“Met alle Chinezen, maar niet met den dezen.” Maar wie zijn al die Chinezen dan?

Aveline
Gram

 

China is de laatste jaren niet uit het nieuws te slaan en wordt er afgebeeld als een steeds grotere bedreiging voor het Westen. China zou, vooral sinds Chinees president Xi Jinping in 2013 aan de macht kwam, steeds assertiever en agressiever op het wereldtoneel verschijnen. Uit onderzoek naar China’s officiële discours ten opzichte van de VS, diens voornaamste tegenspeler, blijkt echter dat er sinds 2013, onder presidenten Obama en Trump, geen radicale verandering plaatsvond. China’s nationale identiteit, die met dit discours tot uiting wordt gebracht, is wel degelijk in evolutie, maar de dreigende opkomst van China wordt best niet overschat.

 

Rare gasten, die Chinezen. Of toch meer dan dat?

Je hebt je kop koffie nog niet aan je lippen terwijl je ’s ochtends de krant openslaat of je blik valt al meteen op één of andere titel over China. “Wat hebben ze nu weer uitgespookt, die Chinezen?” zal je nog wat slaperig denken. Je kijkt wat verder onder de titel: “vleermuizen”, “levend pluimvee”, “markt in Wuhan”, lees je. Je grinnikt en denkt bij jezelf “vreemde gasten die Chinezen”. Je bladert verder en lap, alweer China op je ontbijtbord: Chinees president Xi Jinping en Amerikaans president Biden met daarboven gekopt: “Chinese president waarschuwt voor nieuwe Koude Oorlog”. Mmm, die Chinezen lijken niet alleen wat eigenaardige eetgewoonten te hebben, ze lijken best ook gevaarlijk te kunnen zijn. Het grinniken wordt vervangen door een knagend onzeker gevoel: zou het…? Een Koude Oorlog…? Nu ben je volledig wakker, zet je die kop koffie naast je, en lees je verder.   

China is dus zeker geen ver-van-mijn-bed-show. Maar wat weten we eigenlijk echt over wie ze zijn en wat ze willen, die Xi Jinping en zijn Chinese Communistische Partij (CCP)? Zijn ze uit op internationale samenwerking zoals ze beweren, of streven ze naar hegemonie? “Met alle Chinezen, maar niet met den dezen”, luidt de bekende Vlaamse spreuk. In het Westen identificeren we onszelf al te graag met ‘den dezen’, want wij – als ultieme voorvechter van democratie en kapitalisme – weten het altijd beter…toch? Wat als het in werkelijkheid andersom is en wij die goedgelovigen zijn die door de Chinezen bedot worden? Het zijn allemaal vragen waar zelfs onze wereldleiders geen eensluidend antwoord op hebben. Voor antwoorden moeten we naar de bron kijken waaruit dit allemaal voortvloeit:

China’s nationale identiteit. 

image-20211003131128-1

 

China en “de ander”: de VS

We ontwikkelen allemaal een eigen identiteit waarbij we onze “zelf” vergelijken met de “ander”. Denk maar aan sociale media zoals Facebook of Instagram waar we allen erg ons best doen onze “zelf” mooi en succesvol af te beelden. Dit toont hoe onze identiteit geconstrueerd, sociaal beïnvloedbaar en bijgevolg veranderlijk is.

Zo’n identiteit is voor een staat of natie niet anders. Een land zoals China meet zich een nationale identiteit aan. En ook deze is geen vaststaand feit en wordt door anderen beïnvloed. Als China een Facebookprofiel zou hebben, wie zou die “ander” zijn die toch weer meer “likes” heeft of je stokken tussen de wielen steekt? Juist ja, die Amerikanen. Eén van de “hot topics” tussen beide grootmachten is Taiwan. Taiwan: wie, hoe, wat, zal je denken? Dit conflict komt inderdaad niet genoeg in de media, maar je mag het gerust beschouwen als een vonkend vuurtje dat in 1949 ontstaan is, het jaar waarin de Chinese Communisten de burgeroorlog wonnen van de Kuomintang en waarna die laatsten naar het eiland Taiwan vluchtten. Bovendien moeiden de VS zich van in het begin in het conflict in een poging het communisme aan banden te leggen. Die vorige Koude Oorlog, weet je wel.  Ondertussen is het echt geen vuur-tje meer, en die vonken worden ware steekvlammen. Bovendien hebben we niet alleen te maken met grootmachten, maar ook met nucleaire machten. Zo’n steekvlam wil niemand.

Onder Chinees president Xi Jinping werd er met zijn Amerikaanse tegenhanger – eerst Obama, nadien Trump – heel wat heen en weer gecommuniceerd over Taiwan. De wijze waarop mensen communiceren, de woorden die ze wel of net niet kiezen, zijn een uiting van onze veranderlijke identiteit. Hoe is die Chinese nationale identiteit onder Xi Jinping dan geëvolueerd met de VS als de “ander” en met het Taiwanconflict als gespreksonderwerp? Hiervoor analyseerde ik 378 officiële toespraken, persberichten en interviews van het Chinese regime met een discoursanalyse, een onderzoeksmethode die toelaat op een systematische manier tekst te analyseren en daaruit conclusies te trekken.

image-20211003131128-2

 

De kracht van verandering…of toch de status quo?

In tegenstelling tot wat de onheilspellende berichtgeving doet vermoeden, blijkt China’s nationale identiteit onder Xi Jinping uiteindelijk niet zo radicaal veranderd. Wel veranderde het taalgebruik geleidelijk aan, waarbij dit onder Obama eerder constructief was en onder Trump evolueerde naar een eerder defensief taalgebruik. Het woord “vrede” kwam dan wel onder beide presidenten prominent voor, maar onder Obama in de context van “vrede bewaren of promoten”, en onder Trump klonk dit “vrede ondermijnen of in gevaar brengen”. Ook bij het spreken over “militaire relaties” was er een verschil: bij Obama verwees de Chinese zijde naar samenwerking in militaire relaties; bij Trump wezen ze met de vinger naar de militaire relaties die Trump met Taiwan verder versterkte.

Dat er kracht is in verandering, heeft Bart De Wever ons goed in de oren geknoopt. Maar soms dient een zekere continuïteit met incrementele verandering net een hoger doel op lange termijn – bijvoorbeeld Xi’s droom, de “China Dream”, van een eengemaakt China tegen 2049, de 100e verjaardag van de Volksrepubliek. De gestage verandering is dus in geen geval een gebrek aan ambitie.

Rare gasten dus nog steeds, die Chinezen? Niet helemaal. Ze presenteren zich immers behoorlijk consistent, maar hun differentiatie tegenover “de ander” verschuift wel duidelijk over de tijd heen. Hoe dit interactief proces van identiteitsconstructie – ook van staten – in zijn werk gaat, verdient onze expliciete en constante aandacht. Want hopelijk kan dat knagend gevoel morgenvroeg, met die nieuwe kop koffie in de hand, plaatsmaken voor dat extra tikkeltje kennis over en nieuwsgierigheid naar “die Chinezen”.

 

Bibliografie

 

Secondary Sources

 

Alysa, M. (2020). The implication of the US-Taiwan relations towards the US-China relations under Obama administration. Verity: International Relations Journal, 11(21), 56-68. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.19166/verity.v11i21.2452

 

American Institute in Taiwan. (n.d.-a). U.S.-PRC Joint Communique (1972). https://www.ait.org.tw/our-relationship/policy-history/key-u-s-foreign-policy-documents-region/u-s-prc-joint-communique-1972/

 

American Institute in Taiwan. (n.d.-b). U.S.-PRC Joint Communique (1979). https://www.ait.org.tw/our-relationship/policy-history/key-u-s-foreign-policy-documents

 

American Institute in Taiwan. (n.d.-c). U.S.-PRC Joint Communique (1982). https://www.ait.org.tw/our-relationship/policy-history/key-u-s-foreign-policy-documents-region/u-s-prc-joint-communique-1982/

 

Anderson, B. (2006). Imagined communities: Reflections on the origin and spread of nationalism. Verso books. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/fmls/cqp012

 

Atanassova-Cornelis, E. (2012). Chinese Nation Building and Foreign Policy: Japan and the US as the Significant “Others” in National Identity Construction. East Asia, 29(1), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12140-011-9173-9

 

Atkinson, P., & Coffey, A. (1996). Making sense of qualitative data : complementary research strategies. Sage. https://doi.org/DOI:10.1037/000261

 

Blackwill, R. D., & Zelikow, P. (2021). The United States, China, and Taiwan: A Strategy to Prevent War. Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/report/united-states-china-and-taiwan-strategy-prevent-war

 

Brittingham, M. A. (2007). The "Role" of Nationalism in Chinese Foreign Policy: A Reactive Model of Nationalism & Conflict. Journal of Chinese Political Science, 12(2), 147-166. https://doi.org/http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s11366-007-9005-3

 

Brown, G., & Yule, G. (1983). Discourse analysis. Cambridge university press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511805226

 

Bryman, A. (2012). Social research methods (Fourth ed.). Oxford university press.

 

Bush, R. C. (2005). Untying the knot: making peace in the Taiwan Strait. Brookings institution press.

 

Bush, R. C. (2016). US policy toward Taiwan. Asian Education and Development Studies, 5(3), 266-277. https://doi.org/10.1108/AEDS-10-2015-0052

 

Bush, R. C. (2017). U.S.-Taiwan Relations in the Trump Administration: No Big Fixes Needed. Asia policy(23), 29-35. https://doi.org/https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.2307/24905141

 

Callahan, W. A. (2006). History, identity, and security: Producing and consuming nationalism in China. Critical Asian Studies, 38(2), 179-208. https://doi.org/10.1080/14672710600671087

 

Callahan, W. A. (2015). Identity and Security in China: The Negative Soft Power of the China Dream. Politics, 35(3-4), 216-229. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-9256.12088

 

Campbell, K. M., & Mitchell, D. J. (2001). Crisis in the Taiwan Strait? Foreign Affairs, 80(4), 14-25. https://doi.org/10.2307/20050223

 

Carlson, A. (2009). A flawed perspective: The limitations inherent within the study of Chinese nationalism. Nations and nationalism, 15(1), 20-35. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8129.2009.00376.x

 

Chafetz, G., Spirtas, M., & Frankel, B. (1998). Introduction: Tracing the influence of identity on foreign policy. Security studies, 8(2-3), 7-22. https://doi.org/10.1080/09636419808429372

 

Chang-Liao, N.-c. (2016). China’s New Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping. Asian Security, 12(2), 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2016.1183195

 

Checkel, J. T. (2004). Social constructivisms in global and European politics: a review essay. Review of International Studies, 30(2), 229-244. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0260210504006023

 

Chen, P.-K., Kastner, S. L., & Reed, W. L. (2017). A Farewell to Arms? US Security Relations with Taiwan and the Prospects for Stability in the Taiwan Strait. In L. Dittmer (Ed.), Taiwan and China: Fitful Embrace (pp. 221-238). University of California Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1525/9780520968707-013

 

Chen, R.-L. (2013). Taiwan's identity in formation: in reaction to a democratizing Taiwan and a rising China. Asian Ethnicity, 14(2), 229-250. https://doi.org/10.1080/14631369.2012.722446

 

Chen, Y.-J., & Cohen, J. A. (2019). China-Taiwan Relations Re-Examined: The 1992 Consensus and Cross-Strait Agreements. University of Pennsylvania Asian Law Review, 14(1), 1-40. https://scholarship.law.upenn.edu/alr/vol14/iss1/2

 

Chu, J.-J. (2000). Nationalism and Self-Determination: The Identity Politics in Taiwan. Journal of Asian and African Studies (Leiden), 35(3), 303-321. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1163/156852100512266

 

Cohen, P. A. (2002). Remembering and forgetting national humiliation in twentieth-century China. Twentieth-Century China, 27(2), 1-39. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1179/tcc.2002.27.2.1

 

Collier, D., & Mahoney, J. (1996). Insights and Pitfalls: Selection Bias in Qualitative Research. World Politics, 49(1), 56-91. https://doi.org/10.1353/wp.1996.0023

 

Copper, J. F. (1997). The origins of conflict across the Taiwan Strait: The problem of differences in perceptions. Journal of Contemporary China, 6(15), 199-227. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670569708724276

 

Copper, J. F. (2014). Believe Realist Theory and Say Good-Bye to Taiwan? American journal of Chinese studies, 21(2), 151-161. https://www.jstor.org/stable/44289320

 

Cui, T. (2021). Remarks by Ambassador Cui Tiankai At the 15th Anniversary and Lunar New Year Gala of China General Chamber of Commerce - USA. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/rota/t1730502.htm

 

deLisle, J. (2010). Soft Power in a Hard Place: China, Taiwan, Cross-Strait Relations and U.S. Policy. Orbis, 54(4), 493-524. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1016/j.orbis.2010.07.002

 

Deng, Y., & Wang, F.-L. (2005). China rising: power and motivation in Chinese foreign policy. Rowman & Littlefield.

 

Dittmer, L. (2006). Taiwan as a Factor in China's Quest for National Identity. Journal of Contemporary China, 15(49), 671-686. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670560600836721

 

Dittmer, L., & Kim, S. S. (1993a). China's quest for national identity. Cornell university press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7591/j.ctv2n7fzc

 

Dittmer, L., & Kim, S. S. (1993b). In Search of a Theory of National Identity. In L. Dittmer & S. S. Kim (Eds.), China's quest for national identity (pp. 1-31). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7591/j.ctv2n7fzc

 

Downs, E. S., & Saunders, P. C. (1998). Legitimacy and the Limits of Nationalism: China and the Diaoyu Islands. International Security, 23(3), 114-146. https://doi.org/10.2307/2539340

 

Duggan, N. (2020). A New Chinese National Identity: The Role of Nationalism in Chinese Foreign Policy. In Chinese National Identity in the Age of Globalisation (pp. 161-182). Springer Singapore. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4538-2_7

 

Dunn, K. C., & Neumann, I. B. (2016). Undertaking discourse analysis for social research. University of Michigan Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.3998/mpub.7106945

 

Fan, Y. (2004). ‘Xinshiqi Zhongguo guojia anquan de jiban yuanze’ (‘The Fundamental Principles of China’s National Security in a New Era’). Zhanlue yu guanli, 2, 85–93.

 

Ferdinand, P. (2016). Westward ho—the China dream and ‘one belt, one road’: Chinese foreign policy under Xi Jinping. International Affairs, 92(4), 941-957. https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-2346.12660

 

Flockhart, T. (2016). Constructivism and foreign policy. In S. Smith, A. Hadfield, & T. Dunne (Eds.), Foreign policy. Theories, actors, cases (3rd ed.). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org.10.1093/hepl/9780198708902.001.0001

 

Gao, C. (2017). 3 Major Takeaways from Xi Jinping’s Speech at the 19th Party Congress. The Diplomat. https://thediplomat.com/2017/10/3-major-takeaways-from-xi-jinpings-speech-at-the-19th-party-congress/

 

Gee, J. P. (2011). An introduction to discourse analysis: theory and method (3rd ed.). Routledge.

 

Giddens, A. (1991). Modernity and self-identity: Self and society in the late modern age. Stanford university press.

 

Gilley, B. (2008). Legitimacy and Institutional Change: The Case of China. Comparative Political Studies, 41(3), 259-284. https://doi.org/10.1177/0010414007308020

 

Gilley, B., & Holbig, H. (2009). The Debate on Party Legitimacy in China: a mixed quantitative/qualitative analysis. Journal of Contemporary China, 18(59), 339-358. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670560802576083

 

Goldman, M., Link, P., & Wei, S. (1993). China’s Intellectuals in the Deng Era: Loss of Identity with the State. In L. Dittmer & S. S. Kim (Eds.), China's Quest for National Identity (pp. 125-153). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7591/j.ctv2n7fzc

 

Gries, P. H. (2004). China's new nationalism: pride, politics, and diplomacy. University of California press.

 

Gries, P. H., Zhang, Q., Crowson, H. M., & Cai, H. (2011). Patriotism, Nationalism and China's US Policy: Structures and Consequences of Chinese National Identity. The China Quarterly, 205, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0305741010001360

 

Habermas, J. (1992). Legitimation crisis (Repr. ed.). Polity press.

 

Halperin, S., & Heath, O. (2017a). Ch 5 - Asking Questions: How to Find and Formulate  Research Questions. In Political research: methods and practical skills (pp. 101-128). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.001.0001

 

Halperin, S., & Heath, O. (2017b). Ch. 7 - Research Design. In Political research: methods and practical skills (pp. 164-183). Oxford University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/hepl/9780198702740.001.0001

 

Hansen, L. (2013). Security as practice: discourse analysis and the Bosnian war. Routledge.

 

Herrmann, P. (2020). Chinese National Identity and National Image in the Age of Globalisation. In L. Zhouxiang (Ed.), Chinese National Identity in the Age of Globalisation (pp. 137-160). Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-4538-2_6

 

Holbig, H., & Gilley, B. (2010). Reclaiming Legitimacy in China. Politics & policy (Statesboro, Ga.), 38(3), 395-422. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1747-1346.2010.00241.x

 

Houghton, D. P. (2007). Reinvigorating the Study of Foreign Policy Decision Making: Toward a Constructivist Approach. Foreign Policy Analysis, 3(1), 24-45. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-8594.2007.00040.x

 

Hughes, C. (2013). Taiwan and Chinese nationalism: National identity and status in international society. Routledge.

 

Hunt, M. H. (1993). Chinese National Identity and the Strong State: The Late Qing–Republican Crisis. In L. Dittmer & S. S. Kim (Eds.), China's Quest for National Identity (pp. 62-79). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7591/j.ctv2n7fzc

 

Kim, A., & Miller, T. (2019). The Taiwan Relations Act at 40: New Opportunities Ahead. The Heritage Foundation. https://www.heritage.org/asia/report/the-taiwan-relations-act-40-new-opportunities-ahead

 

Kim, S. S., & Dittmer, L. (1993). Whither China’s Quest for National Identity? In L. Dittmer & S. S. Kim (Eds.), China's Quest for National Identity (pp. 237-290). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7591/j.ctv2n7fzc

 

Kinnvall, C. (2004). Globalization and Religious Nationalism: Self, Identity, and the Search for Ontological Security. Political Psychology, 25(5), 741-767. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9221.2004.00396.x

 

Klotz, A., & Lynch, C. (2007). Strategies for research in constructivist international relations. Sharpe. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315700571

 

Laing, R. D. (1970). The divided self : an existential study in sanity and madness (Repr. ed.). Harmondsworth : Penguin books.

 

Lams, L. (2017). Othering in Chinese official media narratives during diplomatic standoffs with the US and Japan. Palgrave Communications, 3(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-017-0034-z

 

Lams, L. (2018). Examining Strategic Narratives in Chinese Official Discourse under Xi Jinping. Chinese journal of political science, 23(3), 387-411. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11366-018-9529-8

 

Lee, M. (2017). Taiwan in Trump’s Perspective: A Bargaining Chip? Asia policy(24), 26-32. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1353/asp.2017.0040

 

Levy, J. S. (1997). Too important to leave to the other. International Security, 22(1), 22.

 

Li, R. (2008). A rising China and security in East Asia: Identity construction and security discourse. Routledge. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203886946

 

Lin, P. (2016). ‘Cold peace’ a likely stable future. Taipei Times. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/editorials/archives/2016/05/28/2003647286

 

Madsen, R. (1995). China and the American dream: a moral inquiry. University of California press.

 

Maizland, L. (2019). U.S. Military Support for Taiwan: What’s Changed Under Trump? Council on Foreign Relations. https://www.cfr.org/in-brief/us-military-support-taiwan-whats-changed-under-trump

 

Mansbach, R. W., & Taylor, K. L. (2018). Chapter 1: Theoretical approaches to global politics. In R. W. Mansbach & K. L. Taylor (Eds.), Introduction to Global Politics (3rd ed., pp. 2-30). Routledge. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315301839

 

Mercer, J. (1995). Anarchy and identity. International organization, 49(2), 229-252. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/S0020818300028381

 

Mitzen, J. (2006). Ontological Security in World Politics: State Identity and the Security Dilemma. European journal of international relations, 12(3), 341-370. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066106067346

 

Morin, J.-F., & Paquin, J. (2018). Foreign Policy Analysis: A Toolbox. Palgrave Macmillan. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-61003-0

 

Neumann, I. B. (1996). Self and Other in International Relations. European journal of international relations, 2(2), 139-174. https://doi.org/10.1177/1354066196002002001

 

Ng-Quinn, M. (1993). National Identity in Premodern China: Formation and Role Enactment. In L. Dittmer & S. S. Kim (Eds.), China's Quest for National Identity (pp. 32-61). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7591/j.ctv2n7fzc

 

Peng, Y. (2003). Chinese Perceptions of U.S. Attitudes. In C. McGiffert (Ed.), China in the American political imagination. Center for Strategic and International Studies.

 

Poh, A., & Li, M. (2017). A China in Transition: The Rhetoric and Substance of Chinese Foreign Policy under Xi Jinping. Asian Security, 13(2), 84-97. https://doi.org/10.1080/14799855.2017.1286163

 

Roy, D. (2000). Tensions in the Taiwan Strait. Survival (London), 42(1), 76-96. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1093/survival/42.1.76

 

Roy, D. (2009). China's Democratised Foreign Policy. Survival (London), 51(2), 25-40. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396330902860769

 

Rudolf, P. (2021). The Sino-American World Conflict. Survival (London), 63(2), 87-114. https://doi.org/10.1080/00396338.2021.1905980

 

Ruggie, J. G. (1998). What Makes the World Hang Together? Neo-Utilitarianism and the Social Constructivist Challenge. International organization, 52(4), 855-885. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1162/002081898550770

 

Saunders, P. C. (2005). Long-term trends in China-Taiwan relations: implications for US Taiwan policy. Asian Survey, 45(6), 970-991. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1525/as.2005.45.6.970

 

Scalapino, R. A. (1993). China’s Multiple Identities in East Asia: China as a Regional Force. In L. Dittmer & S. S. Kim (Eds.), China's Quest for National Identity (pp. 215-236). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7591/j.ctv2n7fzc

 

Scott, J. (1990). A matter of record : documentary sources in social research. Polity press.

 

Shi, T. (2001). Cultural values and political trust: a comparison of the People's Republic of China and Taiwan. Comparative Politics, 33(4), 401-419. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.2307/422441

 

Shirk, S. L. (2007). China: fragile superpower. Oxford university press.

 

Suzuki, S. (2007). The importance of ‘Othering’ in China's national identity: Sino-Japanese relations as a stage of identity conflicts. The Pacific Review, 20(1), 23-47. https://doi.org/10.1080/09512740601133195

 

Thies, C. G. (2002). A Pragmatic Guide to Qualitative Historical Analysis in the Study of International Relations. International studies perspectives, 3(4), 351-372. https://doi.org/10.1111/1528-3577.t01-1-00099

 

Tilly, C. (2015). Identities, boundaries and social ties. Routledge. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315634050

 

Van Ness, P. (1993). China as a Third World State: Foreign Policy and Official National Identity. In L. Dittmer & S. S. Kim (Eds.), China's Quest for National Identity (pp. 194-214). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7591/j.ctv2n7fzc

 

Walker, R. B. (1997). The subject of security. In K. Krause & M. C. Williams (Eds.), Critical security studies: Concepts and cases (pp. 61-82). University of Minnesota Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203501764

 

Wang, F.-L. (2005). Preservation, Prosperity and Power: what motivates China's foreign policy? The Journal of contemporary China, 14(45), 669-694. https://doi.org/10.1080/10670560500206033

 

Wang, Z. (2008). National Humiliation, History Education, and the Politics of Historical Memory: Patriotic Education Campaign in China. International Studies Quarterly, 52(4), 783-806. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2478.2008.00526.x

 

Watson, J. L. (1993). Rites or Beliefs? The Construction of a Unified Culture in Late Imperial China. In L. Dittmer & S. S. Kim (Eds.), China's Quest for National Identity (pp. 80-103). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7591/j.ctv2n7fzc

 

Wei, C.-h. (2015). China–Taiwan relations and the 1992 consensus, 2000−2008. International Relations of the Asia-Pacific, 16(1), 67-95. https://doi.org/10.1093/irap/lcv009

 

Wendt, A. (1999). Social theory of international politics. Cambridge : Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511612183

 

Wenmu, Z. (2004). Daguo jueqi de lishi jingyan yu Zhongguo de xuanze. The Historical Experience of Great Power Emergence and China’s Choice’), Zhanlue yu guanli, 63(2), 70-84.

 

Whelan-Wuest, M. (2017). Former Taiwan president Ma on One China, the 1992 consensus, and Taiwan’s future. Brookings. https://www.brookings.edu/blog/order-from-chaos/2017/03/16/former-taiwan-president-ma-on-one-china-the-1992-consensus-and-taiwans-future/

 

White, L., & Cheng, L. (1993). China Coast Identities: Regional, National, and Global. In L. Dittmer & S. S. Kim (Eds.), China's Quest for National Identity (pp. 154-193). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7591/j.ctv2n7fzc

 

Wilson, R. W. (1993). Change and Continuity in Chinese Cultural Identity: The Filial Ideal and the Transformation of an Ethic. In L. Dittmer & S. S. Kim (Eds.), China's Quest for National Identity (pp. 104-124). Cornell University Press. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.7591/j.ctv2n7fzc

 

Wong, Y. C. (2019). Independence or Reunification? The Evolving PRC–Taiwan Relations. Baltic Journal of European Studies, 9(2), 98-122. https://doi.org/https://doi.org/10.1515/bjes-2019-0016

 

Xi, J. (2017). Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Xinhua. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/download/Xi_Jinping's_report_at_19th_CPC_National_Congress.pdf

 

Yi, X. (2005). Chinese Foreign Policy In Transition: Understanding China's "Peaceful Development". The Journal of East Asian Affairs, 19(1), 74-112. https://www.jstor.org/stable/23257886?seq=1#metadata_info_tab_contents

 

Yin, R. K. (2009a). Chapter 2: Designing case studies: Identify your case(s) and establishing your logic of your case study. In Case Study Research: design and methods (4th ed., pp. 25-66). Sage.

 

Yin, R. K. (2009b). Chapter 5: Analyzing Case Study Evidence: How to Start Your Analysis, Your Analytic Choices, and How They Work. In Case Study Research: design and methods (4th ed., pp. 127-164). Sage.

 

Yinan, H. E. (2014). Identity Politics and Foreign Policy: Taiwan's Relations with China and Japan, 1895-2012. Political science quarterly, 129(3), 469-500. https://doi.org/10.1002/polq.12214

 

Zhang, J. (2015). China's new foreign policy under Xi Jinping: towards 'Peaceful Rise 2.0'? Global change, peace & security, 27(1), 5-19. https://doi.org/10.1080/14781158.2015.993958

 

Zhang, T. (2004). Self-Identity Construction of the Present China. Comparative Strategy, 23(3), 281-301. https://doi.org/10.1080/01495930490479024

 

Zhao, S. (2006). A nation-state by construction: dynamics of modern Chinese nationalism. Stanford university press.

 

Zhao, S. (2009). Chinese nationalism and approaches toward East Asian regional cooperation. Council on Foreign Relations. http://i.cfr.org//content/publications/attachments/NEAsiaSecurityZhao.pdf

 

Zuo, Y. (2018). The U.S. Global Strategy and Its Taiwan Policy. China Review, 18(3), 149-176. http://www.jstor.org/stable/26484536

 

Discourse Analysis: Sources

 

Primary Sources

 

Chen, L. (2020, March 26). Regular Press Conference of the Ministry of National Defense on Mar. 26. Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2020-03/27/content_4862777.htm

 

Chen, Z. (2020, June 24). Regular Press Conference of the Ministry of National Defense on June 24. Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2020-06/24/content_4867200.htm

 

China Military Online. (2019, May 30). Defense Ministry's Regular Press Conference on May 30. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2019-05/30/content_9519337.htm

 

Consulate-General of the People's Repubic of China in Toronto. (2014, April 15). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on April 15, 2014. http://toronto.china-consulate.org/eng/fyrthhz/lxjzzdh/t1147430.htm

 

Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Mumbai. (2020, October 13). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on October 13, 2020. http://mumbai.china-consulate.org/eng/fyrth/t1823606.htm

 

Consulate-General of the People's Republic of China in Vancouver. (2017, January 19). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on January 19, 2017. http://vancouver.china-consulate.org/eng/fyrth/t1431978.htm

 

Cui, T. (2017a, July 11). Remarks by Ambassador Cui Tiankai at the 7th Annual US-China Civil Strategic Dialogue. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/aoa/t1477053.htm

 

Cui, T. (2017b, July 25). Remarks by Ambassador Cui Tiankai at the Institute for China-America Studies(ICAS) Annual Conference ---Prospects and Challenges for U.S.-China Relations. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/rota/t1480013.htm

 

Cui, T. (2018a, July 26). Remarks by Ambassador Cui Tiankai at the 8th US-China Civil Dialogue. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/zwjg_665342/zwbd_665378/t15…

 

Cui, T. (2018b, November 28). Transcript of Ambassador Cui Tiankai's Interview with Reuters. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/rota/t1616965.htm

 

Cui, T. (2018c, November 27). Transcript of Ambassador Cui Tiankai's Interview with Wall Street Journal. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/aoa/t1616462.htm

 

Cui, T. (2019a, October 29). Ambassador Cui Tiankai Attended the the Bush China Conference and Delivered Keynote Address. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/aoa/t1711638.htm

 

Cui, T. (2019b, September 18). Keynote Speech by Ambassador Cui Tiankai At Vision China Event. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/rota/t1698729.htm

 

Cui, T. (2019c, June 19). Remarks by Ambassador Cui Tiankai At the Celebration of the 40th Anniversary of China-US Diplomatic Relations. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/rota/t1673469.htm

 

Cui, T. (2019d, January 19). Remarks by Ambassador Cui Tiankai at the International Symposium to Commemorate the 40th Anniversary of Establishment of China-US Diplomatic Relations. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/rota/t1630707.htm

 

Cui, T. (2019e, December 20). Remarks by Ambassador Cui Tiankai At the Reception Celebrating the 20th Anniversary of the Return of Macao to the Motherland. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/rota/t1726413.htm

 

Cui, T. (2019f, September 7). Remarks by Ambassador Cui Tiankai At the Reception for the Mid-Autumn Festival. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/rota/t1695449.htm

 

Cui, T. (2020a, September 17). Ambassador Cui Tiankai takes an interview with former US Treasury Secretary Hank Paulson at the Podcast program "Straight Talk with Hank Paulson" Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/rota/t1815645.htm

 

Cui, T. (2020b, December 5). Transcript of Ambassador Cui Tiankai's Dialogue with Professor Graham Allison at the Annual Conference of the Institute for China-America Studies. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/rota/t1838064.htm

 

Cui, T. (2021, January 9). Remarks by Ambassador Cui Tiankai At the 15th Anniversary and Lunar New Year Gala of China General Chamber of Commerce - USA. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/rota/t1730502.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in Montenegro. (2018, October 5). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Remarks on US Leader's Unfounded Accusations on Taiwan-related and Other Issues. http://me.chineseembassy.org/mon/fyrth/t1602193.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in New Zealand. (2017, June 14). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang's Regular Press Conference on June 14, 2017. http://www.chinaembassy.org.nz/eng/mfasr/t1470265.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Democratic Socialist Republic of Sri Lanka. (2015, January 15). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on January 15, 2015. http://lk.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1228626.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Azerbaijan. (2014, December 11). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on December 11, 2014. http://az.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1218435.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Cyprus. (2020, October 26). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on October 26, 2020. http://cy.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1826657.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Finland. (2018, February 9). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on February 9, 2018. http://www.chinaembassy-fi.org/eng/fyrth/t1533682.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Iceland. (2019, March 22). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on March 22, 2019. http://is.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1647752.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Liberia. (2017, February 10). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang's Regular Press Conference on February 10, 2017. http://lr.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1437570.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Mauritius. (2018, August 22). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang's Regular Press Conference on August 22, 2018. http://mu.china-embassy.org/eng/zt/fyrth/t1587407.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Mozambique. (2018, July 19). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on July 19, 2018. http://mz.chineseembassy.org/por/fyrth/t1578759.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of the Philippines. (2019, July 12). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on July 12, 2019. http://ph.chineseembassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1680717.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of the Seychelles. (2015, February 26). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on February 26, 2015. http://sc.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1240873.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of Turkey. (2014, December 8). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on December 8, 2014. http://tr.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1217502.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the State of Qatar. (2019, December 13 ). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on December 13, 2019. http://qa.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1724378.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Sultanate of Oman. (2017, March 20). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on March 20 2017. http://om.chineseembassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1447146.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. (2013, September 26). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on September 26, 2013. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1081523.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. (2018, July 20). Ambassador Cui Tiankai Meeting with Deputy Secretary of State John J. Sullivan. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/sgxx/ctk/aoa/t1579018.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. (2019, September 18). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on September 18, 2019. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1698946.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. (2020a, August 6). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on August 6, 2020. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1804582.htm

 

Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the United States of America. (2020b, July 14). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on July 14, 2020. http://www.china-embassy.org/eng/fyrth/t1797731.htm

 

Le, Y. (2020, July 8). The Trend Toward China-US Cooperation is Unstoppable. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1795915.shtml

 

Li, J. (2019, July 24). White Paper: China's National Defense in the New Era. Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/publications/2019-07/24/content_4846452.htm

 

Li, J. (2020a, October 15). China's cross-Strait affairs allow no external interference: spokesperson. PLA Daily. http://english.pladaily.com.cn/view/2020-10/15/content_9918688.htm

 

Li, J. (2020b, February 28). Defense Ministry's Regular Press Conference on Feb. 28. China Military Online. http://eng.chinamil.com.cn/view/2020-03/01/content_9756363.htm

 

Mainland Affairs Council - Republic of China (TAIWAN). (2013). Major Events across the Taiwan Strait. https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1C6028CA080A27B3&sms=6F07…

 

Mainland Affairs Council - Republic of China (TAIWAN). (2015). Major Events across the Taiwan Strait. https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1C6028CA080A27B3&sms=6F07…

 

Mainland Affairs Council - Republic of China (TAIWAN). (2016). Major Events across the Taiwan Strait. https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1C6028CA080A27B3&sms=6F07…

 

Mainland Affairs Council - Republic of China (TAIWAN). (2017). Major Events across the Taiwan Strait. https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1C6028CA080A27B3&sms=6F07…

 

Mainland Affairs Council - Republic of China (TAIWAN). (2018). Major Events across the Taiwan Strait. https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1C6028CA080A27B3&sms=6F07…

 

Mainland Affairs Council - Republic of China (TAIWAN). (2019). Major Events across the Taiwan Strait. https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1C6028CA080A27B3&sms=6F07…

 

Mainland Affairs Council - Republic of China (TAIWAN). (2020). Major Events across the Taiwan Strait. https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1C6028CA080A27B3&sms=6F07…

 

Mainland Affairs Council - Republic of China (TAIWAN). (2021). Major Events across the Taiwan Strait. https://www.mac.gov.tw/en/News_Content.aspx?n=1C6028CA080A27B3&sms=6F07…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2013a, December 13). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on December 13, 2013. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/ce/cgtrt/eng/fyrthhz/lxjzzdh/t1108768.htm

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2013b, November 21). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on November 21, 2013. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2013c, July 16). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Remarks on the US President's Endorsement of an Act Supporting Taiwan's Participation in the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO). https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2014a, April 10). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on April 10, 2014. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1145844.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2014b, October 31). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on October 31, 2014. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2014c, December 19). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Qin Gang's Regular Press Conference on December 19, 2014. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1221009.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2014d, March 25). Xi Jinping Meets with US President Barack Obama. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1140973.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2015a, December 15). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on December 15, 2015. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2015b, December 17). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on December 17, 2015. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2015c, June 5). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on June 5, 2015. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1270836.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016a, December 12). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on December 12, 2016. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016b, December 15). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on December 15, 2016. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1424544.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016c, December 3). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Remarks on US President-elect Trump's Phone Call with Taiwan leader Tsai Ing-wen. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016d, January 18). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on January 18, 2016. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016e, January 21). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on January 21, 2016. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016f, July 8). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on July 8, 2016. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1378753.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016g, December 26). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on December 26, 2016. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016h, February 22). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on February 22, 2016. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1342276.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016i, March 21). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on March 21, 2016. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016j, December 26). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Remarks on US Signing into Law 2017 National Defence Authorization Act. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016k, June 3). The Minutes of the Meeting Between Vice Foreign Minister Liu Zhenmin and US Media Delegation on the South China Sea Issue. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1369249.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2016l, September 3). Xi Jinping Meets with President Barack Obama of US. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/XJPCXBZCESGJTLDRDSYCFHJC…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2017a, February 17). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on February 17, 2017. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2017b, October 27). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on October 27, 2017. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1505355.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2017c, February 22). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on February 22, 2016. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1342276.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2017d, January 18). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on January 18, 2017. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1431615.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2017e, June 7). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on June 7, 2017. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2017f, October 13). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on October 13, 2017. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2017g, June 4). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Remarks on US and Japanese Defense Ministers' Comments at Shangri-La Dialogue. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2017h, June 30). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang's Regular Press Conference on June 30, 2017. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1474637.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2018a, August 28). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on August 28, 2018. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1589014.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2018b, July 9). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on July 9, 2018. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/nanhai/eng/fyrbt_1/t1575371.htm

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2018c, March 21). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on March 21, 2018. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2018d, March 22). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on March 22, 2018. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1544674.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2018e, December 2). Xi, Trump hold "very successful" meeting on ties, trade. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/zxxx_662805/t1618238.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2019a, April 29). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on April 29, 2019. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1659619.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2019b, August 21). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on August 21, 2019. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1690680.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2019c, December 23). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on December 23, 2019. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1727131.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2019d, July 9). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on July 9, 2019. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1679792.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2019e, July 15). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on July 15, 2019. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2019f, March 28). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on March 28, 2019. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1649338.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2019g, July 12). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Remarks on Chinese Government's Sanctions on US Enterprises Involved in Arms Sale to Taiwan. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2019h, October 25). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Remarks on US Vice President Pence's China-related Comments. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2019i, January 2). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Lu Kang's Regular Press Conference on January 2, 2019. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1626635.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020a, April 3). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on April 3, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1765751.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020b, December 8). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on December 8, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020c, June 11). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on June 11, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1787995.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020d, November 30). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on November 30, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020e, August 5). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on August 5, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1804251.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020f, December 22). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on December 22, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020g, December 31). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on December 31, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020h, November 4). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on November 4, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020i, November 11). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on November 11, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020j, November 13). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on November 13, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020k, September 21). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Wang Wenbin's Regular Press Conference on September 21, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1816753.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020l, August 12). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on August 12, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020m, December 28). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on December 28, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020n, March 5). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on March 5, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1752564.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020o, May 14). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on May 14, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1779190.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020p, May 20). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on May 20, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/t1780978.shtml

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020q, November 20). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on November 20, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020r, November 23). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on November 23, 2020. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2020s, June 18). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Remarks on Yang Jiechi's Meeting with US Secretary of State Michael R. Pompeo. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2535_665405/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2021a, January 6). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on January 6, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2021b, January 7). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on January 7, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2021c, January 8). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on January 8, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2021d, January 18). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on January 18, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2021e, January 20). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on January 20, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2021f, January 11). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on January 11, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2021g, January 12). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on January 12, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2021h, January 13). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on January 13, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. (2021i, January 14). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on January 14, 2021. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/xwfw_665399/s2510_665401/2511_665403/t…

 

Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. (2018a, July 26). Defense Ministry's Regular Press Conference on July 26. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2018-07/26/content_4820784.htm

 

Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. (2018b, March 29). Defense Ministry's Regular Press Conference on March 29. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2018-03/30/content_4808299.htm

 

Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. (2019a, April 25). Defense Ministry's Regular Press Conference on Apr. 25. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2019-04/25/content_4840422.htm

 

Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. (2019b, June 27). Defense Ministry's Regular Press Conference on Jun. 27. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2019-06/27/content_4844628.htm

 

Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. (2020, August 27). Regular Press Conference of the Ministry of National Defense on August 27. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2020-08/28/content_4870289.htm

 

Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region. (2013, September 6). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hong Lei's Regular Press Conference on September 6, 2013. http://www.fmcoprc.gov.mo/eng/gsxwfb/lxjzzfh/t1073949.htm

 

Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region. (2017, January 23). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on January 23, 2017. http://www.fmcoprc.gov.mo/eng/gsxwfb/fyrth/t1433035.htm

 

Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region. (2018a, June 12). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on June 12, 2018. http://www.fmcoprc.gov.mo/eng/zxxw/fyrth_1/t1568234.htm

 

Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region. (2018b, July 18). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Hua Chunying's Regular Press Conference on July 18, 2018. http://www.fmcoprc.gov.mo/eng/zxxw/fyrth_1/t1578409.htm

 

Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region. (2019a, August 29). Defense Ministry's Regular Press Conference on Aug. 29 2019. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2019-08/29/content_4849336.htm

 

Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region. (2019b, October 31). Defense Ministry's Regular Press Conference on Oct. 31 2019. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2019-11/01/content_4854326.htm

 

Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region. (2019c, April 4). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Geng Shuang's Regular Press Conference on April 4, 2019. http://www.fmcoprc.gov.mo/eng/zxxw/fyrth_1/t1651487.htm

 

Office of the Commissioner of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China in the Macao Special Administrative Region. (2020, November 16). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on November 16, 2020. http://www.fmcoprc.gov.hk/eng/Topics/fyrbt/t1832693.htm

 

Permanent Mission of the People's Republic of China to the United Nations Office at Geneva and Other International Organizations in Switzerland. (2020, May 21). Foreign Ministry Spokesperson Zhao Lijian's Regular Press Conference on May 21, 2020. http://www.china-un.ch/eng/fyrth/t1781212.htm

 

Wang, X. (2020, July 30). Regular Press Conference of the Ministry of National Defense on July 30. Ministry of National Defense of the People's Republic of China. http://eng.mod.gov.cn/news/2020-08/01/content_4869055.htm

 

Wang, Y. (2013, September 20). Toward a New Model of Major-Country Relations Between China and the United States. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1078768.shtml

 

Wang, Y. (2019a, December 13). Braving Waves and Sailing Forward with Resolve. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t17…

 

Wang, Y. (2019b, September 25). Vision and Conviction Will Take China-US Relations Forward. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t17…

 

Wang, Y. (2019c, July 12). Wang Yi: Those Who Play with Fire on the Taiwan-related Issues Will Lift a Rock only to Drop it on Their Own Feet. Embassy of the People's Republic of China in the Republic of the Seychelles. http://sc.china-embassy.org/eng/zgyw/t1681344.htm

 

Wang, Y. (2020a, December 19). Reorient and Steer Clear of Disruptions For a Smooth Sailing of China-U.S. Relations. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t18…

 

Wang, Y. (2020b, May 24). State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi Meets the Press. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjb_663304/wjbz_663308/2461_663310/t17…

 

Xi, J. (2014, February 18). Together Fulfill the Chinese Dream of National Rejuvenation. Qiushi. http://en.qstheory.cn/2020-12/30/c_607622.htm

 

Xi, J. (2017, October 18). Secure a Decisive Victory in Building a Moderately Prosperous Society in All Respects and Strive for the Great Success of Socialism with Chinese Characteristics for a New Era. Xinhua. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/download/Xi_Jinping's_report_at_19th_C…

 

Xi, J. (2019a, January 2). Highlights of Xi's speech at gathering marking 40th anniversary of Message to Compatriots in Taiwan. Xinhua. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-01/02/c_137715300.htm

 

Xi, J. (2019b, January 2). Xi Jinping: The motherland must and must be unified. https://newspanning.com/article/18051/

 

Yang, J. (2013, June 9). Yang Jiechi's Remarks on the Results of the Presidential Meeting between Xi Jinping and Obama at the Annenberg Estate. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/topics_665678/xjpttcrmux_665688/t10492…

 

Yang, J. (2014, July 10). Remarks by State Councilor Yang Jiechi At the Joint Press Conference of The Sixth Round of the China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1177466.shtml

 

Yang, J. (2016, June 7). Remarks by State Councilor Yang Jiechi At the Closing Session and Joint Press Availability of the Eighth Round of China-US Strategic and Economic Dialogue. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1371364.shtml

 

Yang, J. (2020, August 7). Respect History, Look to the Future and Firmly Safeguard and Stabilize China-US Relations. Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of China. https://www.fmprc.gov.cn/mfa_eng/wjdt_665385/zyjh_665391/t1804726.shtml

 

Young, S. M. (2019, June). A Conference with the Taiwan Affairs Office of the PRC State Council. National Committee on American Foreign Policy. https://www.ncafp.org/2016/wp-content/uploads/2019/07/NCAFP-2019-TAO-Co…

 

 

 

Secondary Sources

 

Ali, I. (2019, April 29). Two U.S. Navy warships sail through strategic Taiwan Strait. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-china-military-idUSKCN1S5…

 

Ali, I. (2019a, May 23). U.S. Navy again sails through Taiwan Strait, angering China. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-navy-idUSKCN1ST062

 

Ali, I. (2019b, February 25). U.S. Navy ships pass through strategic Taiwan Strait, riling China. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-idUSKCN1QE20A

 

Ali, I., & Wu, H. (2019, July 25). U.S. warship sails through Taiwan Strait, stirs tensions with China. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-china-military-idUSKCN1UJ…

 

BBC. (2020, August 10). US angers China with high-profile Taiwan visit. https://www.bbc.com/news/world-asia-53719333

 

Blanchard, B. (2019a, October 21). China's defence minister says resolving 'Taiwan question' is national priority. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-defence-taiwan-idUSKBN1X003H

 

Blanchard, B. (2019b, July 15). China says will freeze out U.S. companies that sell Taiwan arms. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-taiwan-idUSKCN1UA0N8

 

Blanchard, B. (2021, January 8). U.S. envoy to U.N. to visit Taiwan; China says playing with fire. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-idUSKBN29D093

 

Blanchard, B., & Tian, Y. L. (2020, August 26). 'Polishing the gun': China, U.S. tensions raise Taiwan conflict fears. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-china-security-analysis-idUSK…

 

Blanchard, B., & Tian, Y. L. (2020, March 27). U.S. increases support for Taiwan, China threatens to strike back. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-usa-idUSKBN21E0B7

 

Bohan, C., & Brunnstrom, D. (2016, December 11). Trump says U.S. not necessarily bound by 'one China' policy. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-china-idUSKBN1400TY

 

Brunnstrom, D. (2018, March 16). Trump signs U.S.-Taiwan travel bill, angering China. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-china-idUSKCN1GS2SN

 

Brunnstrom, D., & Crossley, G. (2021, January 7). Pompeo angers China with Hong Kong threat, plan to send envoy to Taiwan Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-hongkong-security-usa-idUSKBN29C0KG

 

Brunnstrom, D., & Mohammed, A. (2017, June 29). U.S. plans to sell Taiwan about $1.42 billion in arms. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-arms-idUSKBN19K2XO

 

Brunnstrom, D., & Zengerle, P. (2015, December 17). Obama administration authorizes $1.83-billion arms sale to Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-arms-idUSKBN0TZ2C520151217

 

Brunnstrom, D., Zengerle, P., & Stone, M. (2020, October 12). White House moves forward on three arms sales to Taiwan: sources. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-arms-exclusive-idUSKBN26X…

 

Crossley, G., & Blanchard, B. (2020, October 22). China threatens retaliation over new U.S. arms sales to Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-arms-idUSKBN2770C6

 

Drillsma, R. (2019, January 17). Chinese Foreign Minister pleads for US to respect One China Principle. Taiwan News. https://www.taiwannews.com.tw/en/news/3619441

 

Financial Times. (2019, March 20). Taiwan president to visit US despite Chinese opposition. https://www.ft.com/content/f79ff5f2-4ad1-11e9-bbc9-6917dce3dc62

 

Financial Times. (2020, October 1). China’s sabre-rattling over Taiwan rises as US tensions grow. https://www.ft.com/content/947f568f-a763-4d14-93bb-157e2f5df625

 

Financial Times. (2021, January 11). China hits out at US move to elevate relations with Taiwan. https://www.ft.com/content/7f2be4a2-2b7d-429d-942d-b80ae3fd9dea

 

Global Times. (2013a, December 13). China opposes US arms sales to Taiwan. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201312/832020.shtml

 

Global Times. (2013b, November 21). China opposes US Senate committee legislation on Taiwan arms sales: FM. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201311/826716.shtml

 

Global Times. (2014a, April 8). China's DM warns US against Taiwan arms sales. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201404/853242.shtml

 

Global Times. (2014b, December 19). China opposes US arms sale to Taiwan. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201412/897676.shtml

 

Global Times. (2014c, December 9). China urges US to block bill on arms sales to Taiwan. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201412/895680.shtml

 

Global Times. (2014d, April 10). China urges US to block congress approval of Taiwan-related bill. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201404/853811.shtml

 

Global Times. (2014e, April 9). China urges US to stop Taiwan arms sales. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201404/853532.shtml

 

Global Times. (2014f, March 25). China willing to join US in promoting new model for major-country ties: Xi. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201403/850595.shtml

 

Global Times. (2014g, July 11). China, US highlight "constructive" management of differences. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201407/870000.shtml

 

Global Times. (2014h, October 3). Chinese FM urges advancement of new type of China-US relations. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201410/884487.shtml

 

Global Times. (2014i, April 9). Chinese, US defense chief vow to boost new type military ties. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201404/853413.shtml

 

Global Times. (2014j, September 3). US, China reaffirm commitment to supporting peaceful development of cross-Straits ties. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201409/879749.shtml

 

Global Times. (2015a, June 25). China opposes US defense bill including Taiwan. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201506/928924.shtml

 

Global Times. (2015b, June 10). China reprimands US over Taiwan meeting. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201506/926331.shtml

 

Global Times. (2015c, January 5). China urges US to be cautious on Taiwan-related issues. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201501/900025.shtml

 

Global Times. (2015d, June 12). China urges US to reduce military activities in S. China Sea. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201506/926758.shtml

 

Global Times. (2015e, August 15). China, US hold consultations on Taiwan issue. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201508/937199.shtml

 

Global Times. (2015f, February 11). Chinese President to visit US in Sep. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201502/907146.shtml

 

Global Times. (2015g, December 16). US arms sale to Taiwan seen as symbolic. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201512/958689.shtml

 

Global Times. (2016a, December 12). China urges US president-elect to adhere to one-China policy. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201612/1023260.shtml

 

Global Times. (2016b, July 21). China urges US Republican Party to stop groundless charges. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201607/995611.shtml

 

Global Times. (2016c, January 18). China urges US to be cautious on Taiwan issue. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201601/964243.shtml

 

Global Times. (2016d, April 27). China urges US to handle Taiwan issue properly. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201604/980402.shtml

 

Global Times. (2016e, December 9). China voices strong opposition to US military ties with Taiwan. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201612/1022849.shtml

 

Global Times. (2016f, January 27). US urged to carefully handle Taiwan issue. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/201601/965923.shtml

 

Global Times. (2021, January 10). Pompeo may toll the knell for Taiwan authorities: Global Times editorial. https://www.globaltimes.cn/page/202101/1212378.shtml

 

Goh, B., & Wu, J. R. (2017, January 9). Chinese state tabloid warns Trump, end one China policy and China will take revenge. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-taiwan-idUSKBN14T02Q

 

Huaxia. (2020, May 25). China firmly opposes U.S. arms sales to Taiwan: spokesperson. Xinhua. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2020-05/25/c_139084579.htm

 

Landler, M. (2016, December 11). Trump Suggests Using Bedrock China Policy as Bargaining Chip. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2016/12/11/us/politics/trump-taiwan-one-china.h…

 

Lee, Y. (2019, July 1). Taiwan's president to visit U.S. in July, angering China. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-china-idUSKCN1TW187

 

Martina, M. (2019, July 24). China warns of war in case of move toward Taiwan independence. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-taiwan-usa-idUSKCN1UJ07O

 

Martina, M., & Yu, J. M. (2017, December 14). China angered as U.S. considers navy visits to Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-taiwan-china/china-angered-as-u-s-co…

 

Martina, M., & Zengerle, P. (2018, March 1). China angered with U.S.-Taiwan travel bill, adding to tensions. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-china-idUSKCN1GD3HI

 

Mason, J., Adler, S. J., & Holland, S. (2017, April 28). Exclusive: Trump spurns Taiwan president's suggestion of another phone call. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-taiwan-exclusive-idUSKBN17…

 

Mu, X. (2019, May 27). China strongly opposes official contact between U.S., Taiwan: spokesperson. Xinhua. http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-05/27/c_138094635.htm

 

Nichols, M., & Pamuk, H. (2021, January 12). U.S. cancels U.N. envoy's trip to Taiwan, citing Biden transition. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-idUSKBN29H2QJ

 

People's Daily. (2020, August 12). Any attempt that challenges "one-China principle" is doomed to fail. Qiushi. http://en.qstheory.cn/2020-08/12/c_528908.htm

 

Reuters Staff. (2014, April 15). China angered by U.S. environment chief's visit to Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-taiwan-idUSBREA3E0N2201404…

 

Reuters Staff. (2015, April 2). China angered after U.S. fighter jets land in Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-taiwan-idUSKBN0MT0SA201504…

 

Reuters Staff. (2017a, June 30). China's U.S. envoy protests Taiwan arms sales, sanctions on companies. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-diplomacy/chinas-u-s-envoy…

 

Reuters Staff. (2017b, July 17). China upset about 'negative' Taiwan content in U.S. defense bill. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-taiwan-idUSKBN1A20QA

 

Reuters Staff. (2017c, November 9). Taiwan the most important issue in Sino-U.S. ties, China's Xi tells Trump. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-trump-asia-china-taiwan/taiwan-the-m…

 

Reuters Staff. (2018a, November 28). Two U.S. Navy ships pass through Taiwan Strait, opposing China. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-taiwan-military-idUSKCN1NX…

 

Reuters Staff. (2018b, September 24). U.S. approval of $330 million military sale to Taiwan draws China's ire. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-military-idUSKCN1M42J9

 

Reuters Staff. (2019a, May 27). China bridles at rare meeting between Taiwan and U.S. security officials. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-idUSKCN1SX077

 

Reuters Staff. (2019b, July 12). China to impose sanctions on U.S. firms that sell arms to Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-china-sanction-idUSKCN1U7…

 

Reuters Staff. (2019c, December 12). China’s foreign minister says at symposium the US has successively angered and suppressed China. CNBC. https://www.cnbc.com/2019/12/13/chinas-foreign-minister-says-at-symposi…

 

Reuters Staff. (2019d, May 8). U.S. House passes pro-Taiwan bills, amid trade tensions with China. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-taiwan-congress-idUSKCN1SE…

 

Reuters Staff. (2019e, July 8). U.S. State Department approves possible $2.2 billion arms sale to Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-idUSKCN1U32HT

 

Reuters Staff. (2019f, January 25). U.S. warships pass through Taiwan Strait amid China tensions. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-china-us-idUSKCN1PJ07T

 

Reuters Staff. (2020a, November 23). China says it will respond to U.S. admiral visit to Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-usa-china-idUSKBN2830PU

 

Reuters Staff. (2020b, December 19). China says tailed U.S. warship in Taiwan Strait. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/china-usa-taiwan-idUSKBN28T0GX

 

Reuters Staff. (2020c, October 15). China says U.S. undermines Taiwan Strait's stability. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-taiwan-usa-idUSKBN27007G

 

Reuters Staff. (2020d, October 13). China says will make 'necessary' response to U.S. arms sales to Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-arms-china/china-says-wil…

 

Reuters Staff. (2020e, October 26). China to impose sanctions on U.S. firms over Taiwan arms sales. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-china-taiwan-idUSKBN27B0P0

 

Reuters Staff. (2020f, November 11). China urges U.S. to stop increasing ties with Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/usa-taiwan-china-idUSKBN27R0SL

 

Reuters Staff. (2020g, December 28). U.S. bolsters support for Taiwan and Tibet, angering China. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-trump-china-idUSKBN2920JZ

 

Reuters Staff. (2021a, January 2). 'Cheap trick': China rebuffs latest Taiwan offer of talks. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-taiwan-idUSKBN29700L

 

Reuters Staff. (2021b, January 6). China says it will respond to planned Taiwan, U.S. defense talks. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-usa/china-says-it-will-respon…

 

Reuters Staff. (2021c, January 18). China to sanction U.S. officials for 'nasty behaviour' over Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-usa-taiwan-idUSKBN29N0JJ

 

Reuters Staff. (2021d, January 12). U.S. hosts Taiwan in Netherlands in first visit since restrictions lifted. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-usa-idUSKBN29H04C

 

Shelbourne, M. (2021, January 7). China Voices Objections to U.S.-Taiwan Military Talks. USNI News. https://news.usni.org/2021/01/07/china-voices-objections-to-u-s-taiwan-…

 

Stone, M., & Zengerle, P. (2019, June 5). Exclusive: U.S. pursues sale of over $2 billion in weapons to Taiwan, sources say, angering China. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-taiwan-exclusive-idUSKCN1T62CA

 

Taipei Times. (2013, June 10). Xi urges US to cease Taiwan arms sales. http://www.taipeitimes.com/News/front/archives/2013/06/10/2003564416

 

Than, K. (2019, July 12). China says U.S. should 'not play with fire' on Taiwan. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-taiwan-idUSKCN1U717V

 

Tian, Y. L., & Lee, Y. (2021, January 11). China condemns U.S. as Taiwan welcomes lifting of curbs on ties. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-usa-idUSKBN29G05V

 

Xinhua. (2016, December 29). China urges U.S. to carefully handle Taiwan issue. Taiwan.cn. http://eng.taiwan.cn/cross_strait_exchanges/201612/t20161229_11666554.h…

 

Xinhua. (2017, July 3). China resolutely opposes U.S. arms sales to Taiwan: spokesperson. Taiwan.cn. http://eng.taiwan.cn/cross_strait_exchanges/201707/t20170703_11812286.h…

 

Yu, J. M. (2018, June 12). U.S. shows new de facto embassy in Taiwan amid China tensions. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-taiwan-diplomacy-idUSKBN1J72QS

 

Zengerle, P. (2018, March 26). U.S. Republicans press for F-35 fighter jet sales to Taiwan amid China threat. Reuters. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-usa-china-taiwan-fighterjets-idUSKBN…

Download scriptie (1.29 MB)
Universiteit of Hogeschool
Universiteit Antwerpen
Thesis jaar
2021
Promotor(en)
Prof. Dr. E. Atanassova-Cornelis