De echte metalheads vind je niet op Graspop, maar wel onder water.
“Kijk mama, een schildpad!”, verkondigde een kleine toeschouwer vanop de rivieroever. Het stromend water tot aan de borst, uitgerust met waadpak en vangnet, leek het mij eerder een levenloze kip. Een debat over de waarheid ben ik niet aangegaan, maar hoe dan ook was er meer gaande onder het wateroppervlak...
Het jongetje in bovenstaande anekdote stond op de oever van de Dommel. Deze rivier, gelegen tussen Peer en ’s Hertogenbosch, wordt sinds 1888 getekend door metaalindustrie in de regio. Het meetpunt van het schildpad-of-kip-verhaal bevond zich nét stroomafwaarts van een zijriviertje, de Eindergatloop, waarin al ruim een eeuw metalen worden geloosd. Dit zijn chemische elementen gekend voor hun hardnekkig karakter in de natuur. Ze zijn namelijk moeilijk biologisch afbreekbaar waardoor ze zich kunnen opstapelen in de omgeving. Net omwille van het belang van zuiver water voor mens en natuur, ging ik op zoek naar het effect van metaalverontreiniging op de waterkwaliteit en ecologie van de Dommel.
Waar rook is, is vuur
Ieder organisme heeft een zekere voorkeur voor een waaier aan omgevingscondities. Zo blijkt uit onderzoek dat niet alle planten en dieren even gevoelig zijn voor verstoring en verontreiniging. Kennis over leven onder en aan het wateroppervlak kan dus veel zeggen over de ecologische kwaliteit en zuiverheid van het water. Uiteraard kunnen metingen ook uitgevoerd worden op het rivierwater zélf, al biedt dit slechts een momentopname. Met planten en dieren krijgen biologen informatie over een grotere tijdspanne, omdat deze langer blootgesteld zijn aan hun omgeving. Het proces waarbij wetenschappers organismen inzetten (als zogenaamde bio-indicatoren) om waterkwaliteit te bepalen wordt ook wel biomonitoring genoemd.
Kriebelende kruipertjes en schitterende schaaltjes
In dit onderzoek werd gekozen voor twee groepen bio-indicatoren. De eerste omvat alle ongewervelden (dieren zonder ruggengraat) die in het water rondzwemmen, zich verbergen tussen planten en kiezels of zich ingraven in de rivierbodem. Deze dieren worden ook macro-invertebraten genoemd. Het zijn vaak onvolwassen exemplaren en zichtbaar met het blote oog (zie figuur 1), waardoor ze gemakkelijk te verzamelen en te benoemen zijn. Met een simpel vangnet kan je al snel heel wat muggenlarven en slakjes vinden, maar ook waterpissebedden, kokerjuffers en bloedzuigers.
Figuur 1: Uitvergroting van een aantal macro-invertebraten uit de Dommel.
De tweede groep betreft de diatomeeën, ook kiezelwieren genoemd. Diatomeeën zijn microscopisch kleine algen die uit één enkele cel bestaan. Net zoals planten bevatten ze bladgroenkorrels. Hiermee kunnen ze, door middel van fotosynthese, licht gebruiken voor de eigen energievoorziening en productie van zuurstof. Daarnaast bezit iedere diatomee twee zelfgemaakte glazen (silica) schaaltjes. Deze vormen als het ware een beschermend kaasdoosje omheen de alg. Bovendien kenmerkt iedere soort zich door een specifieke tekening op deze schaaltjes, een eigenschap die gebruikt wordt om diatomeeën te benoemen (zie figuur 2).
Figuur 2: Foto van een diatomee genomen met elektronenmicroscoop.
Over muzieksmaak valt niet te twisten
Met beide groepen onderzocht ik verschillen in soortensamenstelling stroomopwaarts en -afwaarts van de Eindergatloop. Ook werden hiermee biologische indexen berekend op basis van de aan- of afwezigheid van bepaalde soorten. Net zoals de uv-index in het weerbericht de ernst van schadelijke uv-straling verduidelijkt, zijn er indices ontwikkeld om waterkwaliteit weer te geven.
Verder verzamelde ik gegevens over stoffen opgelost in het water, waaronder metalen. Daarnaast werden stalen genomen van de rivierbodem om historische vervuiling in kaart te brengen. Omwille van strengere milieunormen bevatten hedendaagse lozingen lagere metaalconcentraties dan vroeger, maar kunnen deze na lange tijd wel opgestapeld worden in het sediment van de rivier.
Ten slotte, om te achterhalen wie de echte metalfanaten zijn (of net niet), zocht ik naar aanwijzingen van metaalverontreiniging in de dieren en diatomeeën zelf. In een selectie macro-invertebraten werden metaalconcentraties gemeten, terwijl de kiezelwieren onderzocht werden voor misvormingen aan de schaaltjes.
Natuurtalenten
Wat blijkt uit al deze informatie? Metingen stroomafwaarts van de Eindergatloop vertoonden hogere concentraties aan metalen als cadmium en lood, waarvoor gelijkaardige resultaten werden gevonden in de rivierbodem. Met andere woorden, naast hedendaagse vervuiling van de rivier is er ook sprake van een historische invloed, aangezien concentraties in sediment veel hoger waren dan die van het water. Nu is de vraag: Hebben deze concentraties een effect op het leven in de rivier?
In geval van de macro-invertebraten werden sterk verhoogde metaalconcentraties gevonden in de diertjes zelf. Dit wijst erop dat macro-invertebraten in de vervuilde wateren van de Dommel ook hogere metaalconcentraties bevatten. Desondanks werden dezelfde soorten gevonden voor en na de Eindergatloop, afgezien van een lichte stijging in soorten die bestand zijn tegen metaalverontreiniging. Ook toont de biologische index op basis van deze waterdiertjes geen verschil en geeft deze een gematigde verontreiniging aan in alle meetpunten. Omdat er wél hogere metaalconcentraties werden gevonden stroomafwaarts van de Eindergatloop, is het mogelijk dat deze organismen zich doorheen de tijd hebben aangepast aan hun omgeving.
De diatomeeën vertoonden weinig misvormingen aan hun schaaltjes. Dit wijst erop dat deze algen niet veel invloed ondervonden van de metaalconcentraties in het water. Ook hier was er weinig verschil tussen soorten van stroomopwaarts en -afwaartse meetpunten, al was dit wel meer uitgesproken dan bij de macro-invertebraten. De biotische indices ontwikkeld voor deze algen gaven een sterkere verontreiniging aan in meetpunten onder invloed van de Eindergatloop. Uit dit laatste blijken diatomeeën mogelijks meer geschikt als bio-indicator voor metaalverontreiniging.
Besluit
De Dommel wordt duidelijk nog steeds blootgesteld aan verontreiniging uit de omgeving, maar het leven in de rivier weet zich relatief goed te handhaven. De waterdiertjes lijken niet uit het (figuurlijk) lood geslagen te zijn, terwijl de kiezelwieren een meer verfijnde voorkeur vertonen. In functie van beheerplannen en regelgeving kan er dus geopteerd worden om diatomeeën in te zetten als bio-indicator voor metaalverontreiniging.
Ook is het water maar van matige kwaliteit, al zijn er wel verbeteringen vergeleken met 15 jaar geleden. Wat de toekomst ook brengen zal hebben we slechts het raden naar. Wat wel in steen gebeiteld staat, is dat handelingen uit het verleden nog steeds invloed hebben op het heden. En ook dat de échte metalheads zich in de wateren van de Dommel bevinden!
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