De baat van een crisisklimaat
Vondst van veerkracht in de integratie van minderjarige vluchtelingen in Athene
In 2015 werd Europa geconfronteerd met meer dan een miljoen vluchtelingen vanuit Noord-Afrika en het Midden-Oosten. Tussen deze mensenstroom doolden ook 95,205 kinderen en adolescenten, –alleen onderweg nota bene. Vandaag arriveren er nog steeds ca. 20,000 onbegeleide minderjarigen na een riskante oversteek van de Mediterrane Zee en vele omzwervingen. Eén op vijf die asiel aanvragen in de EU arriveert in Griekenland. Daar worden ze opgevangen door internationale organisaties (bv. UNICEF, IOM, UNHCR) en enkele lokale ngo’s. De Griekse overheid en burgers hebben immers zelf al jaren de handen vol aan andere financiële en sociale zorgen.
Athene als laagjestaart van gebakken peren
Neem als basis de Griekse staatsschuldencrisis in 2009 en de aansluitende bezuinigingscrisis. De vluchtelingencrisis in 2015 was niet de laatste humanitaire ramp die de hoop op spoedig financieel herstel bedierf. De noodtoestand van migrantenopvang ontwikkelde zich verder tot een bijkomende integratiecrisis. En omwille van de afnemende migrantenstroom door EU-maatregelen en onderhandelingen met Turkije trokken internationale organisaties geleidelijk weg naar meer recente en urgente rampen. Met als resultaat dat de lokale ngo’s als enige weergewicht en steun voor migranten achterbleven. Daarnaast werd de hoofdstad Athene door de booming airbnb-industrie de laatste jaren overspoeld door toeristen, wat leidde tot een tekort aan betaalbare woningen anno 2018. Als toplaag op dit tumultueuze crisislandschap kwam vorig jaar ook nog eens een pandemie aanwaaien. Wegvluchten van ellende naar een aankomststad zonder sociale zekerheid, toegankelijke huisvesting, ziekenzorg of arbeidsmarkt voor noch inwoners noch nieuwkomers klinkt weinig belovend. Ngo’s maken hier echter nog steeds het verschil en helpen via hun integratiewerk niet enkel minderjarige migranten, maar ook de aankomststad vooruit.
Non-gouvernementele watte?
Ngo’s of non-gouvernementele organisaties kaarten maatschappelijke kwesties aan zoals gezondheid, milieubescherming en mensenrechten zonder inmenging van de overheid. Vaak ontstaan ze net om de afwezigheid van beleids- of financiële respons van die laatste in te vullen. Wel zijn ze niet economisch rendabel en hangt hun werking dus volledig af van overheidssubsidies, private giften en donaties. In Athene hebben een handvol ngo’s sinds 2015 de opvang en integratie van minderjarige nieuwkomers op zich genomen, waaronder ARSIS (afkorting voor ‘Association for the Social Support of Youth’). Deze organisatie beschikt over een aantal strategisch verspreide appartementen en een opvangcentrum voor jongeren met 24/24 supervisie. Daarbovenop biedt ARSIS een uitgebreid gamma aan diensten aan waaronder Griekse taalles, toegang tot gezondheidszorg, onderwijs in Griekse scholen, sport en recreatie, psychosociale steun en juridische bijstand rond het asielproces.
Op mensenmaat helpt het holistisch integratiewerk van ARSIS kwetsbare jongeren om zich te ontwikkelen tot zelfstandige volwassenen als geregistreerde inwoners. Maar ook op ruimere stadsschaal spelen ngo’s een prominente rol via hun politiek pleidooi. Over de jaren hebben ze namelijk expertise rond migratie en integratie ontwikkeld. En daarbij hebben ze een breed netwerk opgebouwd over verschillende lokale, nationale, Europese en internationale niveaus – zowel onderling met collega-ngo’s als met autoriteiten.
De weerslag na tegenslag. Grijp uw kans!
Ngo’s spelen dus een essentiële rol in het migratie- en integratievraagstuk. Ze grijpen keer op keer een nieuw crisismoment (bv. Covid-19) om publieke en overheids- (be)zorg(dheid) weer in gang te zetten. Uit interviews met medewerkers van ARSIS blijkt dat ngo’s integratiewerking wordt beperkt vanwege administratieve hinder en wetgeving, en het gebrek aan staatssubsidies die niet toelaat om gespecialiseerde arbeidskrachten of materiaal zoals boeken en computers aan te schaffen. Verder geven de interviews aan dat ook ngo’s politieke impact wordt belemmerd door fluctuerende externe financiering en een regering die niet vastbesloten is om haar achterstallige staatsverantwoordelijkheid na te komen op vlak van sociale zorg en migratiebeleid. Daarom moeten ngo’s, met het oog op het vergroten van hun integratie-impact, hun personeelsbestand verbeteren wat betreft psychologische en juridische bijstand, -met expertise in jongerenzorg. Verder moeten ze sociaal investeren in de digitale en fysieke nabijheid van hun ngo-bondgenoten voor het delen van beste praktijken en hulpbronnen. Ook zouden ze best hun netwerk verder uitbreiden naar formele staatsbetrekkingen richting participatief migratiebestuur. Deze collectieve acties omvatten mogelijks het potentieel om de levensomstandigheden en persoonlijke ontwikkeling van onbegeleide minderjarigen te verbeteren, en op stedelijke schaal om het potentieel van aankomststeden te ontketenen via de democratisering van bestuursstructuren. Dit kan leiden tot één politiek platform, gedeeld en gereguleerd door nieuwkomers burgers, de markt, lokale/nationale autoriteiten, en ngo’s.
En neen, van eind goed al goed geen sprake. Want de smeulende coronacrisis en rijzende klimaatcrisis houden het crisisklimaat nog wel even in stand. En politieke, economische, of klimaat-vluchtelingen zullen blijven komen en gaan. Maar sta ngo’s een politieke stem toe in het migratiedebat. Het is aan de overheid om hiernaar te luisteren en samen te bouwen aan vrijmoedig voortbestaan van stad en inwoners. Hiervoor moeten bestuursleden het gelaagde crisislandschap in haar geheel onder ogen durven komen. Strategische en circulaire respons kan meerdere crisisknelpunten tegelijk aanpakken voor en door nieuwkomers én inwoners. Als voorbeeld zouden leegstaande overheidsgebouwen in verval tijdelijk toevertrouwd kunnen worden aan ngo’s. Deze zouden met bijkomende subsidies sociale huisvesting kunnen aanbieden voor migranten en kwetsbare burgers, op voorwaarde dat allen het pand opknappen en onderhouden. De restauratie biedt zo niet alleen kans tot werkgelegenheid en een educatieve ervaring, maar ook tot buurtcuriositeit en gezelligheid in de straat. Zo kan een crisisklimaat onverwachts een aanzet geven om een wankele aankomststad te hechten tot een coherent doch divers veerkrachtig stadsweefsel.
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