Landbouw wordt in toenemende mate erkend als één van de meest ingrijpende menselijke activiteiten op aarde. Landbouw is de laatste 10 jaar erg geïntensifieerd door het overmatig gebruik van meststoffen en de grootschalige toepassing van pesticide. Dit ondermijnt niet alleen de ecologische integriteit van terrestrische systemen, maar ook de biodiversiteit en het functioneren van aquatische systemen. Nochtans is efficiënt landbouw cruciaal om de snel groeiende menselijke populatie te voeden. Er heerst momenteel een debat over de ontwikkeling van een duurzaam landbouwbeleid en de mogelijke impact hiervan op voedselveiligheid, functioneren van ecosystemen en biodiversiteit. Biologisch landbouw wordt voorgesteld als een alternatieve stabiele landbouwtype en wordt gepromoot door Europa, omdat er wordt verwacht dat biologisch landbouw minder schadelijk is voor de omgeving door het gebruik van biologische meststoffen en een beperkt gebruik van pesticide.
Het merendeel van vergelijkende studies onderzoeken het effect van biologische landbouw op het akkerland zelf, op de omliggende terrestrische landschap of op grote aquatische systemen zoals rivieren en meren, terwijl kleine lentische waterlichamen vaak genegeerd worden. Dit is een grote beperking in de ontwikkeling van een duurzaam landbouw beleid omdat deze kleine waterlichamen vaak voorkomende landschapselementen zijn die in een belangrijke mate bijdrage tot de regionale biodiversiteit en ze voorzien tal van verschillende vitale ecosysteemdiensten.
Dit onderzoek omvat een vergelijkende studie naar het effect van biologische en conventionele landbouw op aquatische biodiversiteit. Hiertoe werden 48 poelen met een verschillende landbouwintensiteit en een verschillend hoeveelheid biologisch landbouw in de nabije omgeving in Vlaanderen bemonsterd. Dit specifiek gericht om (1) te testen voor verschillen in omgevingscondities tussen biologische en conventionele poelen in relatie tot landbouwintensiteit (2) te testen voor een effect van landbouwtype en intensiteit op zoöplankton gemeenschapskenmerken.
Onze studie onthult een significant effect van landbouw en landbouwintensiteit op lokale omgevingscondities en zoöplankton gemeenschapskenmerken. Er is een significant negatieve associatie tussen fytoplankton biomassa en zoöplankton diversiteit. Grasland heeft een sterkere negatieve impact op lokale omgevingscondities in vergelijking met akkerland. De percentage cover van akkerland en bos in een perimeter van 200 m heeft een significant effect op de species rijkdom. We vonden geen groot verschil in lokale omgevingscondities en zoöplankton gemeenschapskenmerken tussen biologische en conventionele poelen. We hebben wel een positief effect van biologische landbouw op taxon diversiteit op regionale schaal gevonden. Dus, biologische landbouw heeft geen positief effect op lokale diversiteit maar wel op regionale diversiteit.
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