Introductie
Anno 2018 is degeneratieve lage rugpijn - ‘rugslijtage’ - wereldwijd al jaren de nummer één oorzaak van werkverlet, invaliditeit en verlies van jaren in goede gezondheid door ziekte. Op levenstermijn ontwikkelt tot 80% van de mensen dit probleem, alsook kent tot 50% van deze patiënten minstens één episode van herval. Dermate het probleem groot is, dermate zijn de behandelingsmogelijkheden eerder beperkt. Het laatste ‘redmiddel’ is een operatie waarbij men een chirurgische fusie van twee of meerdere ruggenwervels ter hoogte van de lage rug uitvoert. Maar in de praktijk zijn deze operaties niet altijd succesvol, en het effect op de pijnklachten van de patiënt is onvoorspelbaar en soms teleurstellend.
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Het chirurgisch fuseren van twee of meerdere ruggenwervels in kader van degeneratieve lage rugpijn is actueel een ‘hot topic’ in de medische literatuur. Er zijn zoveel studies over verschillende technieken en aanpassingen op de technieken, dat de cijfers haast niet bij te houden zijn. Echter, deze studies zijn vaak zeer klein en worden te vaak gefinancierd door bedrijven die het materiaal voorzien voor dit type ingrepen. Ook wordt in deze studies eigenlijk ook niet bestudeerd of een succesvolle operatie – d.w.z. het bekomen van een beenderige overbrugging tussen twee wervels – ook leidt tot een betere uitkomst dan wanneer je vergelijkt met groepen waarin de operatie niet succesvol was. De kwaliteit van de studies is dus eigenlijk te laag om goede en duidelijke richtlijnen te kunnen opstellen. Chirurgen moeten vaak handelen gebaseerd op persoonlijke ervaring in plaats van zich te kunnen baseren op kwaliteitsvolle richtlijnen.
Deze grote literatuurstudie - waarin we volgens vooraf bepaalde systematiek en criteria een samenvattend geheel van de bestaande literatuur maken - had één hoofddoel: zoeken naar een associatie tussen succesvolle operaties en succesvolle uitkomsten.
ü In totaal werden 56 studies gebundeld met de gegevens van 5340 patiënten. Gemiddeld waren er 50 patiënten betrokken in een studie. Deze patiënten werden gemiddeld 29,1 maanden opgevolgd. Zij waren gemiddeld 53,6 (!!) jaar oud.
ü Gemiddeld waren minstens 85% van de operaties succesvol. In sommige groepen waren tot 96,5% van de operaties succesvol. Deze cijfers lagen hoger dan initieel verwacht werd, maar toch is een ingreep die in bijvoorbeeld 15% van de gevallen mislukt, niet optimaal. Daarom blijft men verder zoeken naar methoden om deze operaties te verbeteren.
ü De rugklachten van de patiënten werden gescoord op de Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) schaal. Dit is een zeer goed bestudeerde vragenlijst waarmee je de klachten en het functioneren van de patiënt in één cijfer kan uitdrukken. Een lage score van 0-20 wijst op een normaal functionerend persoon, terwijl een patiënt met een score van 80-100 rolstoelgebonden is door zijn symptomen. We zagen dat in alle groepen na de operatie er een gemiddelde verbetering was in score van meer dan 20 punten, tot zelfs 34 punten in één groep. Samengevat toont dit aan dat er wel degelijk een verbetering is in klachten na de operatie.
ü De vraag is nu: komt deze verbetering die we zien na de ingreep dan wel degelijk door de ingreep zelf? Met andere woorden, is er een verband tussen een geslaagde operatie en een klinische verbetering? Om dit te onderzoeken, voerden we een lineaire regressie analyse uit. Met deze statistische methode zetten we twee variabelen in een grafiek tegenover elkaar. Met berekeningen kan je dan onderzoeken of die twee variabelen met elkaar in verband staan, want dan zou je vanuit de ene variabele op een betrouwbare manier de andere variabele kunnen berekenen. Hieronder een fragment uit de originele paper, waarbij op de Y-as de verbetering in symptoom-score van de patiënt staat, en op de X-as het percentage van geslaagde ingrepen.
Samengevat: we zien dat de verbetering in symptomen stijgt naarmate het percentage van geslaagde ingrepen stijgt. Statistisch kunnen we hier echter niet bewijzen dat deze twee verband houden met elkaar!
Er kunnen volgens ons meerdere verklaringen zijn waarom deze twee geen verband met elkaar zouden houden:
Vooraleer er wordt overgegaan tot ingrijpende operaties bij deze rugpatiënten, moet er dus goed nagedacht worden. Er kon niet bewezen worden dat een geslaagde operatie ook leidt tot een geslaagde uitkomst bij de patiënt. We hebben nood aan grote, kwaliteitsvolle studies om dit eventueel verband te zoeken en bewijzen.
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