Brexit en Europese advocaten: een einde aan de Europees-Britse liefdesrelatie?
De Brits-Europese juridische markt: what do you mean?
Het Verenigd Koninkrijk heeft de grootste juridische markt in de Europese Unie en de tweede grootste in de wereld, net na de Verenigde Staten. Deze status heeft het Britse eiland echter niet zomaar mogen ontvangen.
De Europese Unie begon immers reeds in de jaren ‘70 aan de uitbouw van een significante procedurele vereenvoudiging die Europese advocaten niet alleen toestaat om op tijdelijke, maar ook op permanente, basis in andere EU-lidstaten hun juridische diensten aan te bieden. Dit alles werd gebaseerd op de “wederzijdse erkenning” van de professionele opleidingen van advocaten. Meer nog, door extensieve Europese wetgevingen genieten zelfs juridische documenten een “vrij verkeer” doorheen de EU lidstaten. Dit draagt enorm bij aan de versoepeling van de cross-borderverlening van juridische diensten.
Het is net van dit systeem dat Europese advocaten gebruikmaken om hun beroep uit te oefenen in het Verenigd Koninkrijk. Recent werd vastgesteld dat niet minder dan 4500 Europese advocaten actief zijn op de Britse markt. Dit is meer dan het dubbele van elke andere nationaliteit aanwezig in London.
Brexit: wat bij een harde break-up?
Wanneer het Verenigd Koninkrijk de EU echter zou verlaten, blijkt dat het Verenigd Koninkrijk de toegang tot dit gunstige kader voor de juridische markt en het beginsel van “wederzijdse erkenning” zal verliezen. Het Verenigd Koninkrijk zal vanaf dan immers zoals een niet-EU lid behandeld worden, een statuut wat gelijkaardig is aan dat wat landen zoals de Verenigde Staten krijgen. Dit betekent dat voor de export van Europese advocaten naar het Verenigd Koninkrijk het internationaal recht van toepassing zal zijn. In dit specifieke geval zijn dat de regels van de Wereld Handelsorganisatie, die voor (juridische) diensten nog steeds vrij ongunstig zijn.
Hoewel het Verenigd Koninkrijk daarnaast ook zelfstandig een flexibel nationaal kader voor buitenlandse advocaten en juridische documenten wist te creëren, – dat immers van toepassing zal zijn op Europese juridische dienstverleners die in het Verenigd Koninkrijk hun beroep willen uitoefenen – komt deze wetgeving bij lange na niet in de buurt van het Europese kader voor juridische diensten. De huidige toevloed van juridische diensten van de Europese Unie naar het Verenigd Koninkrijk zou dus in gevaar komen als de partijen er niet in slagen een overeenkomst over deze kwestie te sluiten.
Brexit: friends with benefits?
Toch moet vermeld worden dat niet elke overeenkomst bevredigend is om de voortzetting van de huidige export van juridische diensten van de EU naar het Verenigd Koninkrijk te garanderen. Meer in het bijzonder is gebleken dat verschillende recente vrijhandelsakkoorden afgesloten en/of onderhandeld door de EU met enkele derde landen (zoals Canada, de VS en Singapore) niet in staat zijn de situatie van juridische diensten te verbeteren in vergelijking met een “no-deal”-scenario. Met andere woorden, de overeenkomsten gaan niet verder dan het bevestigen van de huidige regels van de Wereld Handelsorganisatie. Ook zij vormen dus geen bevredigend model voor toekomstige relaties tussen de EU en het Verenigd Koninkrijk, op vlak van juridische diensten althans.
Andere, meer belovende, voorbeeld-akkoorden worden helaas verworpen wegens hun ‘verregaande’ karakteristieken. Een prominent voorbeeld hiervan is lidmaatschap van de Europese Economische Ruimte gelijkaardig aan dat van Noorwegen. Volgens het akkoord dat de Europese Economische Ruimte creëert, krijgen enkele derde landen, waaronder Noorwegen, toegang tot de Europese interne markt. Dit maakt mogelijk dat diensten, inclusief juridische diensten zoals hier behandeld, zonder enige obstakels over grenzen heen aangeboden en genoten kunnen worden, ook wanneer deze afkomstig zijn van niet-EU lidstaten. Voorwaarde is wel dat deze landen lid zijn van de Europese Economische Ruimte en zich houden aan de extensieve EU-regelgevingen, evenwel zonder dat zij enig stemrecht krijgen over deze wetgevingen. Aangezien dit neerkomt – althans volgens het Verenigd Koninkrijk – op EU lidmaatschap zonder stemrecht, zijn zij hier erg tegen gekant, hoewel het een van de beste mogelijkheden is voor de voortzetting van het vrij verkeer van (juridische) diensten.
Voor de erkenning en handhaving van juridische documenten zijn er wel enkele veelbelovende modellen voor toekomstige onderhandelingen, maar het is nog onduidelijk of deze ook daadwerkelijk tot het Verenigd Koninkrijk zullen worden uitgebreid. Immers, deze akkoorden werden allemaal afgesloten met leden van de Europese interne markt, waar het Verenigd Koninkrijk net uit wilt vertrekken. In andere woorden, geen van deze modellen zijn (op dit ogenblik althans) realistische modellen voor een toekomstige dealtussen de EU en het Verenigd Koninkrijk.
Wat met de “echtscheidingsonderhandelingen” dan?
Helaas dragen de Brexit-onderhandelingen weinig bij aan de EU-export van juridische diensten, aangezien deze nog steedsaan de gang zijn. Hoewel er enkele interessante voorstellen zijn, gaan de meeste daarvan niet uitgebreid in op de toekomst van de Europese juridische dienstverleners in het Verenigd Koninkrijk na Brexit. Deze blijven met name in hoge mate gebaseerd op de besproken vrijhandelsovereenkomsten en dragen dus weinig bij tot de Europese export van juridische diensten.
Bovendien zijn de Withdrawal Agreementen Political Declaration herhaaldelijk door het Britse parlement verworpen. Meer nog, de verkiezing van Boris Johnson en enkele van zijn recente daden en uitspraken (bijv. de opschorting van het parlement) maken duidelijk dat de toekomst van Brexit nog steeds erg onduidelijk is en elke weg op kan gaan. Het blijft derhalve ook onduidelijk wat de uitkomst van Brexit zal betekenen voor de export van juridische diensten van de EU naar het Verenigd Koninkrijk.
Een einde aan de Europees-Britse liefdesrelatie?
In ieder geval kan op basis van wat vandaag de dag bekend is over Brexit worden geconcludeerd dat de export van juridische diensten van de EU naar het VK zonder meer in gevaar zal komen. Toch kan hier reeds een positieve verklaring afgelegd worden. Europese ordes van advocaten kunnen immers op bilaterale basis een akkoord afsluiten met de verantwoordelijke organisaties van Engeland om een ‘harde’ Brexit uit te sluiten, wat de Belgische Orde recent ook effectief deed. Dit zou de behandeling van Europese advocaten in Engeland aanzienlijk kunnen verbeteren, al is dit natuurlijk op slechts op een bilaterale basis geregeld en dient dit nog steeds te voldoen aan internationale handelsregels.
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