Kan je je geheugen verbeteren door look te eten of yoghurt te drinken?
Wist je dat er triljoenen micro-organismen in en op ons lichaam leven? De meesten van die organismen leven in onze darmen, waar ze samen het microbioom vormen. De laatste jaren wordt er heel wat onderzoek verricht naar het effect van voeding om ons microbioom te verbeteren. Dit is namelijk goed voor onze gezondheid. Maar zou het niet geweldig zijn als je met voeding ook je geheugen zou kunnen verbeteren?
Waarom onderzoeken we ons geheugen?
Het geheugen is heel belangrijk. Het stelt ons in staat om met elkaar te communiceren, vriendschappen te onderhouden en een identiteit vormen. Het geheugen werkt spijtig genoeg niet altijd even goed, denk maar aan mensen met dementie. Bij hen wordt vooral het kortetermijngeheugen aangetast. Maar er zijn nog andere onderdelen zoals het werkgeheugen of het langetermijngeheugen. Om het geheugen te stimuleren bestaan er verschillende methoden. Maar zou het ook verbeterd kunnen worden door voeding? En wat eet je dan het beste?
Pre- en probiotica?
Er wordt tegenwoordig heel wat (dier- en mens)wetenschappelijk onderzoek verricht waarin de effecten van pre- en probiotica worden onderzocht. Prebiotica zijn onverteerbare voedselbestanddelen die ervoor zorgen dat bacteriën in de darm kunnen groeien. Deze kunnen teruggevonden worden in alledaagse voeding zoals look, asperges, ajuinen, bananen, artisjok of yacon. Probiotica daarentegen zijn strengen van levende micro-organismen, ze zitten onder andere in yoghurt. De strengen ‘Lactobacillus’ en ‘Bifidobacterium’ zijn bekend van reclamespots. Het is ondertussen aangetoond dat beide voedingsmiddelen gunstige effecten kunnen hebben op verschillende lichamelijke aandoeningen.
Een kattenbrein in onze darmen?
Door het gebruik van voedingsmiddelen zoals pre- en probiotica is het mogelijk om het microbioom te stimuleren. Het microbioom in de darmen is verbonden met het brein via het enterisch zenuwstelsel en de nervus vagus. Het enterisch zenuwstelsel beslaat het zenuwstelsel van de darmen en bevat bijna evenveel neuronen als het brein van een kat. Dat zenuwstelsel staat in contact met het brein via de nervus vagus, een zenuw die het brein onder andere verbindt met de buikstreek. De hersenen en de darmen staan dus sterk met elkaar in verbinding en hebben een wederzijdse invloed op elkaar. Denk maar aan het gezegde ‘vlinders in de buik hebben’ wanneer door verliefdheid het maagdarmstelsel van streek geraakt en je geen eetlust meer hebt.
Een lange zoektocht
Om een antwoord te krijgen op de vraag welke effecten pre- en probiotica op het geheugen hebben werden een systematisch literatuuronderzoek en een meta-analyse verricht. In een systematisch literatuuronderzoek wordt op een overzichtelijke wijze al het relevante onderzoek verzameld om de onderzoeksvraag te kunnen beantwoorden. In een meta-analyse worden vervolgens de relevante resultaten gebundeld en herberekend om zo het effect van een behandeling te kunnen inschatten. Voor beide analyses werden wetenschappelijke databases doorzocht. Van de meer dan 1300 gepubliceerde onderzoeken voldeden er uiteindelijk slechts 9 aan de strenge inclusiecriteria. Zo moest ieder onderzoek aan enkele specifieke voorwaarden voldoen. Een bruikbaar onderzoek diende een randomized controlled trial (een experiment waarin de deelnemers worden gerandomiseerd over de interventie- en controlegroep) te zijn, er mochten uitsluitend mensen deelnemen, de pre- en probiotische bestanddelen dienden internationaal erkend zijn en het geheugen moest gemeten worden op een gestructureerde manier.
Moet ik nu elke dag look eten of yoghurt drinken om beter te kunnen onthouden?
Helaas is deze vraag niet zo gemakkelijk te beantwoorden. De vraag of prebiotica (zoals look) het korte- of langetermijngeheugen kunnen verbeteren kon niet worden beantwoord aangezien er te weinig bruikbare gegevens zijn. Wat betreft het effect van probiotica (zoals yoghurt) konden geen gunstige of nadelige effecten worden gevonden. Deze vaststellingen liggen nochtans niet in lijn met eerder neurofysiologisch onderzoek, waarin wel gunstige effecten konden worden vastgesteld bij mens en dier.
Hoe komt dit dan? Er kunnen verschillende verklaringen zijn waarom er geen effecten worden gevonden. Mogelijk was er te weinig onderzoek beschikbaar om een krachtig effect vast te stellen. Of misschien was de kwaliteit van de gebruikte studies te laag? Het kan ook zijn dat de deelnemers te gezond waren om nog een gunstig effect te kunnen vaststellen. Bovendien kunnen belangrijke bevindingen uit dieronderzoek mogelijk niet zomaar veralgemeend worden naar mensen. Er zijn dus heel wat mogelijke redenen.
Het staat in ieder geval vast dat er veel meer onderzoek nodig is om betrouwbare antwoorden te krijgen. Zo zou het aangewezen kunnen zijn om toekomstig onderzoek te richten op kinderen, omdat de ontwikkeling van het microbioom en het neurologisch systeem op jonge leeftijd centraal staat. Onderzoek zou zich ook kunnen toespitsen op ouderen, omdat het verouderingsproces de kans op het krijgen bepaalde aandoeningen zoals dementie vergroot. Misschien is het ook nuttig om rekening te houden met het vroegere antibioticagebruik van deelnemers. We weten namelijk dat een antiobioticakuur zowel schadelijke als goede bacteriën vernietigt en op lange termijn het microbioom kan verstoren.
Er zijn dus nog heel wat thema’s en topics te onderzoeken. Vooraleer je je volledig op de pre- en probioticamarkt richt om je geheugen te verbeteren is het bijgevolg aan te raden om toekomstig kwaliteitsvol onderzoek af te wachten. Om je hersenen en je lichaam in tussentijd optimaal te stimuleren hou je je best aan de aanbevolen dagelijkse hoeveelheid groenten en fruit.
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