ONDERHANDE(LE)N: Een mixed methods onderzoek naar consent in een BDSM-context

Dries
Slootmans

In deze thesis werd onderzocht hoe consent door homoseksuele mannen wordt beleefd, in een BDSM-

context. Er wordt geprobeerd om een antwoord te bieden op de onderzoeksvraag: “Wat is de betekenis 

van consent en hoe beleven homoseksuele mannen met een voorkeur voor BDSM consent in een 

BDSM-context?” die werd bekomen aan de hand van een literatuurstudie waaruit blijkt dat consent een 

centrale plaats heeft binnen BDSM.  

 

Het eerste deel van het onderzoek bestaat uit een literatuurstudie, waarin de literatuur rond BDSM en 

consent in kaart wordt gebracht. In het tweede deel van het onderzoek wordt de methodologie 

behandeld waarin het opzet van een mixed methods onderzoek wordt beschreven.  

 

Het derde deel van het onderzoek geeft de resultaten weer die werden bekomen aan de hand van een 

vragenlijst en een interview. De vragenlijst werd ingevuld door 142 participanten en is opgebouwd uit 

zes secties: demografische kenmerken (1), persoonlijkheidskenmerken (2), seksuele geschiedenis en 

activiteit (3), BDSM (4), relationele en seksuele tevredenheid (5) en consent (6). Het interview werd 

afgenomen bij 9 participanten en is opgebouwd uit drie secties: BDSM (1), consent (2) en seksueel 

grensoverschrijdend gedrag (3). Deze thema’s worden uitvoerig beschreven in het resultatenhoofdstuk.  

 

In het vierde deel van het onderzoek worden de resultaten gelinkt aan de literatuur en worden de 

beperkingen van het onderzoek geformuleerd. In het vijfde deel van het onderzoek wordt er een 

antwoord geformuleerd op de onderzoeksvraag. In het zesde deel van het onderzoek worden 

aanbevelingen voor toekomstig onderzoek geformuleerd.  

 

De participanten hechten aanzienlijk veel waarde aan consent. Ze proberen steeds expliciet te 

communiceren over grenzen om tot harde spelregels te komen waaraan iedereen verwacht wordt zich 

te houden. Met deze regels wordt toegestemd, en vanaf dat moment wordt er een relationeel contract 

ondertekend tussen twee of meerdere personen. Enkel een stopwoord kan op ieder moment het 

contract beëindigen. Echter, met behulp van verbale en non-verbale communicatie wordt het contract 

volgens het principe van trial en error voortdurend bijgeschaafd.  

 

 

Kernwoorden: BDSM, consent, seksuele communicatie 

Bibliografie

Ahlers, C. J., Schaefer, G. A., Mundt, I. A., Roll, S., Englert, H., Willich, S. N., & Beier, K. M. (2011). 

How unusual are the contents of paraphilias? Paraphilia-associated sexual arousal Patterns in 

a community-based sample of men. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 8(5), 1362-1370. 

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2009.01597.x  

Alison, L., Santtila, P., Sandnabba, N. K., & Nordling, N. (2001). Sadomasochistically oriented 

behavior: Diversity in practice and meaning. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 30(1), 1-12. 

https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026438422383  

American Psychiatric Association. (2014). Handboek voor de classificatie van psychische stoornissen: 

DSM-5. Amsterdam: Boom Uitgevers Amsterdam.  

 

Arksey, H., & O'Malley, L. (2005). Scoping studies: towards a methodological framework. International 

Journal of Social Research Methodology, 8(1), 19-32.

 

Aurousseau, K., & Keysers, P. (2009). Het verhaal van de sm-rechter. Leuven: Van Halewyck. 

Barker, M. (2013). Consent is a grey area? A comparison of understandings of consent in Fifty Shades 

of Grey and on the BDSM blogosphere. Sexualities, 16(8), 896-914. 

https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460713508881  

Barrett, R. (2017). From drag queens to leathermen: Language, gender, and gay male subcultures. 

Oxford: Oxford University Press.  

Baur, N., Kelle, U., & Kuckartz, U. (2017). Mixed methods: Stand der debatte und aktuelle 

problemlagen. Kölner Zeitschrift für Soziologie und Sozialpsychologie, 69(S2), 1-37. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11577-017-0450-5  

Beek, E. (2016). Pretty shady: Machtsstructuren in Fifty Shades of Grey. Radboud Universiteit. 

Nijmegen.  

Beijers, G., & Janssen, J. (2019). Hoe beoordelen we gedrag van mannen en vrouwen na# MeToo? 

Secondant.  

Beres, M. (2010). Sexual miscommunication? Untangling assumptions about sexual communication 

between casual sex partners. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 12(1), 1-14. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/13691050903075226  

Beres, M. (2018). What does faking orgasms have to do with sexual consent? Sexualities, 21(4), 702-

705. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460717708151  

Beres, M. A., Herold, E., & Maitland, S. B. (2004). Sexual consent behaviors in same-sex 

relationships. Arch Sex Behav, 33(5), 475-486. 

https://doi.org/10.1023/B:ASEB.0000037428.41757.10  

Beres, M. A. (2007). ‘Spontaneous’ sexual consent: An analysis of sexual consent literature. Feminism 

& Psychology, 17(1), 93-108. doi:10.1177/0959353507072914 

Beres, M. A., & MacDonald, J. E. C. (2016). Talking about sexual consent. Australian Feminist 

Studies, 30(86), 418-432. https://doi.org/10.1080/08164649.2016.1158692  

Bezreh, T., Weinberg, T. S., & Edgar, T. (2012). BDSM Disclosure and Stigma Management: 

Identifying Opportunities for Sex Education. Am J Sex Educ, 7(1), 37-61. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/15546128.2012.650984 

 Botta, D., Nimbi, F. M., Tripodi, F., Silvaggi, M., & Simonelli, C. (2019). Are role and gender related to 

sexual function and satisfaction in men and women practicing BDSM? Journal of Sexual 

Medicine, 16(3), 463-473. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2019.01.001  

Brady, G., Lowe, P., Brown, G., Osmond, J., & Newman, M. (2018). ‘All in all it is just a judgement 

call’: issues surrounding sexual consent in young people’s heterosexual encounters. Journal 

of Youth Studies, 21(1), 35-50.  

Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2013). Successful qualitative research: A practical guide for beginners. 

London: Sage Publications.  

Brown, A., Barker, E. D., & Rahman, Q. (2019). A systematic scoping review of the prevalence, 

etiological, psychological and interpersonal factors associated with BDSM. The Journal of Sex 

Research, 57(6), 1-31. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1665619  

Brown, S. L., Roush, J. F., Mitchell, S. M., & Cukrowicz, K. C. (2017). Suicide risk among BDSM 

practitioners: The role of acquired capability for suicide. Journal of Clinical Psychology, 73(12), 

1642-1654. https://doi.org/10.1002/jclp.22461  

Butter, R. (2016). Het beste van twee werelden: Mixed methods als motor van praktijkgericht 

onderzoek. Thema Hoger Onderwijs, 2016(3), 56-61.  

Buysse, A., Caen, M., Dewaele, A., Enzlin, P., Lievens, J., T'Sjoen, G., van Houtte, M., & Vermeersch, 

H. (2013). Sexpert: Seksuele gezondheid in Vlaanderen. Gent : Academia press.  

Cardoso, D. (2018). Bodies and BDSM: Redefining sex through kinky erotics. Journal of Sexual 

Medicine, 15(7), 931-932. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2018.02.014  

Cass, V. C. (1979). Homosexual identity formation: A theoretical model. Journal of homosexuality, 

4(3), 219-235. 

Connolly, P. H. (2006). Psychological functioning of bondage/domination/sado-masochism (BDSM) 

practitioners. Journal of Psychology and Human Sexuality, 18(1), 79-120. 

https://doi.org/10.1300/J056v18n01 

Coppens, V., Ten Brink, S., Huys, W., Fransen, E., & Morrens, M. (2019). A survey on BDSM-related 

activities: BDSM experience correlates with age of first exposure, interest profile, and role 

identity. Journal of Sex Research, 57(1), 129-136. doi:10.1080/00224499.2018.1558437 

Costa, P. T., & McCrae, R. R. (1992). The Five-Factor Model of Personality and its relevance to 

personality disorders. Journal of Personality Disorders, 6(4), 343-359. 

https://doi.org/10.1521/pedi.1992.6.4.343  

Cross, P. A., & Matheson, K. (2006). Understanding sadomasochism: An empirical examination of four 

perspectives. Journal of Homosexuality, 50(2-3), 133-166. 

https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v50n02  

Curtis, J. N., & Burnett, S. (2017). Affirmative consent: What do college student leaders think about 

"Yes means yes" as the standard for sexual behavior? American Journal of Sexuality 

Education, 12(3), 201-214. doi:10.1080/15546128.2017.1328322 

Dawson, S. J., Bannerman, B. A., & Lalumière, M. L. (2016). Paraphilic interests: An examination of 

sex differences in a nonclinical sample. Sex Abuse, 28(1), 20-45. 

https://doi.org/10.1177/1079063214525645  

de Boer, F. (2006). Mixed Methods: een nieuwe methodologische benadering? Kwalon, 11(2).  

de Neef, N., Coppens, V., Huys, W., & Morrens, M. (2019). Bondage-discipline, dominance-

submission and sadomasochism (BDSM) from an integrative biopsychosocial perspective: A 

systematic review. Sexual Medicine, 7(2), 129-144. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.esxm.2019.02.002 

de Sade, D. A. F. (1969). De 120 dagen van Sodom of De school der losbandigheid. Den Haag: Bert 

Bakker/Daamen nv.  

Doshi, S. M. (2015). BDSM: A sexual deviance rather a sexual culture an overview. Journal of Indian 

Academy of Forensic Medicine, 37(1), 78-81.  

Duits, L. (2017). Dolle mythes: Een frisse factcheck van feminisme toen en nu. 

Amsterdam: Amsterdam University Press. 

Dunkley, C. R., & Brotto, L. A. (2018). Clinical considerations in treating BDSM practitioners: A review. 

Journal of Sex & Marital Therapy, 44(7), 701-712. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/0092623x.2018.1451792  

Dunkley, C. R., Henshaw, C. D., Henshaw, S. K., & Brotto, L. A. (2020). Physical pain as pleasure: A 

theoretical perspective. The Journal of Sex Research, 57(4), 421-437. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1605328  

Faccio, E., Casini, C., & Cipolletta, S. (2014). Forbidden games: the construction of sexuality and 

sexual pleasure by BDSM ‘players’. Culture, Health & Sexuality, 16(7), 752-764. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/13691058.2014.909531  

Fanghanel, A. (2019). Asking for it: BDSM sexual practice and the trouble of consent. Sexualities, 

23(3), 136346071982893-136346071982286. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460719828933  

Fenner, L. (2017). Sexual Consent as a Scientific Subject: A Literature Review. American Journal of 

Sexuality Education, 12(4), 451-471.  

Fileborn, B., & Loney-Howes, R. (2019). MeToo and the politics of social change: Cham: Springer 

International Publishing AG. 

Franck, T., & Frans, E. (2014). Sensoa Vlaggensysteem: Reageren op seksueel (grensoverschrijdend) 

gedrag van kinderen en jongeren (Derde herziene druk - vierde ongewijzigde druk - vijfde 

ongewijzigde druk ed.). Antwerpen: Garant.  

Frans, E., & De Bruycker, A. (2012). Raamwerk seksualiteit en beleid: Kwaliteit, preventie en reactie in 

jouw organisatie. Brussel: Sensoa 

Goldberg, L. R. (1990). An alternative "description of personality": The Big-Five Factor Structure. 

Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 59(6), 1216-1229. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-

3514.59.6.1216  

Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B. (2003). A very brief measure of the Big-Five 

personality domains. Journal of research in personality, 37(6), 504-528. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/S0092-6566(03)00046-1  

Gosling, S., Rentfrow, P., & Potter, J. (2014). Norms for the ten item personality inventory. 

Unpublished data.  

Graham, B. C., Butler, S. E., McGraw, R., Cannes, S. M., & Smith, J. (2016). Member perspectives on 

the role of BDSM communities. Journal of Sex Research, 53(8), 895-909. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2015.1067758  

Gray, J. M. (2015). What constitutes a "reasonable belief" in consent to sex? A thematic analysis. 

Journal of Sexual Aggression, 21(3), 337-353. doi:10.1080/13552600.2014.900122 

Heyvaert, M. (2012). Mixed methods research synthesis: Methodology and application in research on 

the treatment of challenging behaviour among persons with intellectual disabilities.  

Heywood, P. (2015). Freedom in the code: The anthropology of (double) morality. Anthropological 

Theory, 15(2), 200-217. https://doi.org/10.1177/1463499614568498  

Hoffmeyer-Zlotnik, J. H. P., & Warner, U. (2018). Sociodemographic questionnaire modules for 

comparative social surveys. Cham: Springer International Publishing AG.  

Holt, K. (2016). Blacklisted: Boundaries, violations, and retaliatory behavior in the BDSM community. 

Deviant Behavior, 37(8), 917-930. https://doi.org/10.1080/01639625.2016.1156982  

Holvoet, L., Huys, W., Coppens, V., Seeuws, J., Goethals, K., & Morrens, M. (2017). Fifty shades of 

belgian gray: The prevalence of BDSM-related fantasies and activities in the general 

population. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 14(9), 1152-1159. doi:10.1016/j.jsxm.2017.07.003 

Honée, V. G. A. (2019). Ik zie ik zie wat jij niet ziet: Een kwantitatief onderzoek naar de perceptie en 

beoordeling van seksueel grensoverschrijdend gedrag Leuven: KU Leuven.  

Houtmeyers, L. (2020). Toestemming, Communicatie, Zorg en Voorzichtigheid: Seksueel 

grensoverschrijdend gedrag binnen BDSM en de rol van toestemming. Leuven: KU Leuven.  

Humphreys, T. (2007). Perceptions of sexual consent: The impact of relationship history and gender. 

Journal of Sex Research, 44(4), 307-315. doi:10.1080/00224490701586706 

Hust, S. J. T., Rodgers, K. B., & Bayly, B. (2017). Scripting sexual consent: Internalized traditional 

sexual scripts and sexual consent expediencies among college students. Family Relations, 

66(1), 197-210. doi:10.1111/fare.12230 

Ivankova, N. V., Creswell, J. W., & Stick, S. L. (2006). Using mixed-methods sequential explanatory 

design: From theory to practice. Field methods, 18(1), 3-20. 

https://doi.org/10.1177/1525822X05282260  

Jacobs, L., Claes, E., & Hooghe, M. (2015). The occupational roles of women and ethnic minorities on 

primetime television in Belgium: An analysis of occupational status measurements. Mass 

Communication & Society, 18(4), 498-521. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2014.1001908  

Janssen, J. (2018). Eén jaar na #MeToo: hoe nu verder? Een blik vanuit een criminologisch 

perspectief. Tijdschrift voor Seksuologie, 2018(42)(3), 339. doi:urn:nbn:nl:hs:11-67f9276c-

8241-4e3b-951d-cd2bc7749319 

Joyal, C. C., Cossette, A., & Lapierre, V. (2015). What exactly is an unusual sexual fantasy? Journal of 

Sexual Medicine, 12(2), 328-340. https://doi.org/10.1111/jsm.12734  

Joyal, C. C., & Carpentier, J. (2017). The prevalence of paraphilic interests and behaviors in the 

general population: A provincial survey. The Journal of Sex Research, 54(2), 161-171. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2016.1139034  

Jozifkova, E. (2013). Consensual sadomasochistic sex (BDSM): The roots, the risks, and the 

distinctions between BDSM and violence. Current Psychiatry Reports, 15(9), 1-8. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11920-013-0392-1  

Jozkowski, K., Hunt, M., Willis, M., & Ward-Freeman, C. (2017). Consenting to Sexual Behaviors: 

Where and what matters? Paper presented at the APHA 2017 Annual Meeting & Expo (Nov. 

4-Nov. 8).  

Jozkowski, K. N., Manning, J., & Hunt, M. (2018). Sexual consent in and out of the bedroom: 

Disjunctive views of heterosexual college students. Women's Studies in Communication, 

41(2), 117-139. doi:10.1080/07491409.2018.1470121 

 Jozkowski, K. N., & Peterson, Z. D. (2013). College students and sexual consent: Unique insights. 

Journal of Sex Research, 50(6), 517-523. doi:10.1080/00224499.2012.700739 

Jozkowski, K. N., Peterson, Z. D., Sanders, S. A., Dennis, B., & Reece, M. (2013). Gender differences 

in heterosexual college students' conceptualizations and indicators of sexual consent: 

Implications for contemporary sexual assault prevention education. Journal of Sex Research, 

51(8), 904-916. doi:10.1080/00224499.2013.792326 

Jozkowski, K. N., Sanders, S., Peterson, Z. D., Dennis, B., & Reece, M. (2014). Consenting to sexual 

activity: The development and psychometric assessment of Dual Measures of Consent. 

Archives of Sexual Behavior, 43(3), 437-450. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-013-0225-7  

Kennes, L. (2018). Alleen ja telt: Hoe seksueel geweld stoppen? Antwerpen: Uitgeverij Polis. 

Keygnaert, I., Vandeviver, C., Nisen, L., De Schrijver, L., Depraetere, J., Nobels, A., Cismaru Inescu, 

A., Lemonne, A., Renard, B., & Vander Beken, T. (2018). Seksueel geweld in België: Eerste 

representatieve prevalentiestudie naar de aard, omvang en impact van seksueel geweld in 

België. Science Connection(59), 28-31.  

Klein, M., & Moser, C. (2006). SM (sadomasochistic) interests as an issue in a child custody 

proceeding. Journal of Homosexuality, 50(2-3), 233-242. doi:10.1300/J082v50n02 

Klement, K. R., Sagarin, B. J., & Lee, E. M. (2016). Participating in a culture of consent may be 

associated with lower rape-supportive beliefs. Journal of Sex Research, 54(1), 130-134. 

doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1168353 

Kolmes, K., Stock, W., & Moser, C. (2006). Investigating bias in psychotherapy with BDSM clients. 

Journal of Homosexuality, 50(2-3), 301-324. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v50n02  

Kruize, P., Gruter, P., Everartz, M., Stam, D., van Beek, E., Seeuws, J., Harkes, I., & Elb, N. (2014). 

Aan handen en voeten gebonden: Mis(ver)standen rond BDSM-scenes en de toereikendheid 

van zorg en recht. Amsterdam: Ateno.  

Lambrecht, A.-S., De Ridder, S., & De Vuyst, S. (2019). #MeToo: Het einde van de onderdrukking van 

de vrouw? Een kritische discours analyse van online reacties op krantenartikels rond #MeToo. 

(Master of Science in Communication Science). Gent: Universiteit Gent.  

Lammers, J., & Imhoff, R. (2016). Power and sadomasochism: Understanding the antecedents of a 

knotty relationship. Social Psychological & Personality Science, 7(2), 142-148. 

https://doi.org/10.1177/1948550615604452  

Landgraf, S., von Treskow, I., & Osterheider, M. (2018). “Sex in a relationship” versus “sex during a 

one-night stand”: The link between mental representations of consensual sexuality, mating 

strategies, and sexual experience in heterosexual women and men. Archives of Sexual 

Behavior, 47(3), 725-736. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-017-1088-0 

Lawrance, K.-a., Byers, E. S., & Cohen, J. N. (1998). Interpersonal exchange model of sexual 

satisfaction questionnaire. In W. Yarber, C. Davis, & T. Fisher (Eds.), Handbook of sexuality 

related m easures (Vol. 2, pp. 514-519). Routledge.  

Lee, C.-J. G. (2012). Reconsidering constructivism in qualitative research. Educational philosophy and 

theory, 44(4), 403-412. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-5812.2010.00720.x  

Leysen, K. (2017). Een literatuurstudie naar seksueel sadisme in een consensuele en criminele 

context Leuven : KU Leuven.  

Licoppe, C., Rivière, C. A., & Morel, J. (2016). Grindr casual hook-ups as interactional achievements. 

New Media & Society, 18(11), 2540-2558. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444815589702  

 Lodi-Smith, J., Shepard, K., & Wagner, S. (2014). Personality and sexually deviant behavior. 

Personality and Individual Differences, 70, 39-44. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2014.06.012  

Lofgreen, A. M., Mattson, R. E., Wagner, S. A., Ortiz, E. G., & Johnson, M. D. (2017). Situational and 

dispositional determinants of college men's perception of women's sexual desire and consent 

to sex: A factorial vignette analysis. Journal of Interpersonal Violence, 886260517738777-

886260517738777. doi:10.1177/0886260517738777 

Martin, B. (2014). The Wheel of Consent [Video file]. Retrieved from 

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=auokDp 

Martinez, K. (2018). BDSM role fluidity: A mixed-methods approach to investigating switches within 

dominant/submissive binaries. Journal of Homosexuality, 65(10), 1299-1324. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/00918369.2017.1374062  

Meltsner, A. (2017). Histories of consent: Consent culture and community in feminism and BDSM.  

Mesdag, J. (2014). De lijdzame lust: SM in Vlaanderen. Gent: Borgerhoff & Lamberigts.  

Monteiro Pascoal, P., Cardoso, D., & Henriques, R. (2015). Sexual satisfaction and distress in sexual 

functioning in a sample of the BDSM community: A comparison study between BDSM and 

non-BDSM contexts. Journal of  Sexual Medicine, 12(4), 1052-1061. doi:10.1111/jsm.12835 

Moore, L. J., & Riggs, D. W. (2013). Mixing it up: Contemporary gender and sexuality research 

methods. International journal of multiple research approaches, 7(2), 158-159. 

https://doi.org/10.5172/mra.2013.7.2.158  

Moser, C., & Levitt, E. E. (1987). An exploratory-descriptive study of a sadomasochistically oriented 

sample. The Journal of Sex Research, 23(3), 322-337. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/00224498709551370  

Moskowitz, D. A., Seal, D. W., Rintamaki, L., & Rieger, G. (2011). HIV in the leather community: Rates 

and risk-related behaviors. AIDS and Behavior, 15(3), 557-564. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10461-009-9636-9 

Muehlenhard, C. L., Humphreys, T. P., Jozkowski, K. N., & Peterson, Z. D. (2016). The complexities of 

sexual consent among college students: A conceptual and empirical review. Journal of Sex 

Research, 53(4-5), 457-487. doi:10.1080/00224499.2016.1146651 

Mueller, M. (2018). If all acts of love and pleasure are her rituals, what about BDSM? Feminist culture 

wars in contemporary paganism. Theology & Sexuality, 24(1), 39-52. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/13558358.2017.1339930  

Newmahr, S. (2010). Rethinking kink: Sadomasochism as serious leisure. Qualitative Sociology, 33(3), 

313-331. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11133-010-9158-9  

Nordling, N., Sandnabba, N. K., Santtila, P., & Alison, L. (2006). Differences and similarities between 

gay and straight individuals involved in the sadomasochistic subculture. Journal of 

Homosexuality, 50(2-3), 41-57. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v50n02  

Oliveira Júnior, W. M. d., & Abdo, C. H. N. (2010). Unconventional sexual behaviors and their 

associations with physical, mental and sexual health parameters: A study in 18 large Brazilian 

cities. Revista Brasileira De Psiquiatria, 32(3), 264-274. https://doi.org/10.1590/S1516-

44462010005000013  

Ongenae, C., Kennes, L., Van Bauwel, S., Plouvier, E., Jeurissen, E., Chiau, E., . . . Channouf, J. 

(2015). #Seksisme: Nee, wij overdrijven niet! Antwerpen: Uitgeverij Polis   

Peterson, Z. D., & Muehlenhard, C. L. (2007). Conceptualizing the “wantedness” of women's 

consensual and nonconsensual sexual experiences: Implications for how women label their 

experiences with rape. The Journal of Sex Research, 44(1), 72-88. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490709336794  

Pitagora, D. (2013). Consent vs. coercion: BDSM interactions highlight a fine but immutable line. The 

New School Psychology Bulletin, 10(1), 27-36.  

Pitagora, D. (2016). Intimate partner violence in sadomasochistic relationships. Sexual and 

Relationship Therapy, 31(1), 95-108. https://doi.org/10.1080/14681994.2015.1102219  

Powls, J., & Davies, J. (2012). A descriptive review of research relating to sadomasochism: 

Considerations for clinical practice. Deviant behavior, 33(3), 223-234. 

doi:10.1080/01639625.2011.573391 

Rehor, J. E. (2015). Sensual, erotic, and sexual behaviors of women from the “kink” community. 

Archives of Sexual Behavior, 44(4), 825-836. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-015-0524-2  

Renaud, C. A., & Byers, S. E. (1999). Exploring the frequency, diversity, and content of university 

students’ positive and negative sexual cognitions. The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 

8(1), 17.  

Richters, J., de Visser, R. O., Badcock, P. B., Smith, A. M. A., Rissel, C., Simpson, J. M., & Grulich, A. 

E. (2014). Masturbation, paying for sex, and other sexual activities: The second Australian 

study of health and relationships. Sexual Health, 11(5), 461-471. 

https://doi.org/10.1071/sh14116  

Richters, J., De Visser, R. O., Rissel, C. E., Grulich, A. E., & Smith, A. M. A. (2008). Demographic and 

psychosocial features of participants in bondage and discipline, “sadomasochism” or 

dominance and submission (BDSM): Data from a national survey. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 

5(7), 1660-1668. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1743-6109.2008.00795.x  

Richters, J., Grulich, A. E., Visser, R. O., Smith, A. M. A., & Rissel, C. E. (2003). Sex in Australia: 

Autoerotic, esoteric and other sexual practices engaged in by a representative sample of 

adults. Australian and New Zealand Journal of Public Health, 27(2), 180-190. 

https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-842X.2003.tb00806.x  

Robin, I. (2018). Pornografie: Het verband tussen pornogebruik en relationele en seksuele satisfactie. 

Een exploratief vragenlijstonderzoek naar de ervaring van vrouwen met pornografie Leuven : 

KU Leuven. Faculteit Geneeskunde].  

Sacher-Masoch, L. (2000). Venus in Furs. New York: Penguin.  

Saelens, O. (2012). Strafbaarstelling van SM.Gent: Universiteit. Gent. 

Sagarin, B. J., Cutler, B., Cutler, N., Lawler-Sagarin, K. A., & Matuszewich, L. (2009). Hormonal 

changes and couple bonding in consensual sadomasochistic activity. Archives of Sexual 

Behavior, 38(2), 186-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-008-9374-5 

Sebastianus, S. (2020). BDSM in de/jouw praktijk: Kennis en handelingsalternatieven voor 

behandelaren. Antwerpen: Garant-Uitgevers.  

Seeuws, J. (2013). Meer dan vijftig tinten: Een exploratieve studie naar BDSM in Vlaanderen Gent: 

Universiteit Gent.  

Seeuws, J., & Waterschoot, A. (2018 ). Van de kelder naar de spreekruimte: Het effect van psycho-

educatie op kennis over,competentie en attitudes ten aanzien van BDSM bij Vlaamse 

hulpverleners. Gent: Universiteit Gent.  

Shafer, A. B. (2001). The Big Five and sexuality trait terms as predictors of relationships and sex. 

Journal of Research in Personality, 35(3), 313-338. https://doi.org/10.1006/jrpe.2000.2316  

Shafer, A., Ortiz, R. R., Thompson, B., & Huemmer, J. (2018). The role of hypermasculinity, token 

resistance, rape myth, and assertive sexual consent communication among college men. 

Journal of Adolescent Health, 62(3), S44-S50. doi:10.1016/j.jadohealth.2017.10.015 

Simon, W., & Gagnon, J. H. (2003). Sexual scripts: Origins, influences and changes. 

Qualitative Sociology, 26(4), 491-497. https://doi.org/10.1023/b:quas.0000005053.99846.e5  

Simula, B. L. (2019). Pleasure, power, and pain: A review of the literature on the experiences of BDSM 

participants. Sociology Compass, 13(3), e12668-n/a. https://doi.org/10.1111/soc4.12668  

Sloan, J. L. (2015). Ace of (BDSM) clubs: Building asexual relationships through BDSM practice. 

Sexualities, 18(5-6), 548-563. https://doi.org/10.1177/1363460714550907  

Sommer Harrits, G. (2011). More than method?: A discussion of paradigm differences within mixed 

methods research. Journal of mixed methods research, 5(2), 150-166. 

https://doi.org/10.1177/1558689811402506  

Srecko, H. (2018). De radicaliteit van de liefde. Amsterdam: Leesmagazijn.  

Stephens, D. P., Eaton, A. A., & Boyd, B. (2017). Hispanic college men's perceptions of appropriate 

strategies for initiating sexual intercourse with women. Sex Roles, 77(3), 239-253. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s11199-016-0709-8  

Stevens, L. (2002). Strafrecht en seksualiteit. Mortsel: Intersentia. 

Stevens, L. (2019). Hoe legaal te flirten? Gent: Borgerhoff & Lamberigts. 

Stevens, L., & De Boeck, M. (2020). Seks in het strafrecht. In K. Goethals, M. De Boeck, T. Dilliën, W. 

Huys, & A. Nuyts (Eds.), Handboek behandeling van seksueel afwijkend gedrag (pp. 11-38). 

Oud-Turnhout: Gompel&Svacina Bv.  

 Strassberg, D. S., & Locker, L. K. (1998). Force in women's sexual fantasies. Archives of Sexual 

Behavior, 27(4), 403-414. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1018740210472  

Sutton, E. (2003). Female domination: An exploration of the male desire for loving female authority. 

Raleigh: Lulu Press, Inc.  

Ten Brink, S., Coppens, V., Huys, W., & Morrens, M. (2020). The psychology of kink: A survey study 

into the relationships of trauma and attachment style with BDSM interests.Sexuality Research 

& Social Policy. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13178-020-00438-w 

Tomassilli, J. C., Golub, S. A., Bimbi, D. S., & Parsons, J. T. (2009). Behind closed doors: An 

exploration of kinky sexual behaviors in urban lesbian and bisexual women. The Journal of 

Sex Research, 46(5), 438-445. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490902754202  

United Nations Women’s Human Rights Experts. (2018). International Women’s Day statement: 

Confronting sexual violence, demanding equality.Geneva: United Nations 

Valkeneers, G. (2017). Inleiding in de statistiek voor de gedragswetenschappen: Met ondersteuning 

van SPSS (5e dr. ed.). Leuven: Acco.  

Walsh, K., Honickman, S., Valdespino-Hayden, Z., & Lowe, S. R. (2019). Dual measures of sexual 

consent: A confirmatory factor analysis of the internal consent scale and external consent 

scale. Journal of Sex Research, 56(6), 802-810. 

https://doi.org/10.1080/00224499.2019.1581882  

 Warren, P., Swan, S., & Allen, C. T. (2015). Comprehension of sexual consent as a key factor in the 

perpetration of sexual aggression among college men. Journal of Aggression, Maltreatment & 

Trauma, 24(8), 897-913. doi:10.1080/10926771.2015.1070232 

Weaver, A. (2014). An examination of personality characteristics associated with BDSM orientations. 

The Canadian Journal of Human Sexuality, 23(2), 106-115. https://doi.org/10.3138/cjhs.2467  

Weierstall, R., & Giebel, G. (2017). The Sadomasochism Checklist: A tool for the assessment of 

sadomasochistic behavior. Archives of Sexual Behavior, 46(3), 735-745. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-016-0789-0  

Weiss, M. D. (2006). Mainstreaming kink: The politics of BDSM representation in U.S. popular media. 

Journal of Homosexuality, 50(2-3), 103-132. https://doi.org/10.1300/J082v50n02  

Whittemore, R., Chase, S. K., & Mandle, C. L. (2001). Validity in qualitative research. Qual Health 

Res, 11(4), 522-537. https://doi.org/10.1177/104973201129119299  

Wiederman, M. W. (2015). Sexual Script Theory: Past, present, and future. In Handbook of Sociology 

and Social Research (pp. 7-22). Cham: Springer International Publishing. 

https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-17341-2  

Williams, D. J., Prior, E. E., Alvarado, T., Thomas, J. N., & Christensen, M. C. (2016). Is bondage and 

discipline, dominance and submission, and sadomasochism recreational leisure? A 

descriptive exploratory investigation. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 13(7), 1091-1094. 

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2016.05.001  

Willis, M., Blunt-Vinti, H. D., & Jozkowski, K. N. (2019). Associations between internal and external 

sexual consent in a diverse national sample of women. Personality and Individual Differences, 

149, 37-45. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.paid.2019.05.029  

Willis, M., & Jozkowski, K. N. (2019). Sexual precedent’s effect on sexual consent communication. 

Archives of Sexual Behavior, 48(6), 1723-1734. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10508-018-1348-7  

Wismeijer, A. A. J., & van Assen, M. A. L. M. (2013). Psychological characteristics of BDSM 

practitioners. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 10(8), 1943-1952. doi:10.1111/jsm.12192 

World Health Organization. (2010). Standards for sexuality education in Europe: A framework for 

policy makers, educational and health authorities and specialists. Cologne: WHO Regional 

Office for Europe  

Wright, K. B. (2019). Web-based survey methodology. In (pp. 1339-1352): Singapore: Springer 

Singapore. 

Wright, S. (2006). Discrimination of SM-identified individuals. Journal of Homosexuality, 50(2-3), 217-

231. doi:10.1300/J082v50n02 

Wright, S., Stambaugh, R. J., & Cox, D. (2015). Consent violations survey.  

Wuyts, E., De Neef, N., Coppens, V., Fransen, E., Schellens, E., Van Der Pol, M., & Morrens, M. 

(2020). Between pleasure and pain: A pilot study on the biological mechanisms associated 

with BDSM interactions in dominants and submissives. Journal of Sexual Medicine, 17(4), 

784-792. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jsxm.2020.01.001  

Zurbriggen, E. L., & Yost, M. R. (2012). Power, desire, and pleasure in sexual fantasies. The Journal 

of Sex Research, 41(3), 288-300. https://doi.org/10.1080/00224490409552236  

Zwiers, N. (2016). Validatie van de vragenlijst: Amsterdam Sexual Pleasure Index (ASPI) Universiteit 

van Amsterdam]. Amsterdam. 

Download scriptie (2.03 MB)
Universiteit of Hogeschool
KU Leuven
Thesis jaar
2021
Promotor(en)
Erick Janssen