“We hopen dat we volgend jaar het volledige afvalbeheer van de stad kunnen overnemen”, het zijn de ambitieuze woorden van Luyanda Hlatshwayo, een waste-picker of reclaimer zoals deze werkers zichzelf liever noemen. In Johannesburg weten deze reclaimers tegen alle verwachtingen in en zonder hulp van de overheid het enige functionerende recyclagesysteem op te zetten. Tegelijk trachten ze een toekomst uit te bouwen voor zichzelf. Dit met en dankzij het recycleerbaar materiaal dat ze dag in dag uit verzamelen.
De toekomst van ons afval, meestal denken we er, al dan niet bewust, niet te veel over na. We rekenen erop dat het verdwijnt nadat we onze vuilniszak of -bak langs de straatkant plaatsen. De weg die het vervolgens aflegt of welke impact het heeft op het leven van anderen is onze zorg niet meer. Dit geldt ook voor de vele inwoners van Johannesburg, de grootste stad van Zuid-Afrika. De manier waarop afval er verwerkt wordt, is echter anders en steunt voor een groot deel op een informele sector bestaande uit zo’n 9000 reclaimers. Zij opereren in de marges van het officiële afvalbeheer maar zijn volgens cijfers verzameld door CSIR (Council for Scientific and Industrial Research) wel verantwoordelijk voor tot 90% van de recyclage in de stad. In het materiaal dat stadsbewoners wegwerpen als waardeloos, zien de reclaimers wel waarde. Ik werkte in 2019 gedurende twee maanden intensief samen met hen en leerde al doende hun beroep. Enerzijds bestudeerde ik de hoop, de dromen en de verwachtingen die ze hebben voor de toekomst, maar anderzijds leerde ik ook hoe ze omgaan met tegenslagen, gebroken beloftes en onzekerheden die hun nabije toekomst lijken te claimen.
Op zoek naar een inkomen
Elke dag tussen negen en twaalf uur halen de vuilniswagens van de stad Johannesburg het huisvuil van hun bewoners op, telkens elders in de stad. De bewoners sorteren hun afval niet, alles verdwijnt dus in één en dezelfde zwarte container en de inhoud ervan belandt op de vuilnisbelt. Nog voor de werknemers van de stad de vuilnisbakken ledigen, is een groot deel van het materiaal echter al uit de bakken verdwenen. Dit is het werk van de talrijke reclaimers. Door herbruikbaar of recycleerbaar materiaal te verzamelen uit de vuilnisbakken en het vervolgens gesorteerd te verkopen aan bedrijven die het verder verwerken, trachten zij hun brood te verdienen. Veel reclaimers die ik ontmoette, hebben een migratieachtergrond. Ze komen uit buurlanden als Lesotho, Eswatini en Zimbabwe of van het Zuid-Afrikaanse binnenland naar de stad in de hoop op een goede job die hen in staat stelt geld op te sturen naar hun familie. Dit is echter een moeilijke opgave, de jobs voor mensen zonder de juiste papieren zijn dun gezaaid, zelfs in de stad. Reclaiming is vervolgens een oplossing voor velen.
Het vuil van de straat
Reclaimers werken niet alleen met en tussen afval, ze worden ook zelf als mens vaak aanzien als ‘het vuil van de straat’. Ze kiezen er bewust voor om te werken in de ‘rijke’ buurten waar overwegend witte Afrikaners wonen omdat ze daar meer materiaal kunnen verzamelen. De bewoners van deze wijken hebben vaak vooroordelen over de reclaimers die hun vuilnisbak doorzoeken. Het heersende clichébeeld is dat reclaimers daklozen zijn met een drugs- en/of alcoholprobleem. “Mensen vragen me vaak waarom reclaimers er vuil uit zien, wel we werken continu in afvalbakken, wat verwachten ze?”, vertelt Luyanda me. Bewoners denken ook dat reclaimers automatisch in armoede leven en daardoor niet in staat zijn om verder in de toekomst te kijken dan ‘morgen’. Soms worden ze zelfs afgeschreven als indringers in de wijken, als dieven op zoek naar een mogelijkheid om bewoners te bestelen. Bewakingsagenten worden dan opgeroepen om de reclaimers (met geweld) weg te jagen.
Deze vooroordelen zijn tenminste deels te verklaren als ‘littekens’ van het ongelijke apartheidsverleden van het land. In de tweede helft van de vorige eeuw werden mensen er afgescheiden van elkaar op basis van ras. Hoewel de apartheidregels ondertussen al zo’n 25 jaar zijn afgeschaft, staat het recht van de reclaimers om fysiek aanwezig te zijn in de publieke ruimte, en dus hun toekomst, nog steeds onder druk.
Dat reclaimers reeds een functionerend recyclagesysteem hebben, weigeren ook de autoriteiten officieel te erkennen. De stedelijke overheid beseft de nood aan zo’n systeem maar kiest bewust om dit te laten uitwerken door private bedrijven. Reclaimers lopen zo het risico om de onbeperkte toegang te verliezen tot het recycleerbaar materiaal in de vuilnisbakken.
Een (groene) toekomst
Om zowel de vooroordelen als de beleidskeuzes aan te klagen, begonnen de reclaimers zich te verenigen. Onder de naam African Reclaimers Organisation (ARO) pogen ze op minstens vier manieren de greep op de toekomst terug te claimen. Ten eerste proberen ze via lobbywerk en protestmarsen de beleidsmakers te overtuigen om reclaimers niet uit te sluiten uit de recyclagesector. Ten tweede promoten ze hun positieve impact op het milieu, zo delen ze graag hun uitzonderlijke kennis over recyclage op scholen, bedrijven enzovoorts. Ten derde werken ze actief aan het ontkrachten van de hardnekkige stereotypering, door bijvoorbeeld aanwezig te zijn op buurtfeesten trachten ze het vertrouwen en de steun van inwoners te herwinnen. Als laatste gaan ze vervolgens samenwerkingsverbanden aan met inwoners, die hun recycleerbaar materiaal vervolgens rechtstreeks aan de reclaimers geven in plaats van aan de private bedrijven.
#reclaimourfuture
De reclaimers hebben een vermogen dat hen in staat stelt om op creatieve manieren hun ambities te verwezenlijken en zo hun situatie, de wereld en de toekomst ten goede te veranderen. Twee jaar nadat ik vertrok uit de stad hebben de reclaimers nog niet de volledige afvalverwerking van de stad overgenomen zoals Luyanda hoopte. Toch hebben ze een deel van hun ambities en dromen kunnen verwezenlijken. Zo hebben ze ondertussen eigen uniformen, een vrachtwagen en willen steeds meer bewoners en bedrijven zoals Coca Cola direct met hen samenwerken. Er zit dus weldegelijk toekomst in het afval van Johannesburg, voor wie moedig genoeg is die te zoeken dan toch.
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