Evaluatie correcte positie maagsonde door middel van echografie

Emma Coene Frédéric Claerhoudt
Persbericht

Op zoek naar de maagsonde

Tijdens de coronapandemie kwam de dienst intensieve zorgen vaak in het nieuws. Hierdoor zijn de meeste mensen wel bekend met het beeld van een  patiënt op intensieve zorgen. Met behulp van allerlei slangetjes en draden wordt de patiënt door machines zo veel mogelijk ondersteund en strikt opgevolgd. Eén van die slangetjes is de maagsonde, een plastic buisje waardoor voeding en medicatie rechtstreeks in de maag van de patiënt kunnen worden toegediend. Deze sonde wordt routinematig door een verpleegkundige gestoken, maar de positie moet na plaatsing steeds gecontroleerd worden. Men zou immers geen voeding willen toedienen wanneer de sonde in de luchtwegen zit en niet in de maag terechtgekomen is. Dit wordt gedaan door middel van (schadelijke) RX-stralen. Frédéric Claerhoudt en Emma Coene, twee studenten geneeskunde aan de Universiteit Gent, onderzochten in volle coronapandemie op de dienst intensieve zorgen of ze deze sonde ook konden lokaliseren met echografie.

Intensieve zorgen

Patiënten op intensieve zorgen zijn meestal niet in staat om zich zelfstandig voldoende te voeden. Daarom wordt de voeding vaak toegediend door hulpverleners. De twee meest voorkomende manieren zijn enerzijds de natuurlijke weg die via een buisje door de neus, langs de keel, in de slokdarm naar de maag loopt of anderzijds via een infuus rechtstreeks in de bloedbaan. Het eerste wordt in de praktijk het meest gebruikt aangezien het goedkoper is en beter voor het maagdarmstelsel. Dit buisje wordt een maagsonde of nasogastrische sonde genoemd.

Maagsonde

De maagsonde wordt vaak geplaatst door een verpleegkundige, zonder dat deze kan zien waar de sonde in het lichaam terecht komt. In 34-58% van de pogingen is de sonde bij de eerste poging juist geplaatst. Deze kan echter ook in de luchtwegen terecht komen (2-3%) (afbeelding 1). Omdat patiënten op intensieve zorgen vaak niet kunnen meewerken of hun ongemak uiten, kan dit onopgemerkt blijven. Indien dan voeding in de longen gegeven wordt, zou 14% van de patiënten overlijden. Dit moet dus ten allen tijde voorkomen worden. Het kan eveneens dat de maagsonde niet diep genoeg geplaatst is en dat ze dus eindigt in de slokdarm. Hierdoor kan voeding terugvloeien en ook in de luchtwegen terecht komen. Daarom is nauwkeurige controle van de plaats van de maagsonde absoluut nodig.

image 584image 585Afbeelding 1: RX bij patiënt met maagsonde die zich in de longen bevindt. Bovenste afbeelding: de originele RX-foto; onderste afbeelding: het verloop van de maagsonde wordt aangegeven door een witte lijn.

RX versus echografie

Op een röntgenfoto van de borstkas kan je het verloop van de maagsonde goed zien. Het nemen van die foto kan echter lang op zich laten wachten en daarna moeten de resultaten ook geïnterpreteerd worden. Dit kan zorgen voor vertraging van het toedienen van voeding en medicatie. Daarnaast zijn RX-stralen schadelijk en kunnen hoge dosissen de kans op kanker licht verhogen.

Echografie maakt gebruikt van geluidsgolven om zo een doorsnede van het lichaam te tonen. De maag kan je bekijken door de echoprobe onder de ribbenboog links te plaatsen, de slokdarm kan je visualiseren in de hals. Echografie is goedkoper en gebruikt dus geen schadelijke stralen. Het is ook sneller omdat de arts op intensieve zorgen het toestel ter beschikking heeft en zelf kan gebruiken.

Op het echotoestel is ook een dopplerfunctie aanwezig, die beweging kan detecteren. Als er een mengsel van water en lucht in de sonde wordt gespoten, ziet men als het ware een soort vuurwerk van rood en blauw. Hiermee kan je aantonen dat de sonde weldegelijk in de maag zit.

Werkwijze

Er werd een experimenteel onderzoek met 43 patiënten uitgevoerd. Bij iedere patiënt werd binnen de 30 minuten na plaatsing van de maagsonde een echo van de maag gedaan door de onderzoekers. Iedere patiënt kreeg nog steeds een RX-foto ter controle. Bij de meeste patiënten werd ook een echo van de hals en een dopplerbeeld van de maag bekomen.

Alle data werden hierna statistisch verwerkt waarbij de resultaten van het echo-onderzoek vergeleken werden met de resultaten van de radiografische foto’s.

Resultaten

Het onderzoek toonde aan dat echografie een nuttig onderzoek kan zijn bij patiënten op de dienst intensieve zorgen om de correcte positionering van maagsondes te bevestigen. Bij alle patiënten waarbij het echotoestel aangaf dat de sonde zich in de maag bevond, werd dit bevestigd door de controle radiografische foto’s nadien. Bij 8 patiënten kon het toestel geen sonde visualiseren in de maag. RX-foto's toonden aan dat de sonde bij 7 van deze 8 patiënten toch juist zat. Bij 1 patiënt was de sonde inderdaad verkeerd gestoken en bevond deze zich in de longen.

Protocol

Op basis van de resultaten die hierboven summier beschreven staan, werd een praktisch protocol opgesteld (figuur 1). Er wordt voorgesteld om de sonde eerst op echografische wijze te proberen visualiseren. Indien een echo van de maag de sonde niet kan aantonen, wordt voorgesteld deze te proberen vinden ter hoogte van de hals om te zien of deze zich in de slokdarm bevindt. Indien dit het geval is, kan het immers zijn dat de sonde nog verder opgeschoven moet worden en dat deze dan wel zichtbaar wordt op echo van de maag. Indien een sonde gezien kan worden in de maag, kan een dopplerbeeld gemaakt worden door het inspuiten van een mengsel van water en lucht als extra bevestiging dat de sonde inderdaad op de gevonden plek zit. Indien de correcte positie niet door middel van bovenstaande technieken kan bevestigd worden, dient men toch een RX-foto te nemen. Op deze wijze zou een beduidend deel van de radiografische foto’s vermeden kunnen worden.

image-20220926172552-3
Figuur 1: protocol voor de echografische evaluatie van de correcte positie van een maagsonde.

Conclusie

De studie bevestigt dat echografie bij een geselecteerd aantal patiënten de maagsonde juist kan lokaliseren. Het kan echter niet bij elke patiënt met zekerheid bevestigen dat de maagsonde juist geplaatst is, waardoor echografie niet als alternatief voor RX beschouwd moet worden, maar wel als aanvulling.

 

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Universiteit of Hogeschool
Master of Medicine in de Geneeskunde
Publicatiejaar
2022
Promotor(en)
Prof. dr. Kirsten Colpaert
Kernwoorden
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