Algen in Antarctica: hoe een reis naar het verleden zes nieuwe soorten oplevert

Charlotte
Goeyers

Haal eens diep adem. Een vierde van de lucht die zonet door jouw longen passeerde, werd geproduceerd door microscopische algjes die diatomeeën worden genoemd. In deze studie van Plantentuin Meise en de Universiteit van Antwerpen werden de diatomeeën, verborgen in een historische mos-collectie, grondig bestudeerd. De collectie werd een halve eeuw geleden verzameld nabij het zuidpoolgebied. Zes nieuwe soorten werden ontdekt. De studie hoopt bovendien om taxonomie weer sexy te maken bij jonge biologen.

Ze produceren meer zuurstof dan alle regenwouden gecombineerd, dienen als filter tijdens het produceren van wijn, vormen een hulpbron in het forensisch onderzoek naar verdrinkingsdood, zijn een veelbelovende toekomstige biobrandstof en zelfs een potentieel kankermedicijn. Kiezelwieren of diatomeeën zijn ware manusjes-van-alles die ondanks hun microscopische grootte in staat zijn tot grootse dingen.

Deze minuscule algen zijn te vinden in eender welke vochtige omgeving, gaande van de aardbodem, rivieren en verschillende soorten mos over oceanen tot zelfs de glazen wanden van een aquarium. Elk kiezelwier leeft in zijn zelfgebouwde glazen huisje, dat versierd is met talrijke prachtige patronen waarmee biologen de soort kunnen achterhalen. Pas in de 18e eeuw werden ze ontdekt door een onbekende Britse man die door zijn microscoop tuurde en melding maakte van ‘vreemde rechthoekige wezens’. Hun evolutionaire geschiedenis begon zo’n 200 miljoen jaar geleden en resulteerde in naar schatting 100.000 soorten. Ter vergelijking, er zijn vandaag 50 dolfijnsoorten en 20.000 vlindersoorten.

Tabellaria flocculosa, het eerste kiezelwiertje dat werd ontdekt in de 18e eeuw.

Taxonomie: what’s in a name?

Diatomeeën zijn extreem gevoelig aan verandering in hun omgeving. Een kleine wijziging in temperatuur of zoutgehalte kan ervoor zorgen dat sommige soorten het voor bekeken houden en plaats ruimen voor andere soorten die zo’n verandering wel kunnen smaken. Die gevoeligheid maakt van kiezelwieren uitstekende bio-indicatoren. Zo worden ze in Vlaanderen gebruikt om de kwaliteit van de waterlopen te schatten, maar ook in klimaatonderzoek spelen ze een hoofdrol. Via fossiele kiezelwieren kunnen bijvoorbeeld reconstructies worden gemaakt van het klimaat dat miljoenen jaren geleden heerste, maar ook de impact van de huidige klimaatverandering kan ermee worden beoordeeld. Zeker in de poolgebieden is dit belangrijk, aangezien zowel de noord- als zuidpool de eerste tekenen van klimaatverandering weerspiegelen. Al deze toepassingen zijn echter alleen maar mogelijk dankzij nauwkeurig soortonderzoek, maar daar loopt het vaak mis.

“Hoe is het mogelijk om de biodiversiteit te beschermen wanneer we niet eens weten hoeveel en welke soorten er rondvliegen, -wandelen of -zwemmen op de planeet?”

De immense taak om alle dieren, planten, diatomeeën en andere wezens op aarde te beschrijven en te benoemen behoort toe aan de wetenschap die taxonomie wordt genoemd. Taxonomie is een essentiële discipline, want hoe is het mogelijk om de biodiversiteit te beschermen wanneer we niet eens weten hoeveel en welke soorten er rondvliegen, -wandelen of -zwemmen op de planeet? Ondanks dat taxonomisch onderzoek hét fundament is van de biologie, is het vandaag een ondergesneeuwde wetenschap, mede door de opkomst van moleculaire analyses.

In Europa en Noord-Amerika is er relatief veel geweten over de diversiteit aan kiezelwiersoorten, maar eenmaal buiten deze gebieden staat het taxonomisch onderzoek nog in kinderschoenen. Vooral in de poolgebieden is er nog werk. Dat komt omdat biologen vroeger dachten dat de diatomeeënsoorten die ze in Europa en Noord-Amerika zagen, ook elders voorkwamen. Vergelijk het met vogelkundigen die vogels gaan spotten in Maleisië met een Europese vogelgids onder de arm, waarop vervolgens alle waargenomen Maleisische vogels een Europese naam krijgen: een biologisch rampscenario. Om deze vroegere praktijken weer te corrigeren, is er een heuse taxonomische herziening nodig waarbij alle soorten opnieuw kritisch worden onderzocht. Een werk van (zeer) lange adem.

Een reisje door de geschiedenis: historische mossen uit het zuidpoolgebied

In deze studie werden de diatomeeënsoorten van Campbell Island onder de microscopische loep genomen. Campbell Island is een afgelegen eiland nabij het zuidpoolgebied en ligt in het sub-Antarctische gedeelte. Het eiland bevindt zich in de zuidelijke Grote Oceaan, zo’n 700 km ten zuiden van Nieuw-Zeeland en ongeveer 3.500 km ten noorden van Antarctica. Verschillende mossen en struiken sieren het landschap. De mossen, waarin talrijke soorten kiezelwieren leven, werden tijdens de winter van 1969-1970 verzameld door Professor Dale Vitt en bewaard in het mos-herbarium in Cambridge, het Verenigd Koninkrijk. De mossen werden pas een halve eeuw later weer van onder het stof gehaald, speciaal voor deze studie, om te achterhalen welke soortenrijkdom aan diatomeeën er in de oude plantjes schuilt.

“Dure expedities naar de andere kant van de wereld zijn vaak overbodig voor degelijk taxonomisch onderzoek”

De kiezelwieren werden uit de historische mossen gefilterd en op microscopische preparaten gemonteerd. Door middel van zowel de licht- als elektronenmicroscoop werd de verscheidenheid aan wiertjes duidelijk. Meer dan 140 soorten werden er gevonden, waarvan meer dan de helft niet kon worden thuisgebracht in bestaande namen en waarschijnlijk volledig nieuw is. Zes soorten werden tijdens dit onderzoek beschreven en kregen een gloednieuwe benaming. Een van de nieuw ontdekte soorten – Angusticopula cosmica – lijkt op een kosmos gevuld met talloze sterren, waarnaar de naam verwijst. Een passende metafoor voor de kosmos aan kiezelwieren die nog wachten op hun ontdekking.

Een van de nieuw ontdekte soorten, Angusticopula cosmica, lijkt wel op een kosmos gevuld met talloze sterren.

Werk aan de winkel

Niet enkel Campbell Island onderging een grondige analyse, de mos-bewonende wiertjes van alle eilanden in het gebied werden met elkaar vergeleken. Wat blijkt? Campbell Island is een unieke biotoop waar bepaalde diatomeeën zelfs sneller evolueren in vergelijking met de andere eilanden. De reden hierachter is niet duidelijk, al wordt vermoed dat kiezelwieren van andere eilanden in de zuidelijke Indische Oceaan en zelfs Zuid-Amerika meeliften met de wind en vervolgens op Campbell Island belanden, waar ze ongestoord en naar hartenlust kunnen evolueren.

Het gigantisch aantal onbekende soorten dat werd gevonden tijdens dit onderzoek maakt pijnlijk duidelijk dat toekomstig taxonomisch onderzoek broodnodig is, zeker als we diatomeeën willen blijven gebruiken in allerhande toepassingen, klimaatonderzoek voorop. Deze studie bewijst ook dat dure expedities naar de andere kant van de wereld vaak overbodig zijn voor degelijk taxonomisch onderzoek. In historische collecties van over de hele wereld zitten ongetwijfeld nog talloze onontdekte soorten verborgen, geduldig wachtend op een nieuwe generatie gepassioneerde taxonomen.

Campbell Island, een eiland waar struiken, mega-kruiden en mossen over het landschap heersen.

 

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Universiteit Antwerpen
Thesis jaar
2020
Promotor(en)
Bart Van de Vijver