Culturele centra zijn hefbomen van welzijn voor wie geconfronteerd wordt met discriminatie.
Wat hebben klasse, ras, gender, seksuele oriëntatie en geloofsovertuigingen gemeen? Het zijn allen elementen van onze identiteit die ons maken tot wie we zijn. Helaas zijn het ook vaak net die elementen die bepalen wat onze positie is in de samenleving.
Salvador da Bahia, derde grootste stad van Brazilië (meteen ook de stad met de grootste Afrikaanse diaspora) is een stad van drie miljoen inwoners: een mix van descendenten uit het inheemse Zuid-Amerika, Afrika en Europa. De raciale realiteit van Brazilië is complex en anders dan de Belgische, waar we tot in de 19e eeuw weinig migratie kenden en de koloniale atrociteiten niet op eigen grond gebeurden. Portugese, Franse, Engelse, Nederlandse en Spaanse kolonisatoren hebben 5 eeuwen geleden genocide op de inheemse bewoners gepleegd, de transatlantische slavenhandel gestart en sindsdien de status quo van witte suprematie ingevoerd.
Afbeelding van IvaCastro
Machtsstructuren zijn globaal en historisch
Witte suprematie (maatschappelijke privileges toedienen aan witte mensen ten koste van mensen van kleur) liep hand in hand met twee andere systemen: het opkomend kapitalistische gedachtegoed en het patriarchaat (maatschappelijke privileges toedienen aan mannen ten koste van vrouwen en mensen die non-binair zijn). Dit zorgde voor een complexe machtsstructuur in de wereld en vormde de bron voor racisme, sexisme, klasse-onderdrukking en religieuze onderdrukking. Hoewel veel verbeterd is, zijn deze structuren nog steeds onze fundamenten. Dat zijn veel dure woorden, maar wit willen ze concreet zeggen?
Wie bijvoorbeeld wit, mannelijk, heteroseksueel en christelijk is, staat bovenaan de grote ladder van macht. Ben je zwart, vrouw, homoseksueel en geloof je in voodoo? Dan sta je onderaan de ladder. Deze twee personen krijgen niet dezelfde kansen, niet in Vlaanderen, niet in Brazilië. Ze worden gewoonweg niet op dezelfde manier bekeken door de maatschappij en hun leven wordt niet op dezelfde manier gewaardeerd.
Let’s talk about discrimination
Gelukkig zijn er bewegingen die tegen deze ongelijkheden strijden. Recente voorbeelden zijn de milieuspijbelaars, maar ook de MeToo-beweging en de Blacklivesmatter-beweging. Bewegingen die lokaal beginnen maar een globale impact kennen. In Zuid-Amerika is deze strijd voor gelijkheid erg voelbaar: waar bijvoorbeeld vrouwen nergens in de wereld volledig gelijke rechten hebben als mannen, zien we in Brazilië nog heel sterke taboes rond bijvoorbeeld abortus en intrafamiliaal geweld.
Een belangrijke stap in de strijd tegen discriminatie is dus ook het bespreekbaar maken van onderdrukking: veel mensen weten namelijk niet hoe dat in elkaar zit. Ze horen verhalen over racisme of homofobie van andere mensen, maar zien vaak het grotere plaatje niet of erger nog: geloven de slachtoffers niet. De zeer grote mythe van de meritocratie is helaas de wereld niet uit, ook al bestaat er heel wat wetenschappelijk materiaal dat aantoont dat onze samenleving constant barrières creëert.
Een voorbeeld van die systemische onderdrukking kunnen we zien bij moeders. In Brazilië zien we dat moedersterfte veel meer voorkomt bij vrouwen die in armoede leven en bij zwarte vrouwen. Is de vrouw zwart en arm? Dan is haar kans op overlijden tijdens de bevalling nog groter. Dat is geen toeval, dat is een rechtstreeks product van racisme en klassisme.
Culturele centra als hefbomen
Binnen deze strijd zien we ook hoe culturele centra een belangrijke rol vervullen, en dat is hetgene waar mijn onderzoek zich op spitst. Instituto Cultural Brasil Italia Europa, of ‘ICBIE’ is een cultureel centrum op het schiereiland Itapagipe, een gedeelte van Salvador. Ik deed er onderzoek naar hoe jongvolwassenen verschillende vormen van discriminatie ervaren en hoe deze elkaar kruisen en voor dubbele vormen van discriminatie zorgen, ook wel intersectionaliteit genoemd (zie Kimberlé Crenshaw).
Binnen dit onderzoek ging ik praten met vrijwilligers van ICBIE, jongvolwassenen van het schiereiland die ondanks de vormen van discriminatie die ze ervaren een enorme bijdrage leveren aan het culturele centrum. Interessant is dat ze, door zich in te zetten als vrijwilliger, niet alleen een betere samenleving bouwen, maar ook zelf transformatie meemaken. Zowel op persoonlijk als op professioneel vlak versterken ze hun eigen positie in de maatschappij dankzij de vaardigheden die zij leren, het netwerk dat ze opbouwen en de kansen die zij krijgen om eigen projecten uit te denken.
Ik creëerde een lijst van 17 positieve functies dat een cultureel centrum kan hebben op mensen die er regelmatig komen. Dat kan gaan over het nemen van verantwoordelijkheden, kritisch leren denken, een rustplaats hebben buiten de drukte van de stad en de problemen van thuis, tot een plaats vinden waar men gewoon vrolijk kan zijn, waar men luidop kan dromen en waar men zich geliefd voelt.
Afbeelding van H. Newberry
Trauma en genezing
Een aantal van deze functies zijn zeer specifiek voor mensen die discriminatie ervaren: ‘genezing’ is daar één van. Met ‘een plek van genezing’ wordt bedoeld dat jonge mensen een plek hebben waar ze hun collectieve trauma’s kunnen verwerken. Nakomelingen van tot slaaf gemaakte Afrikanen weten wat het is om op te groeien in een land waar hun voorouders onvrijwillig naar toe zijn ontvoerd, en waar zij tot vandaag de dag niet dezelfde privileges kennen als de nakomelingen van Europese immigranten. Dit zijn harde realiteiten, waar ontzettend veel gevoelens en pijn mee gepaard gaan. Deze pijnen hebben genezing nodig.
Van Brazilië naar Vlaanderen
ICBIE is geen uniek fenomeen, wereldwijd hebben lokale projecten een positieve invloed op mensen, lokaal denk ik bijvoorbeeld aan kunstZ, waar nieuwkomers en mensen met een migratieachtergrond zich kunnen uitlaten in theateren zichzelf empoweren via hun creativiteit en uitgesprokenheid en zich versterken in hun gevoel van samenhorigheid. Uiteraard zijn er talloze voorbeelden.
Mijn onderzoek is dus niet alleen een poging om machtsrelaties tussen mensen zichtbaarder te maken, maar ook een warm pleidooi om structureel meer in te zetten op plaatsen die deze machtsrelaties herdefiniëren en uitdagen. Of dat nu in ergens in een wijk in Brazilië is of hier bij ons en Flandres. Wij moeten als mensen, maar ook als land, durven projecten te steunen die specifieke doelgroepen versterken, zowel met onze stem, als met onze centen. Het is ook aan ons om onze culturele centra zo laagdrempelig en participatief mogelijk maken.
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