How About the Female Voice?: Evaluating the Representation of Flemish Ministers in Newspaper Articles

Elise Storme
Persbericht

Vrouwen in de marge

Steeds meer vrouwen bekleden politieke topposities. De nieuwe federale regering stoelt op gendergelijkheid. Is de strijd om de zogenaamde ‘femicratisering’ van de politiek daarmee gestreden? Zeker niet. Tegenwoordig beperkt de slag zich zelfs niet langer tot het politieke front. Ook de Vlaamse pers speelt een niet te onderschatten rol. Het glazen plafond ligt nog lang niet aan diggelen.

Toen Maggie De Block (Open Vld) in 2014 benoemd werd tot federaal minister van Volksgezondheid kwam er kritiek op deze keuze vanwege haar overgewicht. De Block wees toen al op de ongelijkheid tussen mannelijke en vrouwelijke politici in de Vlaamse pers. De kritiek die de minister krijgt op haar gewicht is niet alleen scherper, maar heeft volgens haar ook een andere effect dan de aandacht voor het vroegere gewicht van een politicus zoals Bart De Wever (N-VA).

Waar zijn de vrouwen?

Recent onderzoek toont aan dat de politica gelijk heeft. Zo’n 760 nieuwsartikels uit vijf Vlaamse kranten werden in detail geanalyseerd. Daaruit blijkt dat drie kwart van de vermeldingen een mannelijke politicus betreft. Vrouwelijke politici komen in louter 25% van de artikels aan bod. Daarnaast worden ze in slechts 1,64% van de krantenkoppen vermeld. Dat is zo’n 7,85% voor hun mannelijke tegenhangers. Een niet te onderschatten verschil van meer dan 6%.

 

image 326

 

Niet zo onschuldig als het lijkt

Dergelijke onderrepresentatie lijkt onschuldig, maar dat is ze zeker niet. Hoe vaker een politicus de krantenkoppen haalt, hoe gemakkelijker de kiezers hem of haar herkennen. Vooral op het nationale niveau is voldoende berichtgeving in de media een cruciaal element om (her)verkozen te worden. Een gebrek aan media-aandacht kan daarom desastreuze gevolgen hebben voor de (toekomstige) carrières van vrouwelijke politici.

Genderstereotiepe berichtgeving heeft daarnaast ook een belangrijk socialisatie-effect op de jonge generatie. Door vrouwen systematisch minder vaak af te beelden tonen de media dat vrouwen een minder prominente politieke rol in de samenleving spelen. Dat zorgt ervoor dat jonge meisjes ontmoedigt worden om deel te nemen aan het politieke schouwspel. Voor hen is er zogezegd geen plaats in de arena.

Wat nu?

Daarom is er dringend nood aan bewustwording bij journalisten en lezers. Wanneer jonge vrouwen vervreemd blijven van het zoeken naar een politiek ambt door media- en gendervooroordelen, zal het resultaat een voortzetting zijn van vrouwelijke politieke ondervertegenwoordiging. Zo komen we terecht in een vicieuze cirkel.

Moderne media zijn actief binnen een democratisch systeem en daarom wordt van hen verwacht dat ze zich aanpassen aan nieuwe sociale realiteiten door het vergroten van gendergelijkheid in domeinen zoals de politiek.

Er is nog heel wat werk aan de winkel om deze ongelijke zichtbaarheid te verkleinen en op termijn weg te werken. Het glazen plafond vertoont sterretjes, maar is nog niet gebarsten. Zowel de media als de politieke wereld draagt hier een grote verantwoordelijkheid, maar wij als lezers moeten ons ook bewust zijn van de onbewuste stereotypen die we in de massamedia tegen het lijf kunnen lopen.

Bibliografie

Aalberg, T., & Strömbäck, J. (2011). Media-driven men and media-critical women? An empirical study of gender and MP’s relationships with the media in Norway and Sweden. International Political Science Review, 32(2), 167-187.

Adams, W.C. (1975). Candidate characteristics, office of elections, and voter responses. Experimental Study of Politics, 4, 77-88.

Aday, S., & Devitt, J. (2001). Style over substance: newspaper coverage of Elizabeth Dole’s presidential bid. The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 6(2), 52-73.

Adcock, C. (2010). The politician, the wife, the citizen, and her newspaper. Feminist Media Studies, 10(2), 135-159.

Alexander, D., & Andersen, K. (1993). Gender as a factor in the attribution of leadership traits. Political Research Quarterly, 46(3), 527-545.

Altheide, D.L., & Snow, R.P. (1979). Media logic. Beverly Hills, CA: SAGE Publications.

Atkeson, L.R. (2003). Not all cues are created equal: the conditional impact of female candidates on political engagement. Journal of Politics, 65(4), 1040-1061.

Atkeson, L.R. & Krebs, T.B. (2008). Press coverage of mayoral candidates: The role of gender in news reporting and campaign issue. Political Research Quarterly, 61(2), 239- 252.

Babbie, E. (2001). The practice of social research (9th ed.). Belmont, CA: Wadsworth/Thomson Learning.

Baird, J. (2004). Media tarts: How the Australian press frames female politicians. Melbourne: Scribe Publications.

Banwart, M.C., Bystrom, D.G., & Robertson, T.A. (2003). From the primary to the general election: a comparative analysis of candidate media coverage in mixed-gender 2000 races for governor and U.S. Senate. American Behavioral Scientist, 46(5), 658-676.

Banwart, M.C. (2010). Gender and candidate communication: Effects of stereotypes in the 2008 election. American Behavioral Scientist, 54(3), 265-283.

Bartels, L.M. (1987). Candidate choice and the dynamics of the presidential nominating process. American Journal of Political Science, 31, 1-3.

Bell, A. (1991). The Language of News Media. Oxford: Blackwell.

Bennett, W.L., & Entman, R.M. (2001). Mediated Politics. New York: Cambridge University Press.

Bernstein, A. (2002). Is it time for a victory lap? Changes in the media coverage of women in sport. International Review for the Sociology of Sport, 37(4), 415-428.

Best, D.L., & Williams, J.E. (1990). Measuring sex stereotypes: A thirty-nation study. Beverly Hills: Sage.

Blumler, J., & Kavanagh, D. (1999). The third age of political communication: Influences and features. Political Communication, 16(3), 209-230.

Borjesson, F. (1995). Ladies “excuse me” – gender problems in the written press. Language and gender, 113-122.

Braden, M. (1996). Women, politicians, and the media. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press.

Brady, H.E., & Johnston, R. (1987). What’s the primary message: Horserace of issue journalism. In Orren, G.R., & Polsby, N.W., (Eds.), Media and momentum. Chatham, NJ: Chatham House.

Brants, K., de Vreese, C., Möller, J., & van Praag, P. (2010). The real spiral of cynicism? Symbiosis and mistrust between politicians and journalists. International Journal of Press/Politics, 15(1), 25-40.

Burns, N., Lehman Schlozman, K., & Verba, S. (2001). The private roots of public action: gender, equality, and political participation. Cambridge: Harvard University Press.

Byerly, C.M. (2013). The Palgrave International Handbook of Women and Journalism. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Bystrom, D. (2006). Advertising, web sites, and media coverage: Gender and communication along the campaign trail. In Carroll, S.J., & Fox, R.L. (Eds.), Gender and elections: shaping the future of American politics (pp. 169-188). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bystrom, D.G., Banwart, M.C.,Kaid, L.L., & Robertson, T.A. (2004). Gender and candidate communication: VideoStyle, WebStyle, NewsStyle. New York: Routledge.

Campbell, A., Converse, P.E., Miller, W.E., & Stokes, D.E. (1960). The American Voter. New York: Wiley.

Campbell, D.E. & Wolbrecht, C. (2006). See Jane run: women politicians as role models for adolescents. The Journal of Politics, 68(2), 233-247.

Carlin, D.B. & Winfrey, K.L. (2009). Have you come a long way baby? Hillary Clinton, Sarah Palin, and sexism in 2008 campaign coverage. Communication Studies, 60(4), 326- 343.

Carroll, S.J., & Schreiber, R. (1997). Media coverage of women in the 103rd Congress. Women, media, and politics, 131-148.

Coleman, R., McCombs, M., Shaw, D., & Weaver, D. (2008) Agenda setting. In: Wahl-Jorgensen, K., & Hanitzsch, T. (Eds.) The Handbook of Journalism Studies. London: Routledge.

Cook, T. (1986). House members as newsmakers: The effects of televising Congress. Legislative Studies Quarterly, 11(2), 203-226.

Curnalia, R.M.L. & Mermer, D.L. (2014). The Ice Queen melted and it won her the primary: evidence of gender stereotypes and the double bind in news frames of Hillary Clinton’s emotional moments. Qualitative Research Reports in Communication, 15(1), 26-32.

Davis, J. (1982). Sexist bias in eight newspapers. Journalism Quarterly, 59(3), 456- 460.

De Clercq, M., & Saeys, F. (2000). Vrouwen in het nieuws: een analyse van de m/v aanwezigheid en beeldvorming in de Vlaamse media. Gent: Vakgroep Communicatiewetenschappen.

De Morgen groeit met 12 procent en bereikt nu dagelijks 448.500 lezers. (2019, 18 September). De Morgen. https://www.demorgen.be/tv-cultuur/de-morgen-groeit-met-12- procent-en-bereikt-nu-dagelijks-448-500-lezers~b3cd84af/

De Pelsmacker, P., & Van Kenhove, P. (2014). Marktonderzoek: methoden en toepassingen. Amsterdam: Pearson Benelux.

Devitt, J. (1999). Framing gender on the campaign trail: women’s executive leadership and the press. Washington, DC: The Women’s Leadership Fund.

Devitt, J. (2002). Framing gender on the campaign trail: Female gubernatorial candidates and the press. Journalism and Mass Communication Quarterly, 79(1), 445-463.

De Vuyst, S., Vertoont, S., & Van Bauwel, S. (2016). Gender inequality in Flemish news: a quantitative content analysis of the presence and portrayal of women and men in Flemish news stories. Tijdschrift voor Communicatiewetenschap, 44(3).

D’Heer, J. (2018, 4 October). Kranten benadelen zelf ook vrouwelijke verkiezingskandidaten. Apache. https://www.apache.be/gastbijdragen/2018/10/04/kranten- benadelen-zelf-ook-vrouwelijke-verkiezingskandidaten/

D’Heer, J., & Van Leuven, S. (2019). Eerst moeder van drie, of toch vooral politicus? Een kwantitatieve inhoudsanalyse naar de representatie van vrouwelijke politieke kandidaten in de Vlaamse pers. Tijdschrift voor Communicatiewetenschap, 47(2), 133-150.

D’Heer, J., Vergotte, J., De Vuyst, S., & Van Leuven, S. (2020). The bits and bytes of gender bias in online news: a quantitative content analysis of the representation of women in Vice.com. Feminist Media Studies, 20(2), 256-272.

Dimmick, J., & Coit, P. (1982). Levels of analysis in mass media decision making. Communication Research, 9(1), 3-32.

Duncan, M., Messner, M., & Williams, L. (1991). Coverage of women’s sports in four daily newspapers. Los Angeles, CA: The Amateur Athletic Foundation.

Eide, E. (2000). Narrespeil. Kjønn, sex og medier. Kristiansand: Høgskoleforlaget.

Ekstrand, L.E., & Eckert, W. (1981). The impact of candidate’s sex on voter choice. Western Political Quarterly, 34, 78-87.

Entman, R.M. (2010). Media framing biases and political power: Explaining slant in news of campaign 2008. Journalism, 11(4), 389-408.

Erbring, L., Goldenberg, E.N., & Miller, A.H. (1980). Front-page news and real world cues: A new look at agenda-setting by the media. American Journal of Political Science, 24, 16-49.

Franks, S. (2013). Women and Journalism. London: I.B. Tauris.

Frissen, V., Bouwman, H., & Den Boer, D. (1994). Methodologie en statistiek voor communicatie-onderzoek. Houten: Bohn Stafleu van Loghum.

Fogarty, B.J. (2012). Local newspapers, house members, and source usage. Social Science Journal, 49(3), 275-283.

Gallagher, M. (2001). Gender setting: new agendas for media monitoring and advocacy. London: Zed Books.

Gallup, P. (1984). Women in politics. Report, 228, 2-14.

Galtung, J., & Ruge, M.H. (1965). The structure of foreign news. Journal of Peace Research, 2, 64-91.

Garcia-Blanco, I. & Wahl-Jorgensen, K. (2012). The discursive construction of women politicians in the European press. Feminist Media Studies, 12(3), 422-441.

George, C., Hartley, A., & Paris, J. (2001). The representation of female athletes in textual and visual media. Corporate Communications: An International Journal, 6(2), 94-101.

Gerbner, G., & Gross, L. (1976). Living with television: The violence profile. Journal of communication, 26(2), 172-199.
Gibbons, V. (2007). Lights, camera, inaction? The media reporting of parliament. Parliamentary Affairs, 60(4), 700-708.

Gidengil, E., & Everitt, J. (2003). Talking tough: gender and reported speech in campaign news coverage. Political Communication, 20, 203-232.

GMMP (2015). Who makes the news? Global Media Monitoring Project 2015.

London: World Association for Christian Communication.
Goldenberg, E.N., & Traugott, M.W. (1987). Mass media effects in recognizing and rating candidates in U.S. Senate elections. In Vermeer, J. (Ed.). Campaigns in the News: Mass media and congressional elections. New York: Greenwood Press.

Goodall, H. (2012). Media’s influence on gender stereotypes. Media Asia, 39(3), 160- 163.

Goodyear-Grant, E. (2013). Gendered news: Media coverage and electoral politics in Canada. UBC Press.

Grandy, K. (2010). Busy bee, tough mom, farmer’s daughter: The Canadian business press portrayal of Annette Verschuren. Canadian Journal of Communication, 35(1), 49-62.

Greenwald, M.S. (1990). Gender representation in newspaper business sections. Newspaper Research Journal, 11, 68-73.

Gunter, B. (1995). Television and Gender Representation. London: John Libbey & Company.

Hallin, D.C., & Mancini, P. (2004). Comparing media systems: three models of media and politics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Hansen, A. (2009). Mass communication research methods. Thousand Oaks, C.A.: SAGE Publications.

Harcup, T., & O’Neill, D. (2001). What is news? Galtung and Ruge revisited. Journalism Studies, 2(2), 261-280.

Heidar, K., & Saglie, J. (2002). Hva skjer med partiene. Oslo: Gylendal.

Heldman, C., Carroll, S., & Olson, S. (2005). “She brought only a skirt:” Print media coverage of Elizabeth Dole’s bid for the republican presidential nomination. Political Communication, 22(3), 315-335.

Hooghe, M., Jacobs, L., & Claes, E. (2015). Enduring gender bias in reporting on political elite positions: media coverage of female MPs in Belgian news broadcasts (2003- 2011). The International Journal of Press/Politics, 20(4), 395-414.

Huddy, L., & Capelos, T. (2002). Gender stereotyping and candidate evaluation. In Ottati, V.C., Tindale, R.S., Edwards, J., Bryant, F.B., Heath, L., Suarez-Balcazar, Y., Posavac, E.J. (Eds.), The social psychology of politics (pp. 29-53). New York: Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers.

Huddy, L., & Terkildsen, N. (1993). Gender stereotypes and the perception of male and female candidates. American Journal of Political Science, 37(1), 119-147.

Humprecht, E. & Esser, F. (2017). A glass ceiling in the online age? Explaining the underrepresentation of women in online political news. European Journal of Communication, 32(5), 439-456.

Jamieson, K.H. (1995). Beyond the double bind: women and leadership. New York: Oxford University Press.

Jenssen, A.T., & Aalberg, T. (2007). Den Medializerte Politikken. Oslo: Universitetsforlaget.

Kahn, K.F., & Goldenberg, E.N. (1991) Women candidates in the news: an examination of gender differences in U.S. Senate campaign coverage. Public Opinion Quarterly, 55(2), 180-199.

Kahn, K.F. (1992). Does being male help? An investigation of the effects of candidate gender and campaign coverage on evaluations of U.S. Senate candidates. The Journal of Politics, 54(2), 497-517.

Kahn, K.F. (1994a). The distorted mirror: press coverage of women candidates for statewide office. The Journal of Politics, 56(1), 154-173.

Kahn, K.F. (1994b). Does gender make a difference? An experimental examination of sex stereotypes and press patterns in statewide campaigns. American Journal of Political Science, 162-195.

Kalitowski, S. (2009). Parliament for the people? Knowledge, interest, and perceptions of the Westminster parliament. Parliamentary Affairs, 62(2), 350-363.

Kedrowski, K.M. (1996). Media entrepreneurs and the media enterprise in the U.S. Congress. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Kittilson, M., & Fridkin, K. (2008). Gender, candidate portrayals and election campaigns: A comparative perspective. Politics & Gender, 4(3), 371-392.

Kondracki, N.L., Wellman, N.S., & Amundson, D.R. (2002). Content analysis: Review of methods and their applications in nutrition education. Journal of nutrition education and behvior, 34(4), 224-230.

Krijnen, T., & Van Bauwel, S. (2015). Gender and Media. London: Routledge.

Krippendorff, K. (2018). Content analysis: An introduction to its methodology. Sage publications.

Krook, M.L., & O’Brien, D.Z. (2012). All the president’s men? The appointment of female cabinet ministers worldwide. The Journal of Politics, 74(3), 840-855.

Kropf, M., & Boiney, J. (2001). The electoral glass ceiling? Gender, viability, and the news in U.S. Senate campaigns. Women & Politics, 23(1-2), 79-103.

La Ferle, C., Edwards, S.M., & Lee, W. (2000). Teens’ use of traditional media and the internet. Journal of Advertising Research, 40(3), 55-65.

Larson, S.G. (2001). American women and politics in the media: A review essay. PS: Political Science and Politics, 34(2), 227-230.

Lavie, A., & Lehman-Wilzig, S. (2003). Whose news? Does gender determine the editorial product?. European Journal of Communication, 18(1), 5-29.

Leeper, M.S. (1991). The impact of prejudice on female candidates: An experimental look at voter inference. American Politics Quarterly, 19, 248-261.

Lesaffer, P. (2018, 27 September). “Je hoeft niet per se als een macho een hele nacht door te kunnen vergaderen:” Politieke concurrenten, feministische bondgenoten. Het Nieuwsblad, 9.

Lühiste, M., & Banducci, S. (2016). Invisible women? Comparing candidates’ news coverage in Europe. Politics & Gender, 12(2), 223-253.

Markus, G.B. (1982). Political attitudes during an election year: A report on the 1980 NES Panel Study. American Political Science Review, 76, 538-560.

Markus, G.B., & Converse, P. (1979). A dynamic simultaneous equation model of electoral choice. American Political Science Review, 73, 1055-1070.

Mazzoleni, G., & Schulz, W. (1999). Mediatization of politics: A challenge for democracy. Political Communication, 16(3), 247-261.

McKee, J.P., & Sheriffs, A.C. (1957). The differential evaluation of males and females. Journal of Personality, 25, 356-71.

McQuail, D. (1992). Media performance: Mass communication and the public interest. London: Sage.

Meeks, L. (2012). Is she man enough? Women candidates, executive political offices and news coverage. Journal of Communication, 62(1), 175-193.

Mend, M.R., Bell, T.,& Bath, L. (1976). Dynamics of attitude formation regarding women in politics. Experimental Study of Politics, 5, 25-39.

Mendes, K., & Carter, C. (2008). Feminist and gender media studies: A critical overview. Sociology Compass, 2(6), 1701-1718.

Meyer, T., & Hinchman, L. (2002). Media democracy: How the media colonize politics. Cambridge: Polity Press.

Midtbø, T. (2011). Explaining Media Attention for Norwegian MPs: A New Modelling Approach. Scandinavian political studies, 34(3), 226-249.

Milestone, K., & Meyer, A. (2012). Gender and Popular Culture. Cambridge, UK: Polity.

Minister van Volksgezondheid met obesitas is iet geloofwaardig. (2014, 11 October). De Standaard. https://www.standaard.be/cnt/dmf20141011_01315880

Mueller, C. (1986). Nurturance and Mastery: Competing Qualifications for Women’s Access to High Public Office. In Moore, G., & Spitze, G., (Eds.), Politics and Society. Greenwich, CT: JAI Press.

Muir, K. (2005). Political cares: gendered reporting of work and family issues in relation to Australian politicians. Australian Feminist Studies, 20(46), 77-90.

Nilsen, A.P. (1977). Sexism as shown through the English vocabulary. In Nilsen, A.P., Bosmagian, H., Gershuny, H.L., & Stanley, J.P. (Eds.), Sexism and language (pp. 27- 42). Urbana, IL: National Council of Teachers of English.

Nimmo, D., & Combs, J.E. (1983). Mediated Political Realities. New York: Longman.

Niven, D. (2005). Gender bias? Media coverage of women and men in Congress. In Tolleson-Rinehart, S., & Josephson, J. (Eds.). Gender and American politics. Women, men, and the political process (pp. 264-283). New York: Sharpe.

Potter, W.J. (1985). Gender representation in elite newspapers. Journalism Quarterly, 62, 636-640.

Poutanen, S., Kovalainen, A., & Jännäri, J. (2016). Construction of the female global top manager in The Economist. International Journal of Media & Cultural Politics, 12(2), 193- 212.

Rodgers, S., & Thorson, E. (2003). A socialization perspective on male and female reporting. Journal of Communication, 53(4), 658-675.

Rosenkratz, P.S., Vogel, S.R., Bee, H., Broverman, I.K., & Broverman, D.M. (1968). Sex-role stereotypes and self-concepts in college students. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 32, 287-295.

Rosenwasser, S.M., & Dean, D.G. (1989). Gender role and political office: Effects of perceived masculinity.femininity of candidate and political office. Psychology of Women Quarterly, 13, 77-85.

Rosenwasser, S.M., & Seale, J. (1988). Attitudes toward a hypothetical male or female presidential candidate: A research note. Political Psychology, 9, 591-598.

Ross, K., & Sreberny, A. (2000). Women in the house: Media representation of British politicians. In Sreberny, A., & van Zoonen, L. (Eds.). Gender, politics, and communication. Cresskill, NJ: Hampton Press.

Ross, K., & Carter, C. (2011). Women and news: A long and winding road. Media, Culture & Society, 33(8), 1148-1165.

Ross, K., & Comrie, M. (2012). The rules of the (leadership) game: Gender, politics, and news. Journalism, 13(8), 969-984.

Sapiro, V. (1982). If U.S. Senator Baker were a woman: An experimental study of candidate images. Political Psychology, 3, 61-83.

Schneider, M.C. & Bos, A.L. (2013). Measuring stereotypes of female politicians. Political Psychology, 35(2), 245-266.

Schoenbach, K., De Ridder, J., & Lauf, E. (2001). Politicians on TV news: Getting attention in Dutch and German election campaigns. European Journal of Political Research, 39, 519-531.

Semetko, H., & Boomgaarden, H. (2007). Reporting Germany’s 2005 Bundestag election campaign: was gender an issue? The Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics, 12(4), 154-171.

Shor, E., van de Rijt, A., Ward, C., Blank-Gomel, A., & Skiena, S. (2014). Time trends in printed news coverage of female subjects, 1880-2008. Journalism Studies, 15(6), 759- 773.

Sigelman, L., & Sigelman, C.K. (1984). Sexism, racism, and ageism in voting behavior: An experimental analysis. Social Psychology Quarterly, 45, 263-69.

Skjeie, H. (1994). Women in Norwegian politics. Backlash iNorge, 121-131.

Smith, K.B. (1997). When all’s fair: Signs of parity in media coverage of female candidates. Political Communication, 14(1), 71-82.

Spee, S., & De Swert, K. (2005). De mannelijke norm bevestigd? Vrouwelijke politici in het televisienieuws van TV1 en VTM. In Hooghe, M., De Swert, K., & Walgrave, S. (Eds.), Nieuws op televisie. Televisiejournaals als venster op de wereld (pp. 39-55). Leuven: Acco.

Spence, J.T., Helmreich, R., & Stapp, J. (1974). The personal attributes questionnaire: A measure of sex role stereotypes and masculinity-femininity. Catalog of Selected Documents in Psychology, 4, 43-44.

Spohn, C.,& Gillespie, D. (1987). Adolescents’ willingness to vote for a woman for president: The effect of gender and race. Woman and Politics, 7, 31-49.

Storey, J. (2015). Cultural theory and popular culture: an introduction (7th ed.). London & New York: Routledge.

Sutton, L.A. (1995). Bitches and skanky hobags. In Hall, K., & Buholtz, M. (Eds.), Gender articulated: Language and the socially constructed self (pp. 279-296). New York: Routledge.

Tapscott, D. (2008). Grown up digital: How the net generation is changing your world. Maidenhead: McGraw-Hill.

Traugott, M.W., & Goldenberg, E.N. (1984). Campaigning for congress. Washington, DC: Congressional Quarterly.

Tresch, A. (2009). Politicians in the media: Determinants of legislators’ presence and prominence in Swiss Newspapers. International Journal of Press/Politics, 14(1), 67-90.

Tuchman, G. (1979). Women’s depiction by the mass media. Signs, 4(3), 528-542.

Van Aelst, P., Maddens, B., Noppe, J., & Fiers, S. (2008). Politicians in the news: media or party logic? Media attention and electoral success in the Belgian election campaign of 2003. European Journal of Communication, 23(2), 193-210.

Van Aelst, P., Sehata, A., & Van Dalen, A. (2010). Members of parliament: Equal competitors for media attention? An analysis of personal contacts between MPs and political journalists in five European countries. Political Communication, 27, 310-325.

Vandenberghe, H., d’Haenens, L., & Van Gorp, B. (2015). Demografische diversiteit in het Vlaamse perslandschap. Tijdschrift voor Communicatiewetenschap 43(2): 169-185.

Van Thiel, S. (2015). Bestuurskundig onderzoek: een methodologische inleiding. Bussum: Uitgeverij Coutinho.

Van Zoonen, L. (1998). Finally, I have my mother back: Politicians and their families in popular culture. The International Journal of Press/Politics, 3(1), 48-64.

Van Zoonen, L. (2002). Gendering the internet: Claims, controversies, and cultures. European Journal of Communication, 17(1), 5-23.

Voets, J. (2020). OMBPM: Sessie 18/03/2020 (Slides). Retrieved June 25, 2020 from https://ufora.ugent.be/d2l/le/content/59189/viewContent/301912/View

Vos, D. (2012). Is gender bias een mythe? Op zoek naar verklaringen voor de beperkte aanwezigheid van vrouwelijke politici in het Vlaamse televisienieuws. Res Publica, 54(2), 193-217.

Vos, D. (2013). The vertical glass ceiling: Explaining female politician’s underrepresentation in television news. Communications, 38(4), 389-410.

Vos, D. (2014). Which politicians pass the new gates and why? Explaining inconsistencies in research on news coverage of individual politicians. International Journal of Communication, 8, 2438-2461.

Wahl-Jorgensen, K., & Ye, W. (2015). Gender and politics. In Barnhurst, K. (Ed.), The international encyclopedia of political communication. London/New York: Palgrave MacMillan.

Walsh, C. (2001). Gender and discourse: language and power in politics, the church and organisations. Harlow: Pearson Education.

Wauters, B., Weekers, K., & Maddens, B. (2010). Explaining the number of preferential votes for women in an open list-PR system. Acta Politica, 45(4), 468-490.

Weaver, D.H., Wilhoit, G.C. (1996). The American journalist in the 1990’s: US news people at the end of an era. New Jersey: Erlbaum.

Wolfsfeld, G., Sheafer, T. (2006). Competing actors and the construction of political news: The contest over waves in Israel. Political Communication, 23, 333-354.

Wood, J.T. (2011). Gendered lives communication, gender, and culture. Boston: Wadsworth Cengage Learning.

Zoch, L.M. & Turk, J.V. (1998). Women making news: gender as a variable in source selection and use. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 75(4), 762-775.

Universiteit of Hogeschool
Bestuurskunde en Publiek Management
Publicatiejaar
2020
Promotor(en)
Prof. Dr. Bram Wauters
Kernwoorden
Share this on: