Op een gemiddelde dag eten 64 % van de Belgen een stuk fruit met daarbij appel als koploper (VLAM, 2014). Wereldwijd is appel (Malus x domestica) een belangrijk economisch gewas. Toch bereiken veel gewassen die vandaag de dag geteeld worden hun maximaal mogelijke opbrengst niet. Verschillende ziekten en plagen leiden tot grote opbrengstverliezen en hoge kosten voor de sector door hun chemische bestrijding.
De meest vernietigende ziekte in de commerciële appelteelt is appelschurft, een schimmelziekte veroorzaakt door de hemibiotroof Venturia inaequalis. Telers combineren preventieve en curatieve fungicidenbehandelingen om de schimmelontwikkeling op een zo efficiënt mogelijke manier te onderdrukken. Door deze chemische controle kan een hogere opbrengst van het gewas bekomen worden en kan de voedselproductie op peil gehouden worden. Deze intense chemische bestrijding heeft niet alleen een duur prijskaartje voor de teler, maar is ook schadelijk voor zowel de menselijke gezondheid als het ecosysteem en de omgeving.
Daarom limiteert de wetgeving dan ook sterk het gebruik van pesticiden. Om maximale residuen in het voedsel niet te overschrijden, wordt voor elk pesticide een veiligheidstermijn ingevoerd. Dit betekent dat er een minimale tijd moet zijn tussen de behandeling met het pesticide en de oogst van het gewas, waarna de overblijvende (lage) residuen op het gewas niet meer als toxisch voor de mens kunnen beschouwd worden. Bovendien ontbreekt een correct pesticidenmanagement in vele ontwikkelingslanden en ook in ontwikkelde landen wordt niet altijd correct omgesprongen met pesticide-adviezen.
Daarentegen leidt een veelvuldig gebruik van fungiciden tot het ontstaan van schurftstammen die niet meer gevoelig zijn aan de gewasbeschermingsmiddelen (Carrisse & Jobin, 2006). Hoewel genetisch gewijzigde gewassen hier een oplossing kunnen bieden, ligt dit onderwerp nog steeds zeer gevoelig en maakt het deel uit van een moeilijk maatschappelijk debat.
Vanuit het oogpunt van een meer duurzame en ecologisch verantwoorde landbouw wordt daarom wereldwijd dringend gezocht naar alternatieven waarmee onder andere appelschurft kan bestreden worden. Zo kreeg het zoete immuniteitsconcept onlangs veel aandacht, omdat suikers de verdediging van planten tegen ziekten en plagen mogelijks zouden kunnen verhogen bij een volgende infectie (Bolouri-Moghaddam & Van den Ende, 2012; Morkunas & Ratajczak, 2014).
In deze thesis testen we de werking van dit concept bij appelbladeren tegen appelschurft met enkele veelbelovende suikers en kijken we wat het effect hiervan is op de inwendige suikerconcentraties van de bladeren.
In twee infectie-experimenten werden de drie jongste en meest schurftgevoelige appelbladeren besproeid met drie verschillende fructaansuikers: graminanen, inulinen en levanen. Verneveling met fosetyl-aluminum en water werd respectievelijk als positieve en negatieve controle ingezet. Drie dagen na het besproeien van de bladeren met fructanen werden deze appelbladeren geïnfecteerd met schimmelsporen van V. inaequalis. Vervolgens werd de schimmelgroei op de bladeren opgevolgd in de tijd op zowel visueel als DNA niveau. Daarnaast werden op verschillende tijdstippen ook bladstalen genomen en geanalyseerd om het DNA van de schimmel en de suikerconcentraties (glucose, fructose en sucrose) van de appelbladeren te meten, om zo mogelijke effecten van een verbeterde verdediging te kunnen linken aan veranderingen van de suikergehalten van de bladeren. Verder werden ook op verschillende posities van de plant bladstalen genomen om zo het effect van de suikers en dus ook van de verdediging van het blad in functie van de leeftijd van het blad te kunnen onderzoeken.
Als laatste werd ook het direct effect van de geteste suikers onderzocht op de in vitro groei van de schimmel. Hierbij werden verschillende voedingsmedia aangemaakt waar vervolgens een specifiek suiker met specifieke concentratie werd aan toegevoegd. Daarna werd een kleine cirkelvormige schimmelkolonie overgebracht op deze verschillende suikermedia waarna de groei van de diameter van elke schimmelkolonie (zie foto hieronder) werd opgevolgd in de tijd.
Van alle geteste componenten blijken levanen de meest belovende suikers te zijn door een lagere groei en DNA concentratie van de schimmel op de appelbladeren. Dit wordt toegeschreven aan een mogelijke PAMP (pathogen-associated molecular pattern) rol, waardoor patroonherkenningsreceptoren van bladeren levanen kunnen herkennen en zo verdedigingsmechanismen van de plant kunnen activeren (Versluys et al., 2017). Verder zorgen levanen ook voor een sterke daling van de totale suikerconcentratie, en meer specifiek van de glucoseconcentratie, in de besproeide bladeren, waardoor minder glucose kan worden door de schimmel. Glucose vormt één van de belangrijkste energiebronnen voor schimmels (Berger et al., 2007) en hieruit kunnen we dus besluiten dat er voldoende suikers aanwezig moeten zijn in de appelbladeren opdat de schimmel de bladeren kan infecteren en hierin verder groeien.
Daarentegen lijken inulinen de schimmelgroei te bevorderen op de appelbladeren (zie foto hieronder) alsook in vitro, omdat ze vermoedelijk als voedingsbron gebruikt worden door de schimmel. Vervolgens blijken graminanen de schimmelgroei niet te verminderen op de bladeren. Samengevat kunnen levanen als mogelijke verdediging verhogende suikers hand in hand gaan met fungiciden tegen het bestrijden van appelschurft op appelbladeren in de toekomst.
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