Katalytische bioraffinage in n-butanol/water: de omzetting van lignocellulose naar fenolen, polyolen en cellulose

Elias Cooreman
Persbericht

Biomassa: de duurzame koolstofbron van de toekomst

Aardolie genoeg!(?)

“A century ago, petroleum - what we call oil - was just an obscure commodity; today it is almost as vital to human existence as water.”

~James Buchan

Het zijn wijdverbreide fenomenen: hoge benzineprijzen, sensibiliseringcampagnes voor recyclage en de zoektocht naar een groen alternatief voor de energieproductie. Dit alles is een gevolg van eenzelfde vaststelling: de projectie die aantoont dat vanaf 2020 de wereld meer fossiele olie zal verbruiken dan er gewonnen zal worden. De enorme olie-afhankelijkheid van onze samenleving induceerde fantastische technologische mirakels, maar deze gigantische industrie begint stilaan te wankelen. Achter de schermen wordt echter volop naar alternatieven gezocht.

De zoektocht naar alternatieven

Een concept dat de voorbije jaren aan populariteit won, is duurzame ontwikkeling. Dit wordt volgens het Brundtland-rapport gedefinieerd als de ontwikkeling die aan de noden van de huidige generatie voldoet zonder deze van de komende generatie te ondermijnen. Voor een belangrijke sector, zoals de chemische industrie, bestaat dit uit de omschakeling van niet duurzame grondstoffen naar meer hernieuwbare en ecologische koolstofbronnen. Het aanwenden van biomassa als grondstof voor materialen en chemicaliën biedt in deze context een alternatief. Biomassa, in de vorm van lignocellulose, wordt beschouwd als een veelbelovend alternatief. Hiernaast past het gebruik van lignocellulose als grondstof in het plaatje van een circulaire economie.

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Biomassa als alternatief?

Lignocellulose biomassa heeft een zeer complexe samenstelling dat voornamelijk bestaat uit drie fracties (cellulose, hemicellulose en lignine). De start voor de opwaardering tot chemicaliën begint bij de scheiding van deze verschillende fracties. Deze scheiding wordt echter verhindert door de zogeheten recalcitrance. Dit is de weerstand van de verschillende fracties in de biomassa tegen chemische en enzymatische omzetting. Vooralsnog is er geen universele oplossing om dit probleem te omzeilen.

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De voorbije 50 jaren zijn verscheidene fractionatieprocessen beschreven, elk met hun voor- en nadelen. Vele van deze omzettingsreacties beoogt de optimale scheiding van de suikerpolymeren (cellulose & hemicellulose) terwijl er een gedegradeerd lignineproduct verkregen wordt. Meer innovatieve technieken focussen eveneens op de stabilisatie van deze ligninefractie. Deze fractie, dat bestaat uit een complex fenolisch biopolymeer, is voornamelijk interessant voor de synthese van aromatische chemicaliën. Een interessante fractionatiemethode die gelijktijdig de stabilisatie van de ligninecomponenten garandeert, is de reductieve katalytische fractionatie (RCF).

Optimalisatie van de katalytische fractionatie

Deze masterproef richt zich op een alternatieve reductieve katalytische fractionatie die focust op de omzetting van lignocellulose biomassa in drie productstromen gedurende één RCF-stap. De drie gevormde productstromen zijn (i) lignine-afgeleide fenolen, (ii) suikerpolymeer-afgeleide polyolen en een celluloserijke pulp. Het innovatieve aspect van deze omzetting ligt voornamelijk in een hoge lignineconversie en een gelijktijdige stabilisatie van de opgeloste suikers, hetgeen vooralsnog niet zo succesvol was in één stap.

Een belangrijk aspect van de reactie is het gebruik van het solvent(mengsel), namelijk een n‑butanol/water mengsel. Dit mengsel heeft als belangrijke eigenschap dat deze tijdens de reactie éénfasig is, terwijl er op kamertemperatuur een fasescheiding zal optreden. Deze fasescheiding zorgt eveneens voor een productscheiding. De meer organische fenolen zullen zich eerder in de organische fase bevinden. Hiernaast zullen de meer polaire suikers en polyolen voornamelijk in de waterfase bevinden.

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Deze reactie zorgt voor een maximale extractie van het ligninepolymeer uit het hout, gelijktijdig met de maximale omzetting tot stabiele monomeren. Deze aromatische monomeren kunnen worden gebruikt voor de productie van producten met een reeds bestaande markt (e.g. fenolen, propeen,…) maar ook nieuwe producten (e.g. bisguaiacol F). De resterende dimerische of oligomerische fenolen kunnen worden gebruikt in de productie van harsen en waxen.

Aanvullend zijn de suikerproducten en polyolen voornamelijk uit de (minder stabiele) hemicellulosefractie afkomstig. Hoe strenger de gebruikte reactiecondities, hoe vollediger de omzetting van dit biopolymeer tot stabiele polyolen. Deze suikerafgeleiden kunnen op hun beurt worden gebruikt als zoetstof, maar ook als bouwblok voor de productie van polymeren.

Tot slot resulteert het streven naar de maximale omzetting van lignine en de productie van stabiele polyolen in een celluloserijke pulp. Deze celluloserijke pulp kan gebruikt worden voor de productie van papier, maar eveneens voor de synthese van groene solventen (zoals bio-ethanol).

Conclusie

Dit onderzoek toont dus aan dat het mogelijk is om alle fracties van hout om te zetten naar producten met een hoge toegepaste waarde. De toepasbaarheid van deze scriptie op de industrie ligt in het feit dat deze voor de eerste maal beschrijft hoe men biomassa kan omzetten in haar drie fracties zonder degradatie van minstens één van deze fracties en dit gedurende één stap.

“A distinction between renewable and not renewable is academic.”

~ Carlo Rubbia

Het onderzoek achter de schermen is bewijs dat prof. Rubbia binnen de kortste keren zijn stelling zal moeten aanpassen. Groene alternatieven voor petroleum liggen op de loer en zullen zich weldra een weg banen in het dagelijks leven.

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Bio-ingenieurswetenschappen: katalytische technologie
Publicatiejaar
2018
Promotor(en)
Prof. Ir. Bert Sels
Kernwoorden
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