Een kritische blik vis-à-vis de nieuwe Europese wetgeving tegen ‘conflictmineralen’!
Vandaag is het dagelijks leven haast ondenkbaar zonder technologische snufjes zoals een computer of een smartphone. Deze tools maken het leven gewoonweg aangenamer gezien je je met een simpele gsm kunt verbinden met de wereld en constant updates kan krijgen van je favoriete popartiest. Deze tools lijken ook heel toegankelijk te zijn. Spring een winkel binnen en wees maar verbaasd van alle mogelijke opties. Stiekem, hebben we zelfs een ‘wegwerpcultuur’ weten te ontwikkelen dankzij de verschillende mogelijkheden.
Deze welvaart mag ons toch niet tegenhouden om even te reflecteren over de materie die wordt gebruikt om die producten te maken. Goud, tin, tantaal en wolfraam… does it ring a bell? Deze mineralen worden gebruikt voor digitale camera’s, printers en verschillende tools waar mensen niet altijd bewust van zijn. Het leven is namelijk mooi eenmaal die producten worden geconsumeerd. Nochtans, als wij ons gezichtspunt even richten naar de landen waar de grondstoffen vandaan komen, dan is het leven niet altijd even mooi.
Mediarapporten beschrijven hoe kwetsbare mensen het slachtoffer worden van geweld door gewapende groepen die vechten om de minerale afzettingen te beheersen. Hoge kindersterftecijfers, systematische verkrachting, massamoord, slavenarbeid en corruptie gaan gepaard met deze strijd die uiteindelijk dient om ons te kunnen voorzien van een nieuwe iPhone die wij mogelijks zullen wegwerpen voor een verbeterde versie.
In een poging om te strijden tegen deze ‘conflictmineralen’, heeft de Europese Unie besloten om op 1 januari 2021 een wet van kracht te laten gaan die moet voorkomen dat Europese bedrijven bijdragen aan conflicten en mensenrechtenschendingen wanneer ze zich deze mineralen willen veroorloven. De vraag is echter de volgende: Hoe effectief zal deze nieuwe Europese wetgeving worden?
Om op de vraag een antwoord te kunnen bieden, heb ik drie organisaties (Justice & Paix, ActionAID en IPIS Research) en een bedrijf (Linak) ondervraagd. Deze werden geselecteerd omdat ze jarenlang op verschillende manieren betrokken waren in de strijd tegen conflictmineralen. Uit de diepte-interviews bleek dat ondanks de sterktes van de wetgeving, er toch sterke twijfels bestaan bij de respondent dat de Europese Unie zijn doelstellingen zal halen.
De wetgeving is ten eerste enkel geldig voor de importeurs van 3TG (tin, tantaal, wolfraam en goud), die niet per se de grootste groep van mineralen importeurs zijn. Wat betekent dat de importeurs van anderen ‘conflictmineralen’ (zoals onder meer kobalt) niet zullen worden getroffen. Ten tweede is de wetgeving op het vlak van sancties onduidelijk waardoor de lidstaten moeilijk controle kunnen uitoefenen bij de niet-naleving van bedrijven.
Ten vierde de volumedrempel van geïmporteerde 3TG werd door de Europese Unie zodanig gekozen dat weinig bedrijven op een verplichte manier zullen worden getroffen. Ten slotte zijn mineraal producerende landen onvoldoende betrokken bij de oprichting van de Europese wetgeving met kansen dat de lokale vertaling en implementatie van de wetgeving zwak kan worden.
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