De non-binaire genderidentiteit
"Hey, I'm they. Ik ben niet hij, ik ben niet zij, ik ben die. Ik voel mezelf niet enkel man, niet enkel vrouw, maar allebei, geen van beiden of juist van beiden een deel."
Dit geldt misschien niet voor jou, maar is voor een gedeelte van de bevolking wel de realiteit. De non-binaire genderidentiteit heeft de laatste jaren steeds meer aandacht gekregen in onze maatschappij, zowel online als offline. De term ‘non-binariteit’ verwijst naar individuen die zich niet identificeren met de traditionele binaire man-vrouw opdeling. Hierbij gaat het vaak, maar niet noodzakelijk, over transgender personen. Individuen met dergelijke genderidentiteit kunnen dit uitdrukken door middel van verschillende soorten kleding en/of stijlen van zelfpresentatie en door vrouwelijke en mannelijke kenmerken te combineren of juist te verwerpen. Ook gebruiken ze vaak sekse neutrale voornaamwoorden, bijvoorbeeld die/hen of they/them.
Recente studies suggereren dat er een toename is van personen met een non-binaire genderidentiteit (1). Uit een populatieonderzoek in Vlaanderen blijkt dat 2.2% en 1.9% van respectievelijk de personen met een anatomisch gezien mannelijk en vrouwelijk geslacht zich even sterk identificeert met het andere geslacht als met het geslacht dat toegewezen is bij de geboorte (2). Ook al gaat het om een relatief kleine groep, toch lijkt de maatschappij steeds meer te evolueren naar de idee dat de binaire kijk op gender niet langer de lading dekt. Zo heeft de NMBS vorige maand beslist om hun treinreizigers niet meer aan te spreken met ‘beste dames en heren’, maar met ‘beste reizigers’ en kunnen er voor het eerst ook gender non-binaire personen strijden voor een plekje als nieuw K3-lid.
Maatschappelijke aanvaarding?
Ondanks dat België op vlak van progressiviteit hoog gerangschikt wordt wat betreft de rechten en acceptatie van deze outgroup, blijkt de maatschappelijke aanvaarding van de brede bevolking nog ver weg. Zo ervaren personen met een non-binaire genderidentiteit hoge niveaus van discriminatie doordat ze zich niet conformeren aan de binaire geslacht-sopdeling. Dit kan ernstige fysieke en psychologische problemen met zich meebrengen, zoals depressie en zelfmoord(pogingen). Om die reden is het van belang om meer bewustzijn te creëren omtrent deze genderidentiteit, wat een positieve invloed zou kunnen hebben op de attitudes ten aanzien van personen met een non-binaire genderidentiteit. Hierbij kunnen de media een sleutelrol spelen. Daarom heeft masterstudente Communicatiewetenschappen, Manou Swinnen, onderzocht of er een verband is tussen online mediablootstelling aan gender non-binaire inhouden en de attitudes van Vlaamse volwassenen (18-61 jaar) ten aanzien van personen met deze genderidentiteit.
Verband tussen mediablootstelling en attitudes
Om dit verband te meten, werd er gebruikt gemaakt van een online survey, waaraan 496 personen met een mannelijk of vrouwelijk geslacht deelnamen. De invloed van twee variabelen (het ervaren gender-role conflict en de hypergender identiteit) op het verband tussen mediablootstelling en attitudes ten aanzien van non-binariteit werd hierbij gemeten. Het ervaren gender-role conflict houdt een psychologische toestand in waarin de gesocialiseerde genderrollen negatieve gevolgen hebben voor de persoon zelf of voor anderen (3). De gypergender identiteit een extreme vorm van de gender gebaseerde ideologie van overtuigingen over wat het is om een man/vrouw te zijn en is gekenmerkt door het vasthouden aan extreem seksistische opvattingen over mannelijkheid/vrouwelijkheid (4). Daarnaast werd nagegaan of bepaalde groepen (man vs. vrouw en heteroseksueel vs. niet-heteroseksueel) verschilden in hun attitudes ten aanzien van gender non-binaire personen.
Uit de resultaten bleek er een verband te zijn tussen online mediablootstelling en attitudes: meer blootstelling aan inhouden waar gender non-binaire personen in voorkomen zorgde voor positievere attitudes ten aanzien van deze groep. Gender-role conflicts en hypergender identiteit bleken, tegen verwachting in, geen invloed uit te oefenen op deze relatie. Wel hebben geslacht en seksuele oriëntatie een invloed op de attitudes ten aanzien van non-binariteit. Zo staan mannen en heteroseksuelen negatiever tegenover personen met een non-binaire genderidentiteit dan vrouwen en niet-heteroseksuele personen.
Op naar een meer inclusieve maatschappij
Deze studie versterkt de stelling dat contact tussen groepen niet hoeft plaats te vinden in directe, persoonlijke interacties om een invloed te hebben op de attitudes t.a.v. anderen. Parasociaal contact (i.e. de manier waarop mediagebruikers reageren op en contact hebben met bepaalde mediapersonages) tussen in- en outgroups geportretteerd in online media kan ook invloedrijk zijn. Dit geeft mediabedrijven de kans om bij te dragen aan een tolerantere en meer inclusieve maatschappij waarin iedereen kan zijn wie hij/zij/die wil zijn.
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