Vlekje, de rat die bacteriën aanduidt
Ratten, niet iedereen is er zot van. De meeste mensen koesteren net een enorme afschuw voor deze knaagdiertjes. Die kale staart en onvoorspelbare trippelende bewegingen geven de meeste mensen de kriebels. Daarnaast komt deze afkeer vooral door de reputatie van ratten als ziekteverspreider. Klinkt het dan niet extra bijzonder dat ratten misschien kunnen helpen bij de bestrijding van ziektes? Want daar ging mijn bachelorproef over; het trainen van ratten om bacteriën op te sporen.
De problematische MAP-bacterie
Als ik het heb over bacteriën, heb ik het natuurlijk niet over willekeurige bacteriën, want die zijn overal. Mijn bachelorproef ging specifiek over de MAP-bacterie. Voluit is dat Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis. Een veel te lange naam voor een veel te klein beestje. We houden het dus gewoon bij “MAP”. Deze minuscule kleine wezentjes zorgen voor heel grote problemen. Ze leven vooral in herkauwers zoals koeien of geiten, en maken de dieren ernstig ziek door hun darmen aan te tasten waaraan ze uiteindelijk sterven. Deze ziekte heet paratuberculose, en naast een probleem voor het dierenwelzijn is het ook een probleem met ecologische gevolgen voor de veehouder. Zo zal ziek vee minder melk produceren en zullen veel dieren sterven. De ziekte is extreem besmettelijk maar je ziet niet welke dieren er ziek zijn en welke dieren het dus kunnen doorgeven. Het kan namelijk twee tot vijf jaar duren voor de eerste symptomen na infectie verschijnen. In de tussentijd kunnen deze gezond ogende maar toch geïnfecteerde dieren wel andere dieren besmetten. Het is dus heel moeilijk om de ziekte onder controle te houden. Veehouders zijn dan ook soms genoodzaakt om al hun dieren te laten ruimen. Dit is een vreselijk ingrijpende maatregel. Moesten de dieren nu op tijd kunnen worden gescreend op besmetting, zou volledige ruiming kunnen worden voorkomen. Het probleem is echter dat bij het stellen van een diagnose soms maanden nodig zijn om tot een uitslag te komen. In die tijd is de besmettingsgraad weer erg toegenomen. Daarnaast zijn veel diagnosemethoden zoals PCR (waar iedereen na de coronapandemie al wel van gehoord heeft) ook erg duur. Alle dieren laten onderzoeken is dan ook voor veel veehouders onbetaalbaar. Het is dus belangrijk dat er goedkopere en snellere diagnosemethoden komen om een voorselectie te maken van potentieel besmet vee. De vraag is dus of tamme ratten kunnen worden getraind als zoekdier om positieve stalen te onderscheiden van negatieve stalen. Als dit werkt zou dit een grote hulp zijn bij het in kaart brengen van de besmettingsgraad op melkveebedrijven en dus bij het controleren van deze ziekte. Voor wie nog niet mee is met de ernst van het verhaal wil ik ook nog toelichten dat er een link is gevonden tussen melk besmet met MAP-bacteriën uit bedrijven met geïnfecteerde dieren, en de ziekte van Crohn bij mensen. Ook op vlak van volksgezondheid is dit dus een belangrijke topic.
Het rattenteam
Gelukkig heeft een bepaalde rattensoort, de grote Afrikaanse buidelrat, zich al bewezen als zoekdier dat ingezet kan worden voor het opsporen van landmijnen of het ruiken van longtuberculose bij mensen in Afrika. Hier hebben we VZW APOPO voor te danken. Door hun succes was er genoeg informatie beschikbaar om zelf aan de slag te gaan met gewone tamme ratten. Er kwamen 4 jonge ratjes bij mij wonen. Alle vier zijn het broers. Ze heten Vlekje, Stipje, Streepje en Zwartje, vernoemd naar hun kleur en de aftekeningen op hun rug. Aan het begin werd er nog niet getraind, maar werden ze eerst tam gemaakt. Later werd met hen getraind door ze op een platform te laten lopen met kleine gaatjes in waaronder stalen zaten. Deze stalen waren buisjes met geitenbiest, de eerste melk die een geit geeft na bevalling. De stalen waren eerder al PCR getest, sommige stalen negatief, en andere stalen positief. In totaal werd er ongeveer negen maanden met de ratten getraind. Eerst kregen ze clickertraining, waarbij de ratten leerden een beloning associëren met het geluid van een clicker. Daarna fixatietraining, waarbij de ratten leerden hun neus in het gaatje te steken waar een staal onder zat, en niet bij lege gaatjes. En als laatste de discriminatietraining, waarbij ze moesten leren minstens vier seconden enkel het positief staal aan te duiden, en niet het negatief staal. Er was een groot verschil in prestaties tussen de ratten. Eén rat stak er met kop en lange rattenstaart bovenuit, namelijk Vlekje.
Vlekje, mijn held
Al vanaf het begin was Vlekje sneller dan de andere ratten en maakte hij de minste fouten. Bovendien was Vlekje ook de rat die het minste stressgedrag vertoonde en het meest gemotiveerd te werk ging. Ik focuste de verdere training enkel op hem.
Hij sloeg er op het einde regelmatig in om na slechts 11 seconden het juiste staal te vinden in een opstelling van één positief staal en drie tot vier negatieve stalen. Dit zonder fouten te maken. Vergelijk dat eens met de maanden die nodig zijn om de bacteriën op te sporen via kweekcultuur. Uiteindelijk werden de prestaties van Vlekje in cijfers omgezet en werd de sensitiviteit, specificiteit en nauwkeurigheid waarmee hij de stalen aanduidde in twee eindtests berekend. De sensitiviteit is de waarschijnlijkheid dat Vlekje een positief staal als positief aanduidt. De specificiteit is de waarschijnlijkheid dat Vlekje een negatief staal negeert. De nauwkeurigheid is de waarschijnlijkheid dat Vlekje juist scoort in totaal. Vlekje behaalde een sensitiviteit van 84% en 83,3%, een specificiteit van 93,9% en 94,4%, en een nauwkeurigheid van 91,7% en 92,4%. Deze resultaten zijn gelijkaardig aan die van de ratten die worden ingezet door de VZW APOPO en zijn ook gelijkaardig aan die van speurhonden die worden ingezet om het coronavirus op te sporen. Een goed resultaat dus! Vlekje toont aan dat tamme ratten kunnen worden getraind om besmette stalen met MAP-bacteriën aan te duiden. Mogelijks zouden ratten zo kunnen helpen om sneller diagnoses van paratuberculose te stellen en de ziekte beter onder controle te houden. Bedankt Vlekje, dankzij jou kan ik op een coole manier afstuderen!
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