Membranen en nanotechnologie: op weg naar carbon capture?
- RaymondThür
Een probleem van wereldformaat
Wie de laatste maanden een krant las, kwam zonder twijfel enkele eigenaardige artikels tegen. België staat droog, bossen branden van Noord-Amerika tot Australië en de poolkappen blijven smelten. Tegelijkertijd noteert het KMI recordtemperatuur na recordtemperatuur. We kunnen niet langer om klimaatverandering heen en het wordt steeds urgenter om dit probleem aan te pakken. Zoals Barack Obama ooit zei:
“We are the first generation to feel the effect of climate change and the last generation who can do something about it.”
Een onzichtbare, minuscule dader
Een van de voornaamste oorzaken van klimaatverandering is het massaal verbranden van fossiele brandstoffen zoals kool, olie en aardgas. Bij elk van deze verbrandingsprocessen komt koolstofdioxide (CO2) vrij. Wanneer CO2 in de atmosfeer terechtkomt, draagt het bij tot de gestage opwarming van de aarde. Natuurlijk is de voornaamste oplossing het drastisch verminderen van de hoeveelheid CO2 die we produceren. Helaas wordt momenteel 64% van onze elektriciteit (wereldwijd) geproduceerd door het verbranden van fossiele brandstoffen en rijdt het merendeel van onze auto’s op benzine of diesel.
Daarom kijkt men als kortetermijnoplossing naar het opvangen van CO2 aan de bron, rechtstreeks aan de uitlaat van een energiecentrale. Opgevangen CO2 zou dan ondergronds opgeslagen kunnen worden of gebruikt kunnen worden als grondstof voor plastics en brandstoffen. Maar, CO2 opvangen is niet eenvoudig. Eerst en vooral worden er enorme hoeveelheden CO2 geproduceerd, in 2018 alleen al meer dan 33 miljard ton. Daarnaast bestaat de uitstoot van een energiecentrale maar voor 20% uit CO2 en dus voor 80% uit andere gassen. Deze gassen kunnen we wel terug in de atmosfeer loslaten en maar goed ook, want zo een gigantisch volume opslaan is nagenoeg onmogelijk. Bijgevolg moeten we in staat zijn CO2 van andere gassen af te scheiden. Ook dit is geen gemakkelijke opgave, want CO2 is gigantisch klein, wel 1000x kleiner dan een virus.
CO2-zuiverende koffiefilters
Gelukkig zijn gasscheidingsmembranen in staat om CO2-scheidingen uit te voeren en dus CO2 op te vangen. Bovendien zijn gasscheidingsmembranen energie- en milieuvriendelijk; beiden cruciaal als we het klimaat vooruit willen helpen. Centraal bij gasscheidingsmembranen staat uiteraard het membraan, dat werkt als een ultra-fijne koffiefilter. Het laat enkel CO2 door en houdt de andere gassen tegen, net zoals een koffiefilter het koffiegruis tegenhoudt en koffie doorlaat. De overgebleven gassen kunnen we vervolgens loslaten in de atmosfeer, terwijl de zuivere CO2 verder verwerkt wordt.
You can’t have it all
Typische membranen bestaan uit polymeren. Deze zijn vereenvoudigd te beschrijven als een ‘plastic folie’ met specifieke chemische eigenschappen. De voornaamste eigenschappen waar membraantechnologen naar op zoek gaan, zijn een hoge selectiviteit en een hoge permeabiliteit. Een hoge selectiviteit zorgt ervoor dat de membranen enkel CO2 doorlaten (en geen andere gassen). De permeabiliteit verwijst naar hoe snel CO2 doorheen het membraan getransporteerd wordt. Hoge permeabiliteit is cruciaal om de enorme hoeveelheden gas die geproduceerd worden in een energiecentrale te behandelen. Helaas zit er een addertje onder het gras. Proefondervindelijk is namelijk gebleken dat de inherente eigenschappen van polymeren het moeilijk maken om een hoge permeabiliteit met een hoge selectiviteit te combineren.
De oplossing? Mixed matrix membranen
Gelukkig is wetenschap veerkrachtig en staat een andere tak klaar om membranen een handje te helpen: de nanotechnologie. ‘Mixed matrix membranen’ verwijst naar het combineren van polymeren met verschillende ‘vullers’. Deze nanometer grote vullers zijn poreus, waardoor gassen er vlot doorheen getransporteerd worden en dus een hoge permeabiliteit bereikt wordt. Bovendien interageren ze sterk met CO2, waardoor de selectiviteit van het membraan behouden blijft of zelfs een stuk hoger kan liggen dan die van pure polymeren.
Toch is het wederom niet zo eenvoudig. Er zijn duizenden vullers beschikbaar en evenveel polymeren om ze mee te combineren. Je hoeft geen expert in combinatieleer te zijn om te zien dat elke combinatie testen enorm veel tijd vraagt. Bovendien kan het toevoegen van vullers in sommige gevallen zorgen voor ‘lekke’ membranen, met als resultaat dat ook andere gassen dan CO2 snel door het membraan getransporteerd worden. Het zou dus interessant zijn om op basis van meetbare eigenschappen van het polymeer en de vuller te kunnen voorspellen of een bepaalde combinatie (goed) werkt. Momenteel bestaan dergelijke criteria niet en loopt de zoektocht naar optimale mixed matrix membranen via een trial-and-error-procedure.
Op naar rationeel design!
In mijn thesis heb ik een aanzet gegeven naar dergelijke criteria. Ik onderzocht welke vullereigenschappen een invloed hebben op het gedrag van mixed matrix membranen. De aanpak bestond uit drie stappen. In eerste instantie werd een reeks vulmaterialen ontwikkeld met een gelijkaardige basisstructuur, maar verschillende chemische eigenschappen. In een volgende stap zijn de chemische eigenschappen van deze vullers en het gasscheidingsgedrag van mixed matrix membranen gekwantificeerd. Tot slot onderzocht ik het verband tussen de vullereigenschappen en de (hoge) selectiviteit en permeabiliteit van deze mixed matrix membranen.
Het resultaat: een indicator en een kritische blik
Eerst en vooral, goed nieuws! Eén van de onderzochte vullereigenschappen bleek een duidelijk verband te vertonen met de permeabiliteit van mixed matrix membranen, namelijk de sorptiewarmte van CO2 in de vuller. In mensentaal betekent dit ‘hoe sterk CO2 aan het materiaal plakt’. In het systeem dat ik onderzocht heb, kan deze eigenschap interessant zijn om de permeabiliteit van mixed matrix membranen te voorspellen.
Dit onderzoek leverde ook een kritische kanttekening op. In de mixed matrix membranen-literatuur worden eigenschappen, zoals de hoeveelheid CO2 die in de vuller kan worden opgeslagen of sorptiewarmte gebruikt als verklaring voor de hogere selectiviteit van mixed matrix membranen in vergelijking met hun puur polymeer tegenhangers. Daarentegen toonde mijn onderzoek aan dat er geen verband bestaat tussen deze eigenschappen en de selectiviteit. Een hoge waarde voor deze eigenschappen blijkt dus geen garantie voor een hoge selectiviteit.
De volgende stap
Natuurlijk zijn niet enkel de vullereigenschappen belangrijk in het bepalen van de mixed matrix membraaneigenschappen, ook het polymeer speelt een cruciale rol. Bovendien gaat de manier waarop polymeer en vuller interageren een belangrijke bijdrage leveren tot de uiteindelijke membraaneigenschappen. Het is essentieel om ook deze zaken te onderzoeken en zo tot rationeel mixed matrix membraandesign te komen. Voer voor een volgende thesis!
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