Digitaliseren en dekoloniseren: 0 -1 voor Afrika
“Here’s to the crazy ones. The misfits. The rebels. The trouble makers. The round pegs in the square holes. […] Because the people who are crazy enough to think they can change the world, are the ones who do: Think Different.” – Apple Incorporation, 1997
00: een nieuwe eeuw
Technologie reus Apple luidde de 21ste eeuw al adverterend in, met digitalisering verbeeld als een innovatieve en inclusieve (r)evolutie. Digitalisering zou vooruitgang en verbondenheid betekenen voor iedereen, zowel in de huiskamer als op het wereldtoneel. Gelijkaardige kenmerken zijn te horen wanneer het gaat over dekolonisatie, een hedendaagse – zij het met lange voorgeschiedenis – beweging getrokken door activisten, academici en artiesten. Pogingen om onze leefwereld te dekoloniseren overspannen tijd en ruimte. Zo becommentarieert de Zuid-Afrikaanse komiek Trevor Noah het actuele restitutiedebat rond roofkunst uit de koloniale periode in Europese musea. Hij doet dat via YouTube vanuit de Verenigde Staten. Zowel digitalisering als dekolonisering bouwen op het verleden, maar vereisen ook een progressieve houding ten opzichte van traditionele maatschappelijke structuren en instituties.
Een grondige analyse van de digitale sfeer wijst echter op breuklijnen tussen digitalisering en dekolonisering. De scriptie doelt met zo’n analyse op het vergroten van het maatschappelijk bewustzijn rond de (contraproductieve) effecten van digitalisering. Verder wordt onderzocht hoe de scheve verhouding tussen beide processen recht te trekken. Zo kan digitale technologie uiteindelijk in functie staan van een dekoloniserende samenleving. ‘Dekolonisatie’ geeft een constructief concept om verleden, heden en toekomst te verbinden op een kritische én toegankelijke manier.
De onderzochte data bestaat uit artikelen, blogs, open brieven, gepubliceerde studies, boeken en documentaires. Door ervaringsgerichte en academische kennis van verschillende instanties samen te brengen geven de uitgevoerde analyse en discussie een theoretisch overzicht aan digitale consumenten. Daarnaast zorgen actuele voorbeelden voor inzicht in digitalisering in de praktijk. De studie vertrekt vanuit de idee dat digitalisering en dekolonisatie iedereen aangaan, maar met uiteenlopende belangen voor verschillende demografische groepen. De focus hier ligt op de positie van het Afrikaanse continent en mensen van Afrikaanse afkomst in de diaspora – en in het bijzonder België – in relatie tot de digitale sfeer.
De inzet bij digitalisering en dekolonisering is buitengewoon groot voor Afrikaanse landen en mensen van Afrikaanse afkomst in de diaspora. Immers, als continent met het snelst groeiende aantal mensen in extreme armoede, heeft Afrika veel te winnen bij de economische mogelijkheden van digitalisering. Tezelfdertijd krijgen mensen van Afrikaanse afkomst wereldwijd te maken met discriminatie en marginalisering, offline en online. Intercontinentale studies en binnenlandse studies in de diaspora, waaronder België, linken racisme en Afrofobie met westers (neo)kolonialisme en eurocentrisme. In samenhang met de gehele samenleving is de dekolonisatie van digitale technologie dus essentieel.
1: digitalisering als positief
De positieve kant van digitale technologie belicht vooral de schijnbaar grenzeloze vrijheid. De infrastructuur van het internet vergemakkelijkt bewegingen zoals Afropolitanism die geopolitieke grenzen overstijgen. Ook engdenkende instituties – een vaak gehoorde kritiek op uitgeverijen – kunnen omzeild worden via online middelen, een voordeel voor zwarte en andere etnische minderheden in westerse landen.
Digitale technologie geeft de kans om het heft in eigen handen te nemen en sociaal politiek engagement te stimuleren. Recent kwam dit uitdrukkelijk tot uiting door de antiracistische Black Lives Matter beweging. De organisatie steunt op digitale middelen die de uitwisseling van informatie en een onderling netwerk bevorderen op een gedecentraliseerde en toch gecoördineerde wijze.
Ook het innovatieve karakter van digitalisering opent mogelijkheden tot snelle economische groei, werkgelegenheid en toegang tot diensten zoals gezondheidszorg, onderwijs en e-commerce.
-1: digitalisering als negatief
Op het eerste gezicht lijken bovenstaande kenmerken gunstig voor mensen met een benadeelde of kwetsbare positie in de samenleving, zowel op lokaal als globaal niveau. Onderliggend blijkt digitalisering echter geënt op dezelfde structuren die bepaalde groepen, zoals Afrikaanse landen en mensen van Afrikaanse afkomst, in de eerste plaats discrimineerden en dat nog altijd doen.
Digitale technologie bouwt verder op socio-economische ongelijkheden die voortkomen uit eerdere koloniale uitbuiting en overheersing. De digitale infrastructuur is het meest uitgebouwd in westerse landen, maar maakt uitgebreid gebruik van middelen – grondstoffen en arbeid – die van economisch meer kwetsbare niet-westerse landen en mensen komen. Twee-derde van wie ten Zuiden van de Sahara leeft, heeft geen toegang tot het internet. Bij de Europese bevolking is dat minder dan één-vierde.
De ongelijke verdeling vertaalt zich ook in taal- en culturele barrières in het nadeel van Afrikaanse (diaspora)gemeenschappen. Bedrijven gebruiken sociale media en het internet om zich een inclusief en divers imago aan te meten, maar achter de schermen blijven de machtsposities voornamelijk wit.
Verder komt ook algoritmisch denken voort uit de Europese traditie van systematisch ordenen en classificeren. De voorbije eeuwen gebruikten administratoren en zogezegde wetenschappers zulke methoden om grip te krijgen op ‘Afrika’ in het kader van Europees imperialisme en kolonialisme. Eenzelfde soort kennis productie of data verzameling ligt aan de basis van hedendaagse machine-learning software, vooroordelen en verborgen agenda’s inbegrepen.
1-1: streven voor gelijkheid
Het gevolg hiervan is dat digitale technologie niet neutraal of objectief is en het internet ver van alwetend. Digitalisering op zich steunt niet op gelijkheid en vrijheid noch ondersteunt het deze waarden. De maakbaarheid, subjectiviteit en instrumentalisering van digitale technologie houden echter ook hoop voor de toekomst in. Indien de samenleving zich inzet voor een vergaande dekolonisatie, kan ook digitalisering transformeren tot een inclusieve ruimte.
Dr. Olivia U. Rutazibwa ontwikkelde een constructief kader voor dekolonisatie en steunt daarbij op drie strategieën: de-silencing, de-mythologising en anti-colonial decolonisation. Toegepast op digitale technologie, draait dit rond wat we als (digitale) kennis zien en hoe, waarom en door wie deze kennis (online) geproduceerd, weergegeven en doorgegeven wordt. Op die manier kunnen we koloniale patronen en structuren herkennen, deconstrueren en zo antikoloniale kennis cultiveren.
0-1 = ∞
Als conclusie mag ‘nul – één’ voor Afrika niet samenvallen met een binaire blik op de wereld. Dekolonisatie is niet zwart of wit, niet nu of nooit. Tussen nul en één zit een oneindig tal cijfers. Het punt is: er is nog geen gelijkheid, maar het is nog niet game over. De toekomst biedt ruimte voor verdere verbinding, offline en online.
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