Heb jij in het afgelopen jaar meer alcohol geconsumeerd dan normaal? Dat kan deels verklaard worden doordat alcoholproducenten de consumenten aanzetten tot alcoholgebruik tijdens de huidige pandemie, stelt masterstudente Sema Dogdu (Universiteit Antwerpen). Maar hoe krijgen ze dit toch voor elkaar?
Een crisis wordt doorgaans gekenmerkt door een verandering in alcoholgebruik door de aanwezigheid van negatieve gevoelens, zoals stress en onzekerheid. De huidige Coronacrisis vormt hierop geen uitzondering met wereldwijd een trend van stijgende cijfers in de verkoop en gebruik van alcohol. De alcoholproducent AB InBev verkocht wereldwijd in het eerste kwartaal van dit jaar zo’n 13% meer alcohol dan in dezelfde periode van 2020. Door de invoering van verschillende Coronamaatregelen, zoals de sluiting van de horeca, veranderde de drinkomgeving en werd er meer alcohol gekocht om op privédomein te consumeren.
Hoe proberen alcoholproducenten het gedrag van de consumenten te beïnvloeden? Door alcohol steeds meer op een doordachte manier te adverteren op sociale media. Uit bestaande wetenschappelijke studies blijkt namelijk dat de manier waarop alcohol uitgebeeld wordt in advertenties tot veranderingen in attitudes en gedrag kan leiden. Positieve voorstellingen van alcohol leiden dan mogelijks tot (meer) consumptie. In haar thesisonderzoek heeft masterstudente Sema Dogdu verschillende alcoholadvertenties op Facebook tijdens de Coronacrisis onder de loep genomen. Ze onderzocht in welke mate de drie grootste alcoholproducenten (AB InBev, Diageo en Heineken Holding) ingespeeld hebben op de Coronacrisis in online advertenties om alcoholgebruik te beïnvloeden.
De resultaten van dit onderzoek stellen dat alcohol overwegend op een positieve manier wordt voorgesteld in de digitale advertenties door te koppelen aan positieve gevoelens. Zo toont men een ontmoeting met vrienden in een gezellige setting met gedempte lichten en kaarsen en verwijst men naar alcohol als een manier om “make your good times better”. Echter wordt er eveneens een ongezonde levensstijl in beeld gebracht in de advertenties door te stellen dat alcoholgebruik op elk moment geaccepteerd wordt en gepaard kan worden met zoetigheden en comforteten.
De resultaten hebben verder uitgewezen dat enkele trends in de marketingcampagnes terugkeren tijdens de crisissituatie. Zoals de trend om te verwijzen naar het dagelijkse leven en alcoholgebruik te koppelen aan bepaalde tijdsstippen en dagen. Maar daarnaast doet een nieuwe trend zijn intrede waarbij alcohol toegankelijker wordt gemaakt voor de consumenten. Hierbij bieden de alcoholproducenten kennis en toegang aan de consumenten om hun ervaring met alcohol te verbeteren. Zo bieden de producenten originele alcoholrecepten aan om zelf aan de slag te gaan.
Verder nemen de producenten de sociale verantwoordelijkheidsrol op zich om de negatieve gezondheidsgevolgen van alcoholconsumptie te beperken en realiseren dit door waarschuwingsboodschappen te plaatsen. Maar toch slagen de producenten er in om alle verantwoordelijkheden van zich af te schuiven door middel van hun slogans als “Bier drink je met verstand”. Dit is een erg paradoxale bevinding aangezien de producenten de consumenten toch net aanzetten om meer te drinken?
Aaker, D. (1996). Building Strong Brands. The Free Press.
AB InBev. (2016). Verantwoorde Marketing- en Communicatiecode 2.0. https://www.ab-inbev.com/content/dam/universaltemplate/ab-inbev/sustainability/AB%20InBev_RMCC%202.0_Dutch_FINAL.pdf
AB InBev. (2020). Onze merken. Retrieved January 3, 2021 from https://ab-inbev.be/onze-merken
AB InBev. (2021, May 6). Anheuser-Busch InBev publiceert resultaten voor het eerste kwartaal van 2021 https://www.ab-inbev.com/content/dam/abinbev/news-media/press-releases/2021/04/AB%20InBev_Press%20Release_NL_1Q21_vFinal.pdf
Affligem Beer. (2021a, January 18). Bijna 1.000 jaar brouwervaring in onze 0.0%! [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Affligem Beer. (2021b, January 4). Ge proeft de strijdlust in het lekkerste speciaalbier. [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Ajzen, I. (1991). The theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(2), 179-211. https://doi.org/10.1016/0749-5978(91)90020-T
Alcaeus van Mytilene. (1960). Winter Scene. In R. Lattimore (Ed.), Greek Lyrics (2nd ed., pp. 44). University of Chicago Press.
Alhabash, S., McAlister, A. R., Kim, W., Lou, C., Cunningham, C., Quilliam, E. T., & Richards, J. I. (2016). Saw It on Facebook, Drank It at the Bar! Effects of Exposure to Facebook Alcohol Ads on Alcohol-Related Behaviors. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 16(1), 44-58. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2016.1160330
Alhabash, S., Mundel, J., & Hussain, S. (2017). Social Media Advertising: Unraveling the Mystery Box. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315623252-16
Amstel Bier. (2021a, January 11). Eén knik zegt meer dan duizend woorden! [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Amstel Bier. (2021b, January 14). Vrienden, Amstel trakteert alsnog op een Vrienden Van Amstel LiveSTREAM! Heb jij je kaart al besteld? [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Anderson. (1985). Cognitive psychology and its implications. Freeman.
Anderson, & Baumberg, B. (2006). Alcohol in Europe: A public health perspective. http://ec.europa.eu/health-eu/doc/alcoholineu_content_en.pdf
Angles, C. (1997). Camera Angles.
Ashley, C., & Tuten, T. (2015). Creative Strategies in Social Media Marketing: An Exploratory Study of Branded Social Content and Consumer Engagement. Psychology & Marketing, 32(1), 15-27. https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.20761
AW. (2020, August 20). OVERZICHT. Van de lockdown op 18 maart tot de recentste beslissingen van de Veiligheidsraad: dit is het parcours dat België tot nu heeft doorlopen. Het Laatste Nieuws. https://www.hln.be/binnenland/overzicht-van-de-lockdown-op-18-maart-tot-de-recentste-coronamaatregelen-dit-is-het-parcours-dat-belgie-tot-nu-heeft-doorlopen~af470e8f/
Babor, T. F., & Robaina, K. (2013). Public health, academic medicine, and the alcohol industry's corporate social responsibility activities. Am J Public Health, 103(2), 206-214. https://doi.org/10.2105/ajph.2012.300847
Baileys US [baileysus]. (2021a, January 4). End date night on a sweet note with a Baileys treat for two. #DeliciouslyBaileys [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Baileys US [baileysus]. (2021b, January 4). Goodbye ordinary pancakes, hello flapjacks with a little fluff. The best part? A delectable Pârissière topping made with Baileys. #DeliciouslyBaileys Baileys Crème Pâtissière Recipe: 1 egg yolk 1 tbsp sugar… [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Baileys US [baileysus]. (2021c, January 4). Snow is falling, drinks are calling. There's no better way to keep cozy on a snow day than with a cup of Baileys Hot Chocolate. #DeliciouslyBaileys Baileys Hot Chocolate: 1.5 oz Baileys Original Irish Cream 1 tsp hot chocolate powder... [Image]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Baileys US [baileysus]. (2021d, January 4). Sometimes wintry celebrations need a topping as light as snow to match. #DeliciouslyBaileys [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Baileys US [baileysus]. (2021e, January 4). Treat yourself and your girlfriends. All you need is a little Baileys to sweeten up girls night on a chilly winter night! #DeliciouslyBaileys [Image]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Bekaert, M. (2018). Beeld/taal: theorie van de visuele communicatie. University Press Antwerp.
Bell, P. (2000). Content Analysis of Visual Images. In T. Van Leeuwen & C. Jewitt (Eds.), The Handbook of Visual Analysis. SAGE Publications Ltd. https://doi.org/10.4135/9780857020062
Boin, A., 't Hart, P., & Kuipers, S. (2017). The Crisis Approach. In (pp. 23-38). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-63254-4_2
Brantner, C., Geise, S., & Lobinger, K. (2013). Fractured Paradigm? Theories, Concepts and Methodology of Visual Framing Research: A Systematic Review.
Brinks, V., & Ibert, O. (2020). From Corona Virus to Corona Crisis: The Value of An Analytical and Geographical Understanding of Crisis. Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie, 111(3), 275-287. https://doi.org/10.1111/tesg.12428
Brodmerkel, S., & Carah, N. (2013). Alcohol brands on Facebook: the challenges of regulating brands on social media. Journal of Public Affairs, 13(3), 272-281. https://doi.org/10.1002/pa.1466
Cacciatore, M., Scheufele, D., & Iyengar, S. (2015). The End of Framing As We Know it … and the Future of Media Effects. Mass Communication & Society, 19. https://doi.org/10.1080/15205436.2015.1068811
Captain Morgan. (2020, November 23). Videogesprekken zijn het nieuwe normaal en dus gebeuren er nog wel eens wat gênante dingen - vraag maar aan de sinaasappel! [Video]Facebook.
Captain Morgan USA [CaptainMorganUSA]. (2021a, January 2). Add a crisp Sliced Apple twist to a classically sour cocktail with a Captain Morgan Apple Sour and pair it with your meal of choice. All new Captain Morgan Sliced Apple is available now. Recipe: ... [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Captain Morgan USA [CaptainMorganUSA]. (2021b, January 2). Give dinner a burst of tropical flavor with a delightfully fruity Captain Morgan Jungle Bird cocktail. For the best results, try pairing it with the perfect playlist. Recipe: 1.5 oz Captian Morgan Original Spiced Rum .75 oz Bitter Aperitivo... [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Captain Morgan USA [CaptainMorganUSA]. (2021c, January 2). Give your night a delicious upgrade with a Hot Caramel Cider, a drink that combines the spiced flavor of a Captain Morgan cocktail and the fun of spoiling yourself. Recipe: 2 oz Captian Morgan Original Spiced Rum 6 oz Fresh Apple Cider... [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Captain Morgan USA [CaptainMorganUSA]. (2021d, January 2). A taco night mantra: may the food be spicy and the Apple Sour. All New Captain Morgan Sliced Apple is available now. Recipe: 1.5 oz Captian Morgan Sliced Apple... [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Captain Morgan USA [CaptainMorganUSA]. (2021e, January 2). With the crisp taste of Sliced Apple and a splash of lemon, Apple Crisp shots prove a cocktail doesn't need a lot of steps to bring a lot to the table. All new Captain Morgan Sliced Apple is available now. Recipe: ... [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Carah, N. (2014). Like, Comment, Share: Alcohol brand activity on Facebook.
Casswell, S. (2004). Alcohol brands in young peoples' everyday lives: New developments in marketing. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 39(6), 471-476. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/agh101
Catalano, R. (1997). An emerging theory of the effect of economic contraction on alcohol abuse in the United States. Social Justice Research, 10(2), 191-201. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02683312
Cevik, M., Bamford, C., & Ho, A. (2020, 04/25). COVID-19 pandemic – A focused review for clinicians. Clinical Microbiology and Infection. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cmi.2020.04.023
Chaffey, D., & Ellis-Chadwick, F. E. (2016). Digital Marketing : strategy, implementation and practice (6 ed.). Pearson.
Christiansen, L. H. (2018). The Use of Visuals in Issue Framing: Signifying Responsible Drinking. Organization Studies, 39(5-6), 665-689. https://doi.org/10.1177/0170840618759814
Coleman, R. (2010). Framing the Pictures in Our Heads In P. D'Angelo & J. Kuypers (Eds.), Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315642239
Cooper, T. (2021). Global Ad Spend Forecasts. https://assets-eu-01.kc-usercontent.com/316e4fb5-793f-014a-c3cf-b04e248fd3ab/5b0a5678-c459-4607-9152-827f71c9b155/Ad%20Spend%20Report%202021.pdf
Cordero, R. (2016). Crisis and Critique: On the Fragile Foundations of Social Life. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315753904
Corona. (2019a, August 9). This Friday, collect your lime at Ipanema and enjoy a fresh Corona ? #ThisisLivingBEFacebook. https://fb.watch/2NF8XVnG6s/
Corona [Coronaextrabelux]. (2019b, October 8). This Saturday, collect your lime at Knokke Out Zoute and enjoy a fresh Corona ? #ThisisLivingBE [Video]Facebook. https://fb.watch/2NEtJu6ANb/
Corona USA [CoronaUSA]. (2020a, December 3). Cold winters in Albany call for a cold Corona...inside in front of a hot fire. #LaVidaMasFina [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Corona USA [CoronaUSA]. (2020b, August 28). No one drops limes like Sacramento [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Corona USA [CoronaUSA]. (2021a, January 12). Enjoy the new year with the exceptional light beer with fewer carbs and calories. #CoronaPremier [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Corona USA [CoronaUSA]. (2021b, January 12). Start the year off with fewer carbs and calories. #CoronaPremier [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Coronavirus: versterkte maatregelen. (2020). Retrieved Dec. 22 from https://belgium.be/nl/nieuws/2020/coronavirus_versterkte_maatregelen
da Silva Lopes, T. (2003). The Growth and Survival of Multinationals in the Global Alcoholic Beverages Industry. Enterprise Society, 4. https://doi.org/10.1093/es/khg046
De Belie, H. (2021, March 12). Het effect van corona op onze winkelkar: 3 miljoen extra wc-rollen, 4,8 miljoen extra flessen wijn. Het Laatste Nieuws. https://academic.gopress.be/bpu1y0yzn5/
de Goeij, M. C. M., Suhrcke, M., Toffolutti, V., van de Mheen, D., Schoenmakers, T. M., & Kunst, A. E. (2015). How economic crises affect alcohol consumption and alcohol-related health problems: A realist systematic review. Social Science & Medicine, 131, 131-146. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.02.025
de Mooij, M. (2010). Global Marketing and Advertising: Understanding Cultural paradoxes. SAGE Publications.
Diageo. (2020). Explore our brands. Retrieved January 3 from https://diageo.com/en/our-brands/brand-explorer/
Distilled Spirits Council. (2011). Code of responsible practices for beverage alcohol advertising and marketing. https://www.distilledspirits.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/May_26_2011_DISCUS_Code_Word_Version1.pdf
Durmaz, G., Suher, K., & Bir, C. (2015, 12/31). Elaboration Likelihood Model (ELM) In Print Advertisements: A Content Analysis of Advertisements Which Is Positioned In Special and General Interest Magazines. Journal of Yaşar University, 11, 45. https://doi.org/10.19168/jyu.00944
Entman, R. M. (1993). Framing: Toward Clarification of a Fractured Paradigm. Journal of Communication, 43(4), 51-58. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1460-2466.1993.tb01304.x
Entman, R. M. (2010). Framing Media Power. In P. D'Angelo & J. Kuypers (Eds.), Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives (pp. 331-355). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315642239
Eurostat. (2020). Final consumption expenditure of households by consumption purpose (COICOP 3 digit) [Datafile]. https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/products-datasets/-/nama_10_co3_p3
Floor, K., & Van Raaij, F. (1989). Marketing communicatie strategie. Stenfert Kroese.
Fournier, S., & Alvarez, C. (2019). How Brands Acquire Cultural Meaning. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 29(3), 519-534. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1119
Gisle, L., & Demarest, S. (2019). Gezondheidsenquête 2018: Gebruik van alcohol (D/2019/14.440/56). www.gezondheidsenquete.be
Gosselt, J., Van Hoof, J., & Kokkeler, L. (2018). The framing of alcohol in (non-)sponsored movies: A comparative content analysis of alcohol advertising and portrayals in sponsored and non-sponsored Dutch movies. Drugs: Education, Prevention and Policy, 25(5), 365-375. https://doi.org/10.1080/09687637.2017.1296932
Grétarsson, G. S. (2012). Advertising alcohol : a rhetorical analysis of light-beer advertisements.
Grossman, E. R., Benjamin-Neelon, S. E., & Sonnenschein, S. (2020). Alcohol Consumption during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Cross-Sectional Survey of US Adults. International journal of environmental research and public health, 17(24), 9189. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17249189
Guinness [Guinnessbelgium]. (2021a, January 12). Pretty as a picture (that happens to taste pretty delicious too). [Image]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Guinness [Guinnessbelgium]. (2021b, January 14). Proper pints and proper pub grub. We're all about the simple pleasures in life, just like @alexiooo here. [Image]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Guinness US [GuinnessUS]. (2021a, January 11). In a season unlike any other, we've teamed up with @JoeMontana to remind football fans everywhere: good things come to those who wait... [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Guinness US [GuinnessUS]. (2021b, January 11). There's nothing like a good comeback story. And if there's one thing Guinness and the Comeback Kid @JoeMontana know, it's that when we look out for those around us, we can come back stronger than ever. [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
HAA. (2020, March 3). 2 Corona’s gekocht, 1 Mort Subite gratis: ludieke actie Delhaize alweer afgevoerd. Het Laatste Nieuws. shorturl.at/cesuV
Hall, E. T. (1966). The hidden dimension. Doubleday.
Hall, S. (2012). Endoding/ decoding. John Wiley & Sons.
Hawkins, B., & Holden, C. (2013). Framing the alcohol policy debate: industry actors and the regulation of the UK beverage alcohol market. Critical Policy Studies, 7(1), 53-71. https://doi.org/10.1080/19460171.2013.766023
Heineken. (2020). Our brands. Retrieved January 3 from https://theheinekencompany.com/our-brands
Hughes, E. C. (1946). Institutions in process. In M. Lee (Ed.), New outline of the principles of
sociology (pp. 236-247). Barnes & Noble, Inc. https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.260951/page/n241/mode/2up
Jandt, F. (2014). The Global Intercultural Communication Reader. European Journal of Communication. https://doi.org/10.1177/0267323114533050b
Jernigan, D. H. (2009). The global alcohol industry: an overview. Addiction, 104, 6-12. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1360-0443.2008.02430.x
Jernigan, D. H. (2010). The Extent of Global Alcohol Marketing and its Impact on Youth. Contemporary Drug Problems, 37(1), 57-89. https://doi.org/10.1177/009145091003700104
Jupiler [Jupiler]. (2020, October 8). Kijk jij voetbal vanavond? Tag je vrienden zodat ze zeker geen Jupiler + Lay’s Strong vergeten [Video]Facebook. https://fb.watch/2NEtJu6ANb/
Kaplan, A. M., & Haenlein, M. (2010). Users of the world, unite! The challenges and opportunities of Social Media. Business Horizons, 53(1), 59-68. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bushor.2009.09.003
Karimova, G. (2020, 04/04). Exploring Visual Framing Strategies, Sentiment, and Product Presentation Modality in Instagram Posts of Fashion Influencers. Res Rhetorica, 7. https://doi.org/10.29107/rr2020.1.6
Kauppila, E., Lindeman, M., Svensson, J., Hellman, C. M. E., & Katainen, A. (2019). Alcohol marketing on social media sites in Finland and Sweden : A comparative audit study of brand' presence and content, and the impact of a legislative change.
Keller, K. L. (2017). Advertising and brand equity. In G. Tellis & T. Ambler (Eds.), The SAGE handbooks of Advertising.
Keric, D., & Stafford, J. (2020). Alcohol industry arguments for putting profit before health in the midst of a pandemic: The Western Australian experience. Drug and Alcohol Review. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13147
Kim, H., Lee, D., Hong, Y., Ahn, J., & Lee, K.-Y. (2016). A content analysis of television food advertising to children: comparing low and general-nutrition food. International Journal of Consumer Studies, 40(2). https://doi.org/10.1111/ijcs.12243
Kramer, R., De Donder, E., de Duve, M., Van Havere, T., Geirnaert, M., Matthys, F., & Decorte, T. (2020). Naar een integraal alcoholbeleid in België. TSG - Tijdschrift voor gezondheidswetenschappen, 98(3), 118-121. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12508-020-00265-9
Kress, G., & Van Leeuwen, T. (1996). Reading Images: The Grammar of Visual Design. . Routledge.
Krishna, A. (2019). How Brands Acquire Cultural Meaning: Introduction. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 29(3), 517-518. https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1120
Lecomte, L. (2015, November 11). AB Inbev en SABMiller beklinken overname. De Standaard. https://standaard.be/cnt/dmf20151111_01964653
Leyshon, M. (2011). New Media, New Problem? Alcohol, Young People and the Internet. Alcohol Concern.
LH. (2020, April 30). Jupiler zet reclamecampagne stop na kritiek (maar promotie blijft wel gelden). Het Laatste Nieuws. shorturl.at/psHOX
MacInnis, D., Torelli, C., & Park, W. (2019). Creating Cultural Meaning in Products and Brands: A Psychological Perspective. Journal of Consumer Psychology, 29(3). https://doi.org/10.1002/jcpy.1118
Maeseele, P. (2019). Culturele mediastudies [Powerpoint slides]. https://blackboard.uantwerpen.be/
Maître [MePingouin]. (2020, March 3). Humour belge: 2 coronas achetées = 1 mort subite offerte. #coronavirusfr [Tweet]. Twitter. https://twitter.com/MePingouin/status/1234794094729318403
Matthes, J. (2009). What's in a Frame? A Content Analysis of Media Framing Studies in the World's Leading Communication Journals, 1990-2005. Journalism & Mass Communication Quarterly, 86, 349-367. https://doi.org/10.1177/107769900908600206
McCombs, M., & Ghanem, S. (2001). The convergence of agenda setting and framing. Framing Public Life: Perspectives on Media and Our Understanding of the Social World. Mahwah.
McCombs, M., & Shaw, D. (1972). The Agenda-Setting Function of Mass Media (Vol. 36). Oxford University Press. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2747787
McGowan, M. (2020). COVID-19 response: Temporary changes to takeaway alcohol shorturl.at/nvzB4
Messaris, P., & Abraham, L. (2001). The role of images in framing news stories. In S. D. Reese, O. H. Gandy, & A. E. Grant (Eds.), Framing public life: Perspectives on media and our understanding of the social world. (pp. 215-226). Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Murphy, A., Tucker, H., Coyne, M., & Touryalai, H. (2020). GLOBAL 2000: The World's Largest Public Companies. Forbes. Retrieved January 3 from https://forbes.com/global2000/#659515ed335d
Nicholls, J. (2012). Everyday, Everywhere: Alcohol Marketing and Social Media—Current Trends. Alcohol and Alcoholism, 47(4), 486-493. https://doi.org/10.1093/alcalc/ags043
NielsenIQ. (2020). Rebalancing the ‘COVID-19 effect’ on alcohol sales. Retrieved May 15, 2021, from www.nielseniq.com/global/en/insights/2020/rebalancing-the-covid-19-effect-on-alcohol-sales/
Nikolajeva, M., & Scott, C. (2000). The Dynamics of Picturebook Communication. Children's Literature in Education, 31(4), 225-239. https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1026426902123
Obar, J., & Wildman, S. (2015). Social media definition and the governance challenge: An introduction to the special issue. Telecommunications Policy, 39(9). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.telpol.2015.07.014
Oscarsson, M., Carlbring, P., Andersson, G., & Rozental, A. (2020). A large-scale experiment on New Year’s resolutions: Approach-oriented goals are more successful than avoidance-oriented goals. PLOS ONE, 15(12). https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0234097
Oxford University Press. (n.d.). Social Capital. Retrieved April 21 from https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/definition/english/social-capital#:~:text=%2F%CB%8Cs%C9%99%CA%8A%CA%83l%20%CB%88k%C3%A6p%C9%AAtl%2F-,%2F%CB%8Cs%C9%99%CA%8A%CA%83l%20%CB%88k%C3%A6p%C9%AAtl%2F,to%20exist%20and%20be%20successful
Paivio, A., Rogers, T. B., & Smythe, P. C. (1968). Why are pictures easier to recall than words? Psychonomic Science, 11(4), 137-138. https://doi.org/10.3758/BF03331011
Peleman, K. (2020, June 12). Een op vier Vlamingen dronk minder alcohol tijdens de lockdown [Interview]. Radio 2. https://radio2.be/de-madammen/een-op-vier-vlamingen-dronk-minder-alcohol-tijdens-de-lockdown
Petras, G., Loehrke, J., Padilla, R., Zarracina, J., & Borresen, J. (2021, January 7). Timeline: How the storming of the U.S. Capitol unfolded on Jan. 6. USA Today. https://eu.usatoday.com/in-depth/news/2021/01/06/dc-protests-capitol-riot-trump-supporters-electoral-college-stolen-election/6568305002/
Petty, R., & Cacioppo, J. (1986). The Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion. Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 19, 123-205. https://doi.org/10.1016/S0065-2601(08)60214-2
Pinsky, I., & Silva, M. (1999). A frequency and content analysis of alcohol advertising on Brazilian television. Journal of studies on alcohol.
Pollard, M. S., Tucker, J. S., & Green, H. D., Jr. (2020). Changes in Adult Alcohol Use and Consequences During the COVID-19 Pandemic in the US. JAMA Netw Open, 3(9). https://doi.org/10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.22942
Rehm, J., Kilian, C., Ferreira-Borges, C., Jernigan, D., Monteiro, M., Parry, C. D. H., Sanchez, Z. M., & Manthey, J. (2020). Alcohol use in times of the COVID 19: Implications for monitoring and policy. Drug and Alcohol Review, 39(4), 301-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/dar.13074
Rittel, H. W. J., & Webber, M. M. (1973). Dilemmas in a general theory of planning. Policy Sciences, 4(2), 155-169. https://doi.org/10.1007/BF01405730
Rodriguez, L., & Dimitrova, D. (2011). The levels of visual framing. Journal of Visual Literacy, 30. https://doi.org/10.1080/23796529.2011.11674684
Rosenthal, U., Boin, A., & Comfort, L. K. (2001). Managing crises: threats, dilemmas, opportunities. http://public.ebookcentral.proquest.com/choice/publicfullrecord.aspx?p=605191
Rosenthal, U., Charles, M. T., & 't Hart, P. (1989). Coping with crises: the management of disasters, riots, and terrorism. C.C. Thomas.
Rössner, S. M., Hansen, J. V., & Rössner, S. (2011). New Year's resolutions to lose weight--dreams and reality. Obesity facts, 4(1), 3-5. https://doi.org/10.1159/000324861
Ruhm, C. J. (1995). Economic conditions and alcohol problems. Journal of Health Economics, 14(5), 583-603. https://doi.org/10.1016/0167-6296(95)00024-0
Runner's World Italia. (2013). Spot Nike 1988 [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=p_xozTo6wrU
Sayette, M. A. (1999). Does Drinking Reduce Stress? Alcohol Research and Health, 23(4), 250-255. https://ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6760384/
Scheufele. (2004). Framing-effects approach: A theoretical and methodological critique. Communications, 29, 401-428. https://doi.org/10.1515/comm.2004.29.4.401
Scheufele, & Tewksbury, D. (2007). Framing, Agenda Setting, and Priming: The Evolution of Three Media Effects Models. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 9-20. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9916.2007.00326.x
Schwalbe, C. B. (2006). Remembering Our Shared past: Visually Framing the Iraq War on U.S. News Websites. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(1), 264-289. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2006.00325.x
Scion. (2019). Content Marketing and Content Distribution: Current State and New Perspectives.
Scott, D. M. (2015). The new rules of marketing & PR: How to use social media, online video, mobile applications, blogs, news releases, and viral marketing to reach buyers directly (4th ed. ed.). John Wiley & Sons. http://lib.ugent.be/catalog/rug01:002098299
Sheehan, K., & Morrison, D. (2009). The Creativity Challenge. Journal of Interactive Advertising, 9, 40-43. https://doi.org/10.1080/15252019.2009.10722154
Sidor, A., & Rzymski, P. (2020). Dietary Choices and Habits during COVID-19 Lockdown: Experience from Poland. Nutrients, 12(6). https://doi.org/10.3390/nu12061657
Smirnoff US [smirnoffus]. (2021a, January 4). Staying in is the new going out. Take your at-home date to the next level with this Smirnoff milkshake. Smirnoff Date Night Milkshake - 1.5 oz Smirnoff No. 21 Vodka or 2 oz Smirnoff Vanilla - 2 Pints Strawberry Ice Cream - Splash of White Chocolate Liqueur ... [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Smirnoff US [smirnoffus]. (2021b, January 19). There's a new Smirnoff Seltzer Variety pack in town. Get yours today! [Image]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Smirnoff US [smirnoffus]. (2021c, January 4). When your orange chicken is'nt orange-y enough *Smirnoff Orange Ginger Press enters the chat* Smirnoff Orange Ginger Press 1.5 oz Smirnoff No. 21 Vodka 2 oz Ginger Ale... [Image]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Smith, Cukier, S., & Jernigan, D. H. (2014). Defining strategies for promoting product through ‘drink responsibly’ messages in magazine ads for beer, spirits and alcopops. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 142, 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2014.06.007
Smith, L., Clavio, G., & Lang, A. (2020). Does visual framing drive eye gaze behavior? The effects of visual framing of athletes in an increasingly visual social media world. Media Psychology, 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1080/15213269.2020.1765810
Statista. (2020a, Dec. 1 2020). Digital ad spending in Belgium from 2015 to 2019. https://statista.com/statistics/1099617/digital-ad-spend-in-belgium/
Statista. (2020b). Social media advertising in Belgium: Statistics & Facts. Retrieved Dec. 1 from https://statista.com/topics/6008/social-media-advertising-in-belgium/
Statista. (2021a, May 21, 2021). Facebook: number of daily active users worldwide 2011-2021. www.statista.com/statistics/346167/facebook-global-dau/#:~:text=With%20roughly%202.85%20billion%20monthly,most%20popular%20social%20network%20worldwide
Statista. (2021b, March 4, 2021). Number of active advertisers on Facebook 2016-2020. www.statista.com/statistics/778191/active-facebook-advertisers/
Stella Artois [Stella]. (2021, January 13). Geniet nu van de '1+1 GRATIS' actie op de packs van Stella Artois 0.0% [Image]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Stella Artois US. (2021a, January 18). Bring the stadium home to you with delicious Game Day inspired meals for your entire team. With easy-to-make dishes, you won't need to be a Super Bowl champ like Eli Manning and Victor Cruz to win the day. Learn more at https://www.stellaartois.com/en_us/stellastadiumbites ... [Video]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Stella Artois US. (2021b, January 15). We've teamed up with @BlueApron to elevate your game day meal. #StellaStadiumBites [Image]Facebook. www.facebook.com/ads/library/
Taylor, C. R. (2020, 2020/07/03). Advertising and COVID-19. International Journal of Advertising, 39(5), 587-589. https://doi.org/10.1080/02650487.2020.1774131
Tellis, G. J. (2003). Effective Advertising. SAGE publications.
Tellis, G. J., & Ambler, T. (2007). The SAGE handbook of advertising. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781848607897
Tellis, G. J., & Tellis, K. (2009). A Critical Review and Synthesis of Research on Advertising in a Recession. Journal of Advertising Research, 49. https://doi.org/10.2501/S0021849909090400
Truong, N. B., Sun, K., Lee, G. M., & Guo, Y. (2019). GDPR-Compliant Personal Data Management: A Blockchain-Based Solution. IEEE Transactions on Information Forensics and Security, 15, 1746-1761. https://doi.org/10.1109/TIFS.2019.2948287
van Ballegooijen, H., Goossens, L., Bruin, R. H., Michels, R., & Krol, M. (2020). Concerns, quality of life, access to care and productivity of the general population during the first 8 weeks of the coronavirus lockdown in Belgium and the Netherlands. medRxiv. https://doi.org/10.1101/2020.07.24.20161554
Van Gorp, B. (2004). Frames in de nieuwsmedia : een onderzoek naar het theoretische en methodologische potentieel van het concept framing met studies van de asielberichtgeving en haar effecten. Universiteit Antwerpen. https://anet.be/record/opacirua/c:irua:152825/N
Van Gorp, B. (2006). Een constructivistische kijk op het concept framing. Tijdschrift Voor Communicatiewetenschappen, 246-256.
Van Gorp, B. (2010). Strategies to Take Subjectivity Out of Framing Analysis. In P. D'Angelo & J. A. Kuypers (Eds.), Doing News Framing Analysis: Empirical and Theoretical Perspectives. Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203864463
Vandendriessche, K., & De Marez, L. (2019). Imec Digimeter 2019: Digitale mediatrends in Vlaanderen. imec. https://imec.be/static/f6fe6fa9efafc16bd174620ca1f90376/476531-IMEC-Digimeter-Rapport%202020-WEB.PDF
Verstraete, J. (2021, January 7). Liveblog - Experts werken aan "Plan C" om klaar te staan áls coronacijfers drastisch zouden verslechteren. VRT NWS. https://www.vrt.be/vrtnws/nl/2021/01/07/liveblog-7-januari-corona/
Vredeveld, A., & Coulter, R. (2019). Cultural experiential goal pursuit, cultural brand engagement, and culturally authentic experiences: sojourners in America. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 47(2), 274-290. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-018-0620-7
Walter, E. (2012, August 28). The rise of visual social media. Fast Company. https://www.fastcompany.com/3000794/rise-visual-social-media
Wedel, M., & Pieters, R. (2008). Informativeness of eye movements for visual marketing: Six cornerstones. Taylor & Francis Group/Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.
Wilson, G. T. (1988). Alcohol and anxiety. Behaviour Research and Therapy, 26(5), 369-381. https://doi.org/10.1016/0005-7967(88)90070-8
World Health Organization. (2020a). Alcohol does not protect against COVID-19; access should be restricted during lockdow. Retrieved May 13, 2021, from www.euro.who.int/en/health-topics/disease-prevention/alcohol-use/news/news/2020/04/alcohol-does-not-protect-against-covid-19-access-should-be-restricted-during-lockdown
World Health Organization. (2020b). Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic. https://who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019
World Obesity. (2021). Prevalence of adult overweight & obesity (%) https://data.worldobesity.org/tables/prevalence-of-adult-overweight-obesity-2/
Yoon, S., & Lam, T.-H. (2013). The illusion of righteousness: Corporate social responsibility practices of the alcohol industry. BMC public health, 13. https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-13-630
Zhou, Y., & Moy, P. (2007). Parsing Framing Processes: The Interplay Between Online Public Opinion and Media Coverage. Journal of Communication, 57(1), 79-98. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.0021-9916.2007.00330.x