een communicatievertraging van 20 minuten met de buitenwereld en een verplicht ruimtepak als ze zich buiten hun wooneenheid wilden begeven.
Space blues. Gedurende dit experiment vonden we onder meer dat de sociale isolatie die de astronauten ondergingen, samengaat met minder positieve emoties en meer stress. Bovendien beïnvloedt sociale isolatie ook de kwaliteit van het werk dat de astronauten leveren. Als laatste onderzochten we ook hoe de communicatie verliep tussen de bemanning en hun mission support team. Hieruit blijkt dat wanneer er conflict speelt tussen de bemanningsleden, er ook meer kans is op een minder vlotte samenwerking met mission support. Wanneer er spanning heerst in een kleine, gesloten groep is het geen goed idee om dit te laten escaleren, zeker niet als je nog een jaar moet samenleven. Emoties worden dus automatisch opgekropt en later geprojecteerd op mensen die verder verwijderd zijn van de groep.
Deze en andere problemen die gepaard gaan met interplanetaire ruimtereizen zullen ons als mensheid voor een enorm grote uitdaging stellen, waardoor interdisciplinaire samenwerking noodzakelijk zal zijn. Niet enkel krachtige raketten en nieuwe ruimteschepen, maar ook bijvoorbeeld de psychologische kwesties moeten verder onderzocht worden. In de woorden van de arts die deelnam aan het Mars experiment: “Een cruciale les die we geleerd hebben, is dat technologie niet onze grootste zorg is. Mechanische oplossingen om een bemanning levend daar en terug te krijgen zullen gevormd worden naargelang tijd en geld het toelaat. Wat we echter niet kunnen ontwerpen of aanpassen zijn mensen zelf.” Het is waar dat we het menselijk ontwerp niet kunnen veranderen, maar wat we wel kunnen doen, is astronauten onderzoeken om hen beter te ondersteunen, iets waar deze masterproef dieper op ingaat.
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