Effect of biochar and chitin on plant defense and rhizosphere microbiome of strawberry

Jill De Visscher
Persbericht

Natuurlijke afweer van aardbeiplanten stimuleren

Aardbeien zijn het favoriete zomerfruit van velen. Maar aardbeiplanten zijn ook heel gevoelig voor verschillende ziekten en plagen. Daarom behandelen landbouwers de planten vaak met verschillende pesticiden om deze ziektes te bestrijden. Wat nu als we de natuurlijke afweer van de aardbeiplanten zouden kunnen verhogen?

Pesticideresten op vruchten

Verschillende soorten pathogene schimmels en bacteriën kunnen aardbeiplanten infecteren en zo ziektes veroorzaken bij deze planten. Om deze ziektes te bestrijden, worden de planten meestal behandeld met pesticiden. Maar bij veelvoudig gebruik van eenzelfde pesticide kunnen sommige pathogenen resistent worden tegen dit pesticide. Daarom gebruiken landbouwers verschillende soorten pesticiden in de bestrijding van ziektes. Dit leidt er dan weer toe dat meerdere resten van pesticiden kunnen achterblijven op de aardbeivruchten. Daarnaast wil de Europese Unie het gebruik van pesticiden meer beperken. Alternatieve methodes om ziektes en plagen te bestrijden zijn dus zeker welkom. 

Natuurlijke afweer van planten

Net zoals mensen een immuunsysteem hebben om zich te beschermen tegen ziektes, zo hebben planten ook een natuurlijk immuunsysteem. Dit beschermt de planten tegen een groot aantal pathogenen. Wanneer het immuunsysteem van de plant geactiveerd wordt, start een complex proces om de pathogeen te doden en de plant te beschermen. Enkele pathogenen kunnen dit proces toch omzeilen of stoppen en maken de plant dus ziek.  

Het is echter ook mogelijk om het natuurlijke immuunsysteem van de plant al te activeren nog voor infectie door een pathogeen. Dit noemen we priming. We kunnen een plant primen bijvoorbeeld door het toedienen van specifieke organische stoffen aan de grond waarin de plant groeit. Als de plant daarna dan geïnfecteerd wordt, kan de pathogeen makkelijker bestreden worden door het immuunsysteem. De immuunrespons is namelijk al geactiveerd. Je zou dit eigenlijk kunnen vergelijken met een soort vaccin dat we toedienen aan de plant. 

In mijn scriptie worden 2 organische stoffen getest als mogelijke stoffen om de natuurlijke afweer van aardbeiplanten te stimuleren. De eerste stof die getest wordt is biochar. Dit is een bijproduct van de verkoling van biomassa. Verkoling is de verbranding van biomassa, zoals bijvoorbeeld hout, in de afwezigheid van zuurstof. De tweede stof die getest wordt is chitine. Dit is een natuurlijke stof die onder andere aanwezig is in het exoskelet of uitwendig skelet van kreeftachtigen.  

Verder wordt er ook enkel gefocust op 1 pathogeen, namelijk Botrytis cinerea. Dit is een schimmel die de ziekte grauwe schimmel veroorzaakt bij aardbeiplanten. Hierdoor kunnen de bladeren, bloemen en vruchten beschimmelen. Deze schimmel kan grote verliezen in de aardbeiteelt veroorzaken indien niet behandeld. 

Immuunrespons onderzoeken via genexpressie

Als een pathogeen een plant infecteert, wordt in de plant een immuunrespons geactiveerd. Tijdens deze respons worden bepaalde genen geactiveerd. Dit leidt tot de productie van eiwitten of andere moleculen die proberen de pathogeen te stoppen of te doden. Deze moleculen willen dus de plant beschermen. Een aantal van de genen betrokken in de immuunrespons zijn al gekend. We kunnen deze genen gebruiken om de immuunrespons van de plant te onderzoeken. De mate waarin deze genen tot expressie komen, hangt namelijk samen met de sterkte van de immuunrespons. Als er meer genexpressie is, zien we dus ook een sterkere immuunrespons. Om het effect van biochar en chitine te onderzoeken worden de planten onderverdeeld in 3 groepen. In de controlegroep worden aardbeiplanten gegroeid in enkel potgrond. In de tweede groep wordt biochar toegevoegd aan de potgrond en in de laatste groep wordt chitine toegevoegd. In alle groepen bepalen we de genexpressie van de planten. Door de biochar en chitine groepen te vergelijken met de controlegroep, kunnen we het effect van respectievelijk biochar en chitine onderzoeken. 

Conclusie

Na een analyse van de expressie van afweer gerelateerde genen in elke groep bleek dat biochar geen effect heeft op de immuunrespons in de aardbeiplanten. Chitine had echter wel een duidelijk positief effect. Wanneer chitine toegevoegd was aan de potgrond zagen we een hogere genexpressie. Er was dus een sterkere immuunrespons in deze planten. De infectiegraad binnen deze groep was ook lager. Chitine toevoegen aan de potgrond kan dus mogelijk ook bijdragen aan een betere controle van grauwe schimmel in de aardbeiteelt. 

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Master in de bio-ingenieurswetenschappen: cel- en genbiotechnologie
Publicatiejaar
2019
Promotor(en)
Prof. dr. ir. Tina Kyndt, dr. ir. Caroline De Tender
Kernwoorden
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