Baibai en kafei, spreekt u ook een mondje Chinees?
Baibai en kafei, spreekt u ook een mondje Chinees?
“Ik begrijp er niets van, dat is Chinees voor mij”, een uitdrukking die u waarschijnlijk zelf al een keer in de mond nam, of van iemand anders te horen kreeg. Het bestaan van een dergelijke zegswijze toont aan dat het Chinees vaak aangevoeld wordt als een onverstaanbare warboel. En wanneer u iets zinnigs probeert te zeggen over het Chinees, komt u doorgaans niet veel verder dan “het klinkt allemaal als chingchong”, “Chinezen kunnen de R niet uitspleken” en “veel vreemde tekens”. Vanaf vandaag kunt u daar aan toevoegen: “Er zitten Engelse woorden verstopt in de warboel die het Chinees soms lijkt”.
Het overnemen van vreemde woorden
Talen zijn in geen geval statisch, integendeel zijn ze constant onderhevig aan verandering en beïnvloeden ze elkaar. Een woord dat uit een vreemde taal werd overgenomen, noemt men een ‘leenwoord’. Denk bijvoorbeeld aan computer of charmant . Een mogelijke reden voor het overnemen van een vreemd woord, is dat men kennis maakt met een nieuw object of concept, afkomstig uit een andere cultuur, en dat men vervolgens de originele benaming hiervan overneemt in de eigen taal. De aanvaarding van een vreemd woord vereist steeds een sociaal draagvlak, dit wil zeggen dat de bevolking moet openstaan voor buitenlandse invloeden. Het fenomeen van leenwoorden heeft altijd bestaan en is zeer wijd verspreid (onderzoekers wijzen er bijvoorbeeld op dat de Engelse taal voor 41 procent uit leenwoorden bestaat, voornamelijk uit het Latijn en het Frans). Het uitwisselen van woorden lijkt echter in een versnelling te zijn gekomen door de huidige globalisering.
Engels als wereldtaal
Globalisering houdt in dat samenlevingen en culturen over de hele wereld steeds meer verbonden raken. Mensen kunnen steeds makkelijker met elkaar communiceren, mede dankzij gebruik van het internet. Vooral de Engelse taal wordt hierbij gebruikt als internationaal communicatiemiddel. Enerzijds is het de taal van de wetenschap en in business-omgevingen. Anderzijds merken we de overweldigende aanwezigheid van het Engels in de populaire cultuur (muziek, film) en online. De wereldwijde dominantie van deze taal zorgt ervoor dat we dagelijks geconfronteerd worden met uitdrukkingen zoals ‘Oh my God!’ en ‘cool!’, zonder dat we er erg in hebben dat deze eigenlijk geen deel uitmaken van de Nederlandse woordenschat.
Engels is ku !
Ook in China is de dominantie van de Engelse taal op wereldvlak voelbaar, en komen we Engelse leenwoorden tegen, zoals baibai (拜拜) ‘bye-bye’, kafei (咖啡) ‘coffee’, heike (黑客) ‘hacker’ en bengji (蹦极) ‘bungee’. Dit taalkundige fenomeen heeft een sociaal historische verklaring. Sinds de late jaren 1970 begon China internationaal mee te spelen, in de eerste plaats om haar economie een boost te geven, en zo de welvaart van haar bevolking op te krikken. Samen met de gewenste kennis en technologie, stroomden ook de westerse cultuur en taal binnen in China. De hedendaagse Chinese bevolking beseft dat een degelijke kennis van het Engels vereist is indien men een respectabele (en internationaal gerichte) job ambieert. Vandaar dat ouders hun kinderen reeds op jonge leeftijd Engelse les laten volgen – een grote verandering aangezien de doorsnee Chinees van middelbare leeftijd nooit Engelse taalles genoten heeft. Vooral de jonge Chinese bevolking vindt westerse cultuur en taal prestigieus. Wie het Engels machtig is, wordt gezien als intelligent en ‘cool’ – ku (酷) in het Chinees, alweer een leenwoord!
Creatieve leenwoorden en merknamen
Chinezen hebben verschillende manieren om Engelse woorden over te nemen. We vermeldden reeds enkele klanknabootsingen, andere voorbeelden hiervan zijn buding (布丁) ‘pudding’, baleiwu (芭蕾舞) ‘ballet’ en meiti (媒体) ‘media’. Af en toe komen we Engelse afkortingen tegen in een Chinese tekst, zoals WTO (World Trade Organisation – Wereldhandelsorganisatie) of DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). Normaal gezien is helemaal niet gangbaar om in het Chinees gebruik te maken van alfabetische letters. Het voorkomen van dergelijke afkortingen toont duidelijk aan dat het Engels steeds belangrijker wordt in China. Verder maken Chinese vertalers soms ook gebruik van meer creatieve manieren om Engelse woorden om te zetten. Wat dacht u bijvoorbeeld van: diannao (电脑), het leenwoord voor ‘computer’, waarvan de letterlijke vertaling ‘elektrisch brein’ luidt, anlesi (安乐死) ‘euthanasie’, wat zoveel betekent als ‘vredevol en tevreden sterven’, en ganlanqiu (橄榄球) ‘rugbybal’, letterlijk ‘olijfvormige bal’? Bij deze woorden is de link met de originele uitspraak echter verdwenen. Ook internationale merken meten zichzelf graag een lokale naam aan bij hun toetreding tot de Chinese markt. Ook hier is het resultaat vaak origineel, zoals Kekou-Kele (可口可乐) voor Coca-Cola, letterlijk ‘lekker en leuk’ in het Chinees, en Jialefu (家乐福) als vertaling voor Carrefour, wat zoveel betekent als ‘amusement voor het gezin’.
De globalisering en groeiende populariteit van de westerse cultuur hebben ervoor gezorgd dat een redelijk aantal Engelse leenwoorden zich hebben ingeplant in het dagelijkse leven in China. Als u goed luistert wanneer u de volgende keer Chinezen hoort babbelen op straat of een oosterse film bekijkt, vangt u misschien wel een baibai of ku op, en denkt u bij zichzelf: “Tiens, dat Chinees is toch niet helemaal Chinees voor mij”.
Ruth Vervaet
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